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World War 1
- 2. The Great war was fought between July 28, 1914 and November 11, 1918. The two superpowers were the Allied Powers and the Central Powers. Other names for World War I include the First World War, WWI, the War to End All Wars, and the Great War.
- 3. The Allied Powers: France Russia Britain The United States also fought on the side of the Allies after 1917. The Central Powers: Germany Austria-Hungary the Ottoman Empire Bulgaria.
- 5. Although there were a number of causes for the war, the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand was the main catalyst for starting the war. After the assassination, Austria declared war on Serbia. Russia prepared to defend its league Serbia. Next, Germany declared war on Russia to protect Austria. This caused France to declare war on Germany to protect its league Russia. Germany invaded Belgium to get to France which caused Britain to declare war on Germany.
- 6. Intense Nationalistic Feelings. Strong Ambition and Imperialistic policy of Germany. Propaganda through Newspapers and Writers. Militarism and Hostile Tendency. Absence of Central International Institution. Immediate Cause.
- 8. England hides its fleet under the skirt of home, the dog Ireland is at its back. King Oskar of Sweden looks “intently” at Russia. France bravely retreats, while Spain devotes itself to sweet “idleness.” Belgium – already has! German and Austria-Hungary strike solid German blows on all sides. Good “will” prevails in Switzerland Serbia – a pack of swine! The King of Derazzo. Albania – abandons its people. Greece and Turkey are eager to devour one another. Ferdinand of Bulgaria would also like to have a share.
- 10. In the beginning of nineteenth century, there was rise of many nations in Europe. During this period due to the Congress of Vienna, there as a rapid spread of nationalistic feelings. Delegates from Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia (the allies) decided upon a new Europe that left both Germany and Italy as divided states. Strong nationalist elements led to the re-unification of Italy in 1861 and Germany in 1871. The settlement at the end of the Franco-Prussian war left France angry at the loss of Alsace-Lorraine to Germany and keen to regain their lost territory. In due coarse the feeling of Nationalism become severe and narrow. As a result the atmosphere of whole Europe became corrupt which gave rise to the First World War.
- 12. Wilhelm Kaiser of Germany was very ambitious, imperialistic and formidable nationalist. He considered the measure taken by Britain to preserve peace as an act of cowardice. His instigating speeches created political strain and disquiet and he challenged England without assessing the power of the nation which acted as a fuel to broke out First world War.
- 14. The writings of the authors and the newspapers of whole of Europe inspired national feeling and played an important role in arousing the nationalistic emotions of the people prior to the First World War. The great historian Fay remarks in this context “The First World War became unavoidable on account of mutual allegations”.
- 15. British propaganda showing the British bulldog, with five others representing Australia, Canada, India, South Africa and New Zealand. Savile Lumley’s famous poster of 1915 depicted two young children asking their father about his military prowess after the war: ‘Daddy, what did YOU do in the Great War?’ The emotional blackmail of using children to shame their elders into fighting was, in fact, employed by most of the belligerents.
- 16. As the world entered the 20th century, an arms race had begun. By 1914, Germany had the greatest increase in military buildup. Great Britain and Germany both greatly increased their navies in this time period. Further, in Germany and Russia particularly, the military establishment began to have a greater influence on public policy. This increase in militarism helped push the countries involved into war.
- 18. Among the nations of Europe of that time, there was no institution of the international level, which could work as a mediator. No definite efforts were made to prevent such wars. The Hague Conference(1907) tried to impose some restrictions but Germany vehemently opposed it. As a result the balance of power was jeopardized which lead to cause the First World War.
- 20. The immediate cause of World War I was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary. In June 1914, a Serbian-nationalist terrorist group called the Black Hand sent groups to assassinate the Archduke. Their first attempt failed when a driver avoided a grenade thrown at their car. However, later that day a Serbian nationalist named Gavrilo Princip assassinated him and his wife in Austria- Hungary. This assassination led to Austria-Hungary declaring war on Serbia. When Russia began to mobilize due to its alliance with Serbia, Germany declared war on Russia. Thus began the expansion of the war to include all those involved in the mutual defense alliances.
- 23. Battle of Tannenberg. First Battle of Marne. Battle of Somme. Russian Revolution.
- 24. It took place from August 23 - 30 in 1914. The battle actually took place closer to the city of Allenstein than to Tannenberg, but the victorious German command decided to call it the Battle of Tannenberg for propaganda reasons. During the Middle Ages the German Teutonic Knights had been defeated at Tannenberg. By naming this victory after the city, they thought that the people would see this as a return of Germany to power. The Battle of Tannenberg was fought between the German Eighth Army and the Russian Second Army.
- 26. The First Battle of the Marne was fought between Germany and the allies of France and Britain. As the Germans advanced, their armies became strung out and a large gap grew between the First and Second German armies. The Allies took advantage of this gap and charged between the two armies splitting the German forces. Then they attacked from all sides confusing the Germans. After a few days of fighting, the Germans were forced to retreat. The battle was considered a major victory, however, for the Allies.
- 28. The battle was fought between the Allies (British and French) on one side and the German Empire on the other. It took place near the Somme River in France and lasted from July 1 to November 18 in 1916.
- 29. The Battle The Allied commanders refused to take warning that the bombardment didn't work. After eight days, on July 1, 1916, they ordered the attack. Thousands of British soldiers got out of their trenches and began to advance on the German lines. They were easily gunned down by the Germans. Despite the heavy casualties, the Allies continued to attack. They didn't let up on the attack until November 18. During that time they gained around seven miles of territory. The Battle of the Somme was one of the bloodiest battles in human history.
- 31. Click on the image to watch a video
- 32. The Russian Revolution took place in 1917 when the peasants and working class people of Russia revolted against the government of Tsar Nicholas II. They were led by Vladimir Lenin and a group of revolutionaries called the Bolsheviks. The new communist government created the country of the Soviet Union. During the period of time before the Russian Revolution, life for the working class people and the peasants was very difficult. They worked for little pay, often went without food, and were exposed to dangerous working conditions. The aristocrat class treated the peasants like slaves, giving them few rights under the law and treating them almost like animals.
- 34. A major event leading to the Russian Revolution took place on January 22, 1905. A Large number of workers were marching to the Tsar's palace in order to present a petition for better working conditions. They were fired upon by soldiers and many of them were killed or injured. This day is called Bloody Sunday. In 1914, World War I began and Russia was at war with Germany. A huge Russian army was formed by forcing working class and peasant men to join. Although the Russian army had great numbers, the soldiers were not equipped or trained to fight. Many of them were sent into battle without shoes, food, and even weapons. Over the next three years, nearly 2 million Russian soldiers were killed in battle and nearly another 5 million were wounded. The Russian people blamed the Tsar for entering the war and getting so many of their young men killed. Over the next several months the two sides ruled Russia. One of the main factions of the Petrograd Soviet was a group called the Bolsheviks. They were led by Vladimir Lenin and believed that the new Russian government should be a Marxist (communist) government. In October of 1917, Lenin took full control of the government in what is called the Bolshevik Revolution. Russia was now the first communist country in the world.
- 35. Russia withdrew from the war after Bolshevik revolution. Being exhausted due to the long war, the German army, by submarine war, tried to drag England into the war. A submarine named ‘Lucitania’ of America became the victim of the mutual clash of Germany and England. Due to the loss of 147 soldiers, America also declared to join in the world war to teach a lesson to Germany.
- 37. Following America, the nations like Panama, Greece, Cuba, China and Siam also declared war against Germany. The whole war situation changed when America entered into the war. The fighting ended on November 11, 1918 when a general armistice was agreed to by both sides. The war officially ended between Germany and the Allies with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles.
- 39. Germany was declared the main responsible for the war and received hard sanctions: Huge war reparations for the destruction caused in France and Belgium (20,000 million dollars) Loss of 1/8 of their territory in Europe: Alsace and Lorraine for France Schleswig for Denmark Part of Eastern Prussia and the Danzig corridor for Poland Memel for Lithuania Eupen and Malmédy to Belgium Reduction of their army to 100,000 soldiers. Their navy and air force were disbanded and military conscription was forbidden. Demilitarization of the West bank of River Rhine. The German colonies were given to France and the UK. The Treaty of Versailles also included the creation of the League of Nations.
- 42. “War was the best among all deeds of mankind” :- Benhardy, a German Politician. How far can we agree with this statement when the consequence is a lot more terrible and war also affected many countries for the death of millions of lives?
- 43. Let us see the condition of the soldiers living in trenches during the Great War. Click on the image to watch a video