Education at a Glance 2011 - Key Results

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
Embargo until13 September11:00 Paris
Education at a Glance 2011Key results
13 September 2011

Editorial
Progress in attainment over half a century

Progress in attainment of upper secondary education over half a century
Editorial

Progress in attainment of tertiary education over half a century

Education in times of economic uncertainty
In the current economic environment…
… Continued strong demand for education
Poor labour markets and low opportunity costs for education
… Substantial public and private gains from education
Earnings premium for tertiary education remains large and continues to grow
- Public long-term gains from higher education are almost three times the size of the investments
… High-level skills key to competitiveness
… Comparative cost advantage across OECD countries varies with educational levels
… Labour-market entry becomes more difficult
Particularly for young lower educated individuals
… Education a good insurance against unemployment and to stay employed especially in weak labour markets
Educational attainment likely to rise further
Continuing education increasingly important.

Unabated educational expansion

Unabated educational expansion
University graduation nearly doubled from an OECD average of 20% in 1995 to 38% in 2009
Pace of change varied widely
The Slovak Republic improved its relative standing from Rank 15 to Rank 1
USA dropped from Rank 2 to Rank 14 (UK dropped from 2 in 2000 to 5)
Upper secondary is the norm among younger people
Significant expansion of early childhood education
Enrolment of 3-4-year-olds up from an average of 40% in 1998 to 70% in 2009

Pre-primary education

Participation in early childhood education(2009)

Primary and secondary education

Growth in baseline qualifications (2009)Approximated by percentage of persons with upper secondary or equivalent qualifications in the age groups 55-64, 45-55, 35-44 and 25-34 years

Successful completion of upper secondary programmes (2009)

Successful completion of upper secondary programmes, by gender (2009)

Upper secondary graduation rate (2009) Percentage, by age group

Share of upper secondary graduates in 2009(all OECD and G20 countries)
Other
Belgium 0.4%
Portugal 0.4%
Czech Republic 0.3%
Hungary 0.3%
Israel 0.3%
Sweden 0.3%
Austria 0.3%
Switzerland 0.2%
Slovak Republic 0.2%
Finland 0.2%
Norway 0.2%
New Zealand 0.2%
Denmark 0.2%
Ireland 0.2%
Slovenia 0.1%
Estonia 0.0%
Iceland 0.0%
Luxembourg 0.0%

Difference in reading performance between students from differentsocio-economic backgrounds
%
TA5.1

Reading performance, by immigrant status

Relationship between enjoying reading and performance in reading

Tertiary education

A world of change – highereducation
United States
Cost per student
Finland
Japan
Graduate supply
Tertiary-typeA graduation rate

United States
Japan

United States
Japan
Finland

Growth in university-level qualifications (2009)Approximated by the percentage of the population that has attained tertiary-type A education in the age groups 25-34 years and 55-64 years

Countries’ share in the total 25-64 year-old population with tertiary education,percentage (2009)
Other
Belgium0.76
Chile0.71
Saudi Arabia0.62
Sweden0.62
Switzerland0.59
Israel0.59
Greece0.56
Hungary0.43
Finland0.42
South Africa0.40
Denmark0.38
Czech Republic0.37Norway0.36
Austria0.34
Portugal0.34
New Zealand0.33
Ireland0.33
Slovak Republic0.19Slovenia0.11
Estonia0.10
Luxembourg0.04
Iceland0.02

Countries’ share in the population with tertiary education, for 25-34 and 55-64 year-old age groups, percentage (2009)
About 39 million people
who attained tertiary level
About 81 million people
who attained tertiary level

Share of new entrants into tertiary education in 2009 (all OECD and G20 countries)
Other
Portugal 0.5%
Czech Republic 0.4%
Israel 0.4%
Sweden 0.4%
Belgium 0.4%
Hungary 0.4%
Austria 0.4%
New Zealand 0.3%
Switzerland 0.3%
Slovak Republic 0.3%
Denmark 0.2%
Norway 0.2%
Ireland 0.2%
Finland 0.2%
Slovenia 0.1%
Estonia 0.1%
Iceland 0.0%

Students are attracted to specific fields of education

Percentage of tertiary degrees awarded to women, by field of education (2009) Only those fields in which fewer than 30% or more than 70% of women graduated in 2009 are shown

Graduates in upper secondary vocational programmes, by field of education and gender (2009)

Tertiary graduates in science-related fields among 25-34 year-olds in employment, by gender (2009)

Impact on the future stock of skills

Current and future stock of high qualification (2008)
OECD average
OECD average
High attainment;
Lower attainment;
Increasing advantage
Catching up
Increasing advantage
Lower attainment;
High attainment;
Getting behind further
Decreasing advantage
Higher attainment
TA3.1a

Tertiary-type A graduation rates, by gender (2009)(first-time graduation)
TA3.1

First-time graduation rates for tertiary-type A and type B programmes (1995 and 2009)

Trends in graduation rates at tertiary-type A level

The crisis hit the youngest hardest
The unemployment rate for 15-29 year-olds increased,
on average, from 10.2% to 13.5%
Lack of relevant skills/experience brings higher unemployment risk for recent entrants
to the labour force

When the crisis hitPercentage-point change between 2008-09 in unemployment rate for 25-64 year-olds
2008 2009
Below upper secondary education (%)
Upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary (%)
Tertiary education (%)
Chart A7.2
C3.1

When the crisis hit: Change between 2008-09 in unemployment rates for 25-64year-olds
Countries are ranked in descending order of the difference between 2009 and 2008 unemployment rates

OECD average
Proportion of 15-29 year-olds unemployed (2009)
OECD average
In education
Not in education
Table C4.2a

Proportion of 15-29 year-olds unemployed,by duration of unemployment (2009)
In education
Not in education
C3.1

Positive relation between education and employment Percentage of 25-64 year-olds in employment, by level of education (2009)

Skills acquisition and use, 25-64 year-olds with a tertiary education (2009)
%
Employment rate of population with tertiary education, %
Proportion of population with tertiary education, %
Chart A7.3

Comparison of vocational attainment and unemployment rates between 25-34 and 25-64 year-olds (2009)
C3.1

The increase in the number of knowledge workers has not led to a decrease in their pay
…which is what happened to low-skilled workers

Relative earnings from employment By level of educational attainment for 25-to-64 year-olds (upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education = 100) (2009 or latest available year)

Relative earnings from employment for men By level of educational attainment for 25-to-64 year-old men(upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education= 100) (2009 or latest available year)
Chart A8.2

Relative earnings from employment for womenBy level of educational attainment for 25-to-64 year-old women(upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education=100) (2009 or latest available year)

Components of the private net present value for a man with higher education (2007 or latest available year)
Net present value in USD equ.

Components of the private net present value for a woman with higher education (2007 or latest available year)
Net present value in USD equivalent

Public and private investment for a man obtaining higher education (2007 or latest available year)
Total investmentprivate+public

Distribution of public/private costs/benefitsfor a man obtaining higher education
(2007 or latest available year)

Distribution of public/private costs/benefitsfor a woman obtaining higher education
(2007 or latest available year)

Percentage-point change in relative earnings 25-64 year-olds (1998-2008 or latest available years)
TA8.2a
* Limited years; Other notes: Yellow within +/- 3%; Red > -3%; Green > +3%

Taxpayers are getting a good return too

Private and public returns for a man obtaining an upper secondary education (ISCED 3/4) and a tertiary education (ISCED 5/6); 3% real interest rate

Public cost and benefits for a man obtaining tertiary education (2007 or latest available year)
Net present value

Public cost and benefits for a man obtaining upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education (2007 or latest available year)
Net present value

Proportion of adults satisfied with life,
by level of education (2008)

Proportion of adults voting and volunteering, by level of education (2008)

Civic engagement by student's level of civic knowledge (2009)
Meanscale of civic engagement among grade 8 students

Women still earn less
but the gap is smaller for better-educated women

Differences in full-time, full-year earnings between women and men (2008)Average annual full-time, full-year earnings of women as a percentage of men’s earnings

Education and competitiveness
Using the skills potential

Net income in USD for 25-64 year-olds with a tertiary education (2009 or latest year available)

Labour costs for different qualificationsDeviation from the OECD mean in annual labour costs (in USD for 25-64 year-olds)

Deviation from the OECD mean annual labour costs of tertiary-educated individuals, by age groupsUSD 64 000 for 25-64 year-oldsand USD 50 000 for 25-34 year-olds
T A10.1 & A10.2

Skills supply and skills premium Labour cost ratio of tertiary-educated individuals (5/6) to below upper secondary individuals (0/1/2) and attainment levels
Labour cost ratio ISCED 5/6 to 0/1/2 (45-54 years-old)
Chart A10.3
Proportion of 45-54 year-olds with tertiary education
(ISCED 5/6 )

Education and competitiveness
Student mobility

An increasingly mobile student population
In 2009, over 3.7 million tertiary students were enrolled outside their country of citizenship
New players are emerging in an increasingly competitive market for international education
Australia and the Russian Federation expanded their market share by two percentage points over the past decade, and Korea, New Zealand and Spain by one percentage point each
Share of the USA dropped from 23% to 18%Germany, the UK and Belgium also lost ground
Largest numbers of international students are from China, India and Korea

Evolution by region of destination in the number of students enrolled outside their country of citizenship (2000 to 2009)

Distribution of foreign students in tertiary education, by country of destination (2009)Percentage of foreign tertiary students (reported to the OECD) who are enrolled in each country of destination

Distribution of foreign students in tertiary education, by country of origin (2009)

Trends in international education market shares Percentage of all foreign tertiary students enrolled by destination
Marketshare (%)
The figure for other non-OECD countries refers to the part of the total foreign students studying in other G20 and non-OECD countries and is obtained after subtracting China, South Africa and the Russian Federation from the total in non-OECD destinations as estimated from UNESCO data.

Student mobility in tertiary education (2009)Percentage of international students in tertiary enrolments

Percentage of international students changing status and staying on in selected OECD countries, 2008 or 2009
Percentage of students who have changed their status (whether for work, family or other reasons) among students who have not renewed their permits

University-levelgraduation rate (firstdegree): Impact of international/foreign students (2009)
%

Who pays for what, when and how?
From primary to tertiary education

Investment in education
OECD countries as a whole spend 6.1% of their GDP on education
Expenditure per student increased by 54%, on average, between 1995 and 2008
Mixed pattern in tertiary education
Countries vary significantly in how they spend their money, different priorities on…
… Salaries, learning time, teaching time, class size
Room for more effective cost-sharing between government and households
Even if household expenditure rose much faster than public spending in tertiary education

Expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP, all levels of education (1995, 2000, 2008)

Expenditure on educational institutions and GDP, Index of change (2000, 2008)

Total public expenditure on education as a percentage of total public expenditure (1995,2000, 2008)

Annual expenditure per student by educational institutions from primary through tertiary education, by type of services (2008) in equivalent USD converted using purchasing power parities, based on full-time equivalents

Annual expenditure per student in primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education (2008) in equivalent USD converted using purchasing power parities,based on full-time equivalents

Annual expenditure per student in tertiary education (2008) in equivalent USD converted using purchasing power parities,based on full-time equivalents

Expenditure on educational institutions per student at various levels of education for all services relative to primary education (2008)Primary education = 100
Level of expenditurehigherthan for primaryeducation
Level of expenditurelowerthan for primaryeducation

Annual expenditure per primary student by educational institutions relative to GDP per capita (2008)

Annual expenditure per secondary student by educational institutions relative to GDP per capita (2008)

Changes in student numbers and expenditure for tertiary education
Index of change between 2000 and 2008 (2000=100, 2008 constant prices)

Expenditure on core services, R&D and ancillary services in tertiary educational institutions as a percentage of GDP (2008)

Share of private expenditure on educational institutions (2008)percentage, by level of education

Share of private expenditure on tertiary educational institutions (2000, 2005, 2008)percentage, by level of education

Average annual tuition fees charged by tertiary-type A public institutions for full-time national students (academic year 2008-09)
USD
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
500
0
United States (70%, 29 910)
6000
Korea (71%, 10 109)
United Kingdom1(61%, 15 314)
Japan (49%, 16 533),
Australia (94%, 16 297),
This chart does not take into account grants, subsidies or loans that partially or fully offset the students’ tuition fees
Canada (m, 24 384)
New Zealand (78%, 11 125)
Netherlands (63%, 17 245)
Portugal (84%, 10 373), Italy (50%, 9 556),Spain (46%, 13 928),
Austria (54%, 15 081), Switzerland (41%, 23 284)
Belgium (Fr. and Fl.) (m, m)
France (m, 14 945)
Chart B5.2
Czech Republic (59%, 8 738), Denmark (55%, 17 634), Finland (69%, 15 402), Ireland (51%, 16 284), Iceland (77%, 10 429), Mexico (35%, 7 504), Norway (77%, 18 942), Sweden (68%, 20 864)
1. Public institutions do not exist at this level of education and most students are enrolled in government-dependent private institutions.

Public subsidies for education in tertiary education (2008)Public subsidies for education to households and other private entities as a percentage of total public expenditure on education, by type of subsidy

Average tuition fees and proportion of students who benefit from public loans and/or scholarships/grants Tertiary-type A, public institutions, academic year 2008/09, national full-time students
Bubble size shows graduation rates
Group 2:Potentially high financial barriers for entry to tertiary-type A education, but also large public subsidies to students.
Group 3:Extensive and broadly uniform cost sharing across students, student support systems somewhat less developed.
Group 4:Relatively low financial barriers to entry to tertiary education and relatively low subsidies
Group 1:No (or low) financial barriers for tertiary studies due to tuition fees and still a high level of student aid.

Who pays for what, when and how?
School education

Changes in student numbers and expenditurePrimary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education
Index of change between 2000 and 2008 (2000=100, 2008 constant prices)

Cumulative expenditure on educational institutions per student over primary and secondary studies (2008) Annual expenditure on educational institutions per student multiplied by the theoretical duration of studies, in equivalent USD converted using PPPs
OECD average (primary and secondary)

Distribution of current expenditure by educational institutionsfor primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education (2008)

Contribution (in USD) of various factors to salary cost per upper secondary student (2008)

Contribution (in USD) of various factors to salary cost per lower secondary student (2008)

Contribution (in USD) of various factors to salary cost per primary student (2008)

Difference between the salary cost per student and the OECD average, by level of education (2008)
Luxembourg: More than USD 7 000 in secondary education

Total number of intended instruction hours in public institutions between the ages of 7 and 14 (2009)
Students in OECD countries are expected to receive, on average, 6 732 hours of instruction between the ages of 7 and 14, of which 1 550 between ages 7 and 8,
2 462 between ages 9 and 11, and 2 720 between ages 12 and 14. The large majority of intended hours of instruction is compulsory.

Relationships between performance in science and total science learning time (PISA 2006)
More total learning time does not necessarily mean better performance …

Relationships between performance in science and relative learning time in regular school science lessons (PISA 2006)(Share of learning hours in regular school lessons out of total science learning time)
…while the higher the percentage of students’ total learning time spent during normal school hours, the better countries perform.

Average class size in primary education (2000, 2009)

Average class size in lower secondary education (2000, 2009)

Average class size in educational institutions, by level of education (2009)

Average class size in national language-of-instruction classes for 15-year-olds (2009)
Difference between smallest 10% of classes and largest 10% of classes

Teachers' salaries (minimum, after 10 years experience, 15 years experience, and maximum) in lower secondary education (2009)Annual statutory teachers’ salaries in public institutions in lower secondary education, in equivalent USD converted using PPPs
The annual statutory salaries of lower secondary teachers with 15 years of experience range from less than USD 15 000 in Hungary, the Slovak Republic and the partner country Indonesia to over USD 54 000 or more in Denmark, Germany, Ireland and the Netherlands, and more than USD 111 000 in Luxembourg.

Teachers’ payRatio of salary after 15 years of experience/minimum training to earnings for full-time, full-year workers with tertiary education aged 25 to 64 (2009 or latest available year)
Teachers fare better than tertiary-educated workers
Teachers fare worse than tertiary-educated workers

Changes in lower secondary teachers’ salaries after 15 years of experience/minimum training (1995, 2000, 2005, 2009)Index of change between 2005 and 1995, 2000 and 2009, (2005 = 100, constant prices)

Trends in the ratio of salaries after 15 years of experience/minimum training to GDP per capita (2000, 2005, 2009)

Number of teaching hours per year, by level of education (2009) Net statutory contact time in hours per year in public institutions

Number of teaching hours per year in lower secondary education (2000, 2005 and 2009) Net statutory contact time in hours per year in public institutions

Lifelong learning is becoming a reality……but not for all
Those who need it most get the least of it

Participation of 25-64 year-olds in formal and/or non-formal education (2007)
Chart C5.4

Expected hours over the working life in all non-formal education and in job-related non-formal education (2007)

Participation rate in all non-formal education and in job-related non-formal education, hours of instruction per participant and per adult in job-related non-formal education, 2007

Hours of instruction per employed participant in job-related non-formal education,by educational attainment (2007)

Proportion of individuals who have looked for and found information, by educational attainment, 2007

Participation in non-formal education, by force status, 2007

Education and equity

Relationship between student vulnerability and inequality associated with parents’ education (PISA 2009)

School accountability

Performance accountability in public schools (2009)
Chart D5.1

Regulatory accountability in public schools (2009)
Chart D5.1

Distribution of influence of school inspections, by domains (2009)

Areas for school inspections and school self-evaluations at the lower secondary level (2009)

www.oecd.org
All national and international publications
The complete micro-level database
Email: Andreas.Schleicher@OECD.org
… and remember:
Without data, you are just another person with an opinion
Thank you !

Access to tertiary-type A education for upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary graduates (2009)

Entry rates intotertiary-type A education (2009 and 1995)

Entry ratesintotertiary-type A: Impact of international students (2009)

Tertiary-type A graduation rates in 2009, by gender (first-time graduation) Percentage, by age group
Chart A3.1

Enrolment rates of 20-29 year-olds (1995, 2002 and 2009)Full-time and part-time students in public and private institutions

Enrolment rates of 15-19 year-olds (1995, 2002 and 2009)Full-time and part-time students in public and private institutions
Chart C1.2

Education and employment among young people (2009)Distribution of 15-29 year-olds by education and work status

Proportion of 15-29 year-olds unemployed in education and not in education, by duration of unemployment (2009)

Other findings from previous edition
(EAG 2010)
Slides not updated as data not available in EAG 2011

Average annual growth in the population with tertiary education (1998-2008)
%
EAG 2010,
T A1.4

Immigrants are equally represented among highly skilled…
…but dramatically over-represented among the low-skilled

Proportion of 25-29 year-olds who either have a tertiary qualification or are currently enrolled in tertiary education
EAG 2010
T C3.5

Proportion of 20-24 year-olds who are not in education and have no upper secondary qualification (2007)

Educational attainment is positively associated with self-reported good health…

Incrementaldifferences in self-reported good health and political interest associated with an increase in the level of educational attainment
Political interest
Movingfrombelowuppersecondary to uppersecondary
Health
Movingfromuppersecondary to tertiary
C A9.4
C A9.5

Proportion of adults reporting good health,by level of educational attainment (2008)
%
Chart A9.1

Skilled occupations and mismatches…

Most tertiary graduates work in skilled occupationsProportion of 25-29 year-olds with tertiary degree working in semi-skilled or elementary occupations
EAG 2010
Chart C3.5

Education and occupational mismatches among 25-29 year-olds (2007) Proportion of 25-29 year-old workers not in education with a tertiary-level degree working in semi-skilled or elementary occupations (ISCO 4-9) to all 25-29 year-old workers not in education with a tertiary degree

Parents’ voice and choice of schools…

Opportunities for parents to exercise voice at the school level within the public-school sector
EAG 2010
D6
Green: Yes Yellow: No, although they might exist Red: No

Public & private schools’ role in providing compulsory educationLegally permitted to operate and provide compulsory education
Yes
No
No for primary
Yes for lower secondary
Yes for primary No for lower secondary
EAG 2010
D5.2

Freedom for parents to choose a public lower secondary school
Yes
No
EAG 2010
TD5.1

And other findings

Participation in formal and/or non-formal education, by occupation (2007)
EAG 2010
T A5.4a

Upper secondary graduation rates (1995, 2008)Percentage of graduates to the population at the typical age of graduation (unduplicated count)
%
EAG 2010
Chart A2.2

Proportion of students who enter tertiary education without graduating from at least a first degree at this level (2008)
EAG 2010
Chart A4.1

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Education at a Glance 2011 - Key Results

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Education at a Glance 2011 - Key Results — Presentation Transcript