The document summarizes the connections between ancient Egypt and Nubia. It describes how the two civilizations along the Nile River influenced each other through trade and political power shifts over centuries. At times Egypt dominated Nubia, while Nubian kingdoms like Kush and the city of Meroe also rose to conquer Egypt, demonstrating the two empires alternated in exerting political control along the Nile from 2000 BC to 350 AD.

1. The Egyptian andThe Egyptian and
Nubian EmpiresNubian Empires
Chapter 4, Section 1Chapter 4, Section 1

2. OpenerOpener
 Two empires along the Nile, EgyptTwo empires along the Nile, Egypt
and Nubia, forge commercial,and Nubia, forge commercial,
cultural, and political connections.cultural, and political connections.

3. Nomadic Invaders Rule EgyptNomadic Invaders Rule Egypt
 InvadersInvaders
• About 1640 B.C., Asian warriors, the Hyksos,About 1640 B.C., Asian warriors, the Hyksos,
use chariots to conquer Egypt.use chariots to conquer Egypt.
 Hebrews Migrate to EgyptHebrews Migrate to Egypt
• Hebrews move to Egypt from Canaan aroundHebrews move to Egypt from Canaan around
1650 B.C.1650 B.C.
• Egyptians resent the presence of Hebrews andEgyptians resent the presence of Hebrews and
Hyksos in Egypt.Hyksos in Egypt.
 Expulsion and SlaveryExpulsion and Slavery
• Egyptians drive out the hated HyksosEgyptians drive out the hated Hyksos
• Hebrews lose protection of Hyksos; areHebrews lose protection of Hyksos; are
enslaved.enslaved.

4. The New Kingdom of EgyptThe New Kingdom of Egypt
 Technological AdvancesTechnological Advances
• About 1570 to 1075 B.C. pharaohsAbout 1570 to 1075 B.C. pharaohs
create the New Kingdom, a powerfulcreate the New Kingdom, a powerful
empire.empire.
• Army uses bronze weapons and chariotsArmy uses bronze weapons and chariots
to conquer other lands.to conquer other lands.
 Hatshepsut’s Prosperous RuleHatshepsut’s Prosperous Rule
• Hatshepsut—pharaoh whose reign mostHatshepsut—pharaoh whose reign most
noted for her trade expeditions, not war.noted for her trade expeditions, not war.

5. The New Kingdom of EgyptThe New Kingdom of Egypt
(continued)(continued)
 Thutmose the Empire BuilderThutmose the Empire Builder
• Thutmose III, Hatshepsut’s stepson,Thutmose III, Hatshepsut’s stepson,
expands Egypt’s empire.expands Egypt’s empire.
• Invades Palestine, Syria, and Nubia—Invades Palestine, Syria, and Nubia—
region around the upper Nile River.region around the upper Nile River.
• Egypt is most powerful and wealthyEgypt is most powerful and wealthy
during reign of the New Kingdomduring reign of the New Kingdom
pharaohs.pharaohs.

6. The New Kingdom of EgyptThe New Kingdom of Egypt
(continued)(continued)
 The Egyptians and the HittitesThe Egyptians and the Hittites
• Around 1285 B.C. Egyptians battle the HittitesAround 1285 B.C. Egyptians battle the Hittites
in Palestinein Palestine
• Egypt’s pharaoh, Ramses II, and the HittiteEgypt’s pharaoh, Ramses II, and the Hittite
king sign a peace treaty.king sign a peace treaty.
 An Age of BuildersAn Age of Builders
• New Kingdom pharaohs build great palaces,New Kingdom pharaohs build great palaces,
magnificent temples.magnificent temples.
• Valley of the Kings near Thebes is home toValley of the Kings near Thebes is home to
royal tombs.royal tombs.
• Ramses II builds impressive temples withRamses II builds impressive temples with
enormous statues of himself.enormous statues of himself.

7. The Empire DeclinesThe Empire Declines
 Invasions by Land and SeaInvasions by Land and Sea
• ““Sea Peoples (possibly Philistines) causeSea Peoples (possibly Philistines) cause
great destruction in Egypt.great destruction in Egypt.
• Libyan raids on villages and rebellions inLibyan raids on villages and rebellions in
Palestine weaken the empire.Palestine weaken the empire.
 Egypt’s Empire FadesEgypt’s Empire Fades
• Weakened empire breaks into smallerWeakened empire breaks into smaller
kingdoms.kingdoms.
• From around 950 B.C. to 730 B.C.From around 950 B.C. to 730 B.C.
Libyan pharaohs rule Egypt and erectLibyan pharaohs rule Egypt and erect
cities.cities.

8. The Kushites Conquer the NileThe Kushites Conquer the Nile
RegionRegion
 Egypt and KushEgypt and Kush
• From 2000 to 1000 B.C., EgyptFrom 2000 to 1000 B.C., Egypt
dominates the kingdom of Kush indominates the kingdom of Kush in
Nubia.Nubia.
 The People of NubiaThe People of Nubia
• Live south of Egypt near division of theLive south of Egypt near division of the
Blue Nile and the White Nile.Blue Nile and the White Nile.
• Nile River is a great trade route forNile River is a great trade route for
goods and ideas.goods and ideas.
• Nubians link Egypt and Mediterranean toNubians link Egypt and Mediterranean to
African interior through trade.African interior through trade.

9. The Kushites Conquer the NileThe Kushites Conquer the Nile
Region (continued)Region (continued)
 The Interaction of Egypt and NubiaThe Interaction of Egypt and Nubia
• Egyptian culture influences Nubia andEgyptian culture influences Nubia and
beyond to southern Africa.beyond to southern Africa.
• About 1200 B.C., Nubia gainsAbout 1200 B.C., Nubia gains
independence but keeps Egyptianindependence but keeps Egyptian
culture.culture.
 Piankhi Captures the EgyptianPiankhi Captures the Egyptian
ThroneThrone
• In 751 B.C., Kushite king PiankhiIn 751 B.C., Kushite king Piankhi
conquers Egypt, ousts Libyans.conquers Egypt, ousts Libyans.

10. The Golden Age of MeroThe Golden Age of Meroëë
 MeroMeroëë
• Kushites settle inKushites settle in MeroMeroë; join in trade with Africa,ë; join in trade with Africa,
Arabia, and IndiaArabia, and India
 The Wealth of KushThe Wealth of Kush
• MeroMeroë becomes important center of iron weapons andë becomes important center of iron weapons and
toolstools
• Iron products transported to Red Sea, exchanged forIron products transported to Red Sea, exchanged for
luxury goods.luxury goods.
 The Decline ofThe Decline of MeroMeroëë
• MeroMeroë thrives from about 250 B.C. to A.D. 150, thenë thrives from about 250 B.C. to A.D. 150, then
declines.declines.
• Aksum, 400 miles southeast, dominates North AfricanAksum, 400 miles southeast, dominates North African
trade.trade.
• Askum has port on the Red Sea, and defeatsAskum has port on the Red Sea, and defeats MeroMeroë inë in
A.D. 350.A.D. 350.