Zoo Negara

The National Zoo (Malay: Zoo Negara) is a zoo in
Malaysia situated on 110 sections of land (45 ha) of
area in Ulu Klang, close Taman Melawati, in north-
east Kuala Lumpur. It was authoritatively opened on
14 November 1963 by the nation's first Prime
Minister, Tunku Abdul Rahman. The recreation
center is overseen by a non-administrative
association known as the Malaysian Zoological
Society. For subsidizing, Zoo Negara depends on
door accumulations and on backing from
benefactors and supporters. Zoo Negara is home to
5137 creatures of 459 unique species.
Throughout the years, the zoo has changed itself to
an open idea zoo with more than 90% of its
creatures kept in roomy shows with scene befitting
its inclination. Zoo Negara got MS ISO 9001:2008
confirmation in July 2007, and is an individual from
the South East Asian Zoos Association (SEAZA). The
President and executive of the zoo is Y. Bhg. Dato'
Ismail Hutson. There are numerous advancements
that developed by Zoo Negara to enhance the living
nature of creatures and the earth of the zoo. There
are just the passageway and the organization office
are still remain the pioneer building design style in
the Zoo Negara. The Giant Panda Conservation and
Exhibition Center was built amid year 2013. As the
protection and presentation focus was fabricated,
there are numerous structures and space expelled
from the first place, which implies the past building
had been evacuated.
The progressions created by the development of the
Giant Panda protection and display are new
development for butterfly plant, relocation of open
washroom, development of bamboo and set up an
administration office for panda administration.

Area: 110 acres
Date opened: 14 November 1963
Architect: Dato’ Kington Loo
Style: Postmodernist
Location: Zoo Negara, Hulu Kelang,
68000 Ampang,
Selangor Darul Ehsan
3°12′35″N 101°45′28″E
Awards: Tourism Gold Award 1988
ISO 9001:2008 (2007)
Annual visitors: >1,000,000
Species exhibited: 459
Number of animals: 5137
Exhibits: 16
Giant Panda CC
Butterfly Garden
Amphibian World
Hornbill Centre
Reptile House
Malaysian Elephants
Lake Birds
Bird Aviary
Australian Plain
Humboldt Penguin
Children’s World
Bear Complex
Savannah Walk
Hippopotamus
Mammal Kingdom
T Abdul Rahman Aquarium
Cat Walk
Ape Centre

Zoo Negara started life in 1957, when the
Malayan Agri-Horticultural Association opened a
miniature zoo. The idea of a zoo caught the
public’s attention, and, with the zeal and spirit of
independence still riding high, the idea gained
much momentum. The federal government chose
a spot in Ulu Klang, Selangor, which was located
next to the border of the Federal Territory of
Kuala Lumpur .
In the 1960s, Ulu Klang was an undeveloped green
area, with jungle covering much of the area. When
the then prime minister Tunku Abdul Rahman
opened the zoo in 1963, the National Zoo, or Zoo
Negara, was nicknamed the “Zoo in the Jungle” due
to its site situation and context at the time.
Three years after the zoo opened its door, the
millionth visitor was recorded on the 14th of
February 1966.
In 1986, the zoo began recording over a million
visitors per year.
The economic boom of the 1980s caused Ulu Klang
to experience massive development, which large
amounts of land zoned for residential buildings.
Thus, the land value of the zoo skyrocketed.
In the late 1990s and early 2000s, plans were made
to move the zoo to other locations, but this was
quickly shot down by both the government and
public and seen as an attempt by developers to
capitalize on the value of the zoo’s land.
Malaysia receives a pair of pandas from China. To
accommodate this, Zoo Negara constructs a new
pavilion specifically to house the pandas.

Kington Loo (1930-2013) was a Malaysian
architect who reportedly was among a group of
architects who brought modernism to Southeast
Asia after World War II.
Kington Loo was educated in architecture at the
University of Melbourne, as there wasn’t a
architecture course in Malaya at the time. He
graduated in 1953, and joined the firm of Booty,
Edwards & Partners (BEP). He eventually became
one of the partners of the firm, and was
responsible for many of the iconic early modern
buildings in Malaysia.
His work includes:

Chan, C. (1987). Post-merdeka architecture. [Kuala Lumpur]: Pertubuhan Akitek Malaysia.
Tay, L., & Ngiom,. (2000). 80 years of architecture in Malaysia (p. 87). Kuala Lumpur: PAM
Publication.
Zoo Negara. (n.d.). Retrieved November 16, 2015, from http://www.malaysiasite.nl/zoonegara.htm
Zoo Negara: A Journey through Time. (n.d.). Retrieved November 16, 2015, from
http://www.zoonegaramalaysia.my/journeythroughtime.pdf

Site analysis is a preliminary step that we as
architects take in architectural or urban design
processes which is dedicated to the climatic,
geographical, historical, legal, and infrastructural
context of a specific site.
The secret of site analysis is to design a good
relationship with the building and its site. Working
with a building’s surrounding by hiding them,
improving them, or even supporting them can lead
to additional value to that area. As an architect, we
must have the affinity to look beyond our building’s
immediate site and to analyse what is there around
in that could lead to a successful project. This
elements can be permanent or not, in which is it
intangible, issues that can be used to inform your
architectural site analysis.
In this case, we have chosen the National Zoo in
Malaysia. An understanding of the site and its
environment is an integral part of a building
program and is a prerequisite for a good design,
hence a study on the Zoo Negara to see if this
elements were applied has been done.

Zoo Negara is a public building, hence
there is no need for any hassle to acquire
any permission to enter. Only cases of
volunteer work is needed of this process.
Parking is easy to find if you’re early but
can get a bit congested during public
holidays, currently there is only 600
parking available even with the extension
of the Zoo Negara Aquarium.
With the grand opening of the new panda’s in Zoo Negara, it has been relatively pack at the
zoo. The new panda area is placed in a building that is air-condition. There is a ticketing booth
before entry and a line to queue is required because it’s new and popular at the moment.
There are tedious process to enter the building such as you are required to pick up a blank
paper from the clerk before the booth, he or she will write a number on it before you are able
to purchase the tickets, and therefore there is basically two lines to queue before entering. This
is probably to count the amount of visitation it gets since opening. Viewers are allowed up to
15 minutes before the next batch comes in, and it’s in immediate intervals, so movement is
pretty heavy at the entrance during peak hours.
Announcement has been made in July this year
that a multi-level parking containing additional
2,000 parking bays will commence construction
as soon as possible. This is likely due to the
popular visits for the two new adopted pandas.

In regards of the main entrance, Figure 1 refers to the expected crowd during public holidays,
for on the day of our visit, there was school trips planned for children on that day as well. The
style on entry system is similar to that of Genting Highlands Amusement Park and also Sunway
Lagoon. It is systematic in a way they can monitor entry but because there is no essential line up
for people to queue, a make shift line is needed to be made with guidance.
The Zoo Negara was once surrounded
by thick forest in 1963. It was
nicknamed the Zoo in the Jungle when
it was open, for it was essentially built
inside a jungle. However, through the
years, development started in that
area and now has houses built around
the edges of its 110 acre land. It has
lost its essence of the Zoo in the jungle
but gain more population near its
location. When development hit,
controversy arose from the locals that
were living around the zoo regarding
issues of smell.
Government officials then consulted different
development groups and came up with an idea
to move the zoo somewhere else which
caused a huge debate internally and publicly.
There was no contingency on how buildings
are to be built around the zoo of that time,
hence this problem arose. What developer
should have done was to put buffer spaces in
between the zoo and residential areas. Good
examples are to build a zoo in a park or build a
park around the zoo, for example, Central Park
(United States) and Ueno Park (Japan)

Annual rainfall in Malaysia is on average of
2,266mm, during the wet seasons the rainfall
per month can reach up to 12 inches and during
the dry seasons it reaches till 4 inches.
However, Zoo Negara is approximately 2000m
above sea level and is heavily surrounded by
the rainforest to its north-west region allowing
it to have minimum flooding in its area. Even so,
the Zoo Negara Lake (Tunku Abdul Rahman
Lake) and also large man made ponds build in
the enclosure for the animal’s acts as a
reservoir to balance out heavy rains.
In spite of that, there are no signs of huge (main)
draining in case of need of assistant when a flood
has occurred in the area which can be seen as an
improvement for the future.
The climate in Malaysia is categorized as
equatorial, which means it’s a tropical,
hot and humid area. This is because
Malaysia is surrounded by the Titiwangsa
Mountains on the east and Indonesia’s
Sumatra Island on the west. Malaysia has
two seasons, dry and wet, however
Malaysia can still experience to heavy
rainfall anytime of the year. At Zoo
Negara which is located 8 mile South-
East from the heart of Kuala Lumpur is
exposed to the dry and wet seasons of
Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur receives most of
its rainfall from the monsoon period,
September to April, and the least during
the dry season, May to July.

Themalaysianinsider.com,. 'Zoo Negara To Build 2,000-Bay Car Park - The Malaysian Insider'. N.p.,
2015. Web. 11 Nov. 2015. http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/citynews/greater-kl/article/zoo-
negara-to-build-2000-bay-car-park/zoo-negara-to-build-2000-bay-car-park
Tripadvisor.com.my,. 'Long Way To Go For Zoo Negara To Reach World-Class Standard - Zoo Negara,
Ampang Traveller Reviews - Tripadvisor'. N.p., 2015. Web. 11 Nov. 2015.
https://www.tripadvisor.com.my/ShowUserReviews-g1087671-d1595517-r232408147-Zoo_Negara-
Ampang_Selangor.html
Zoonegaramalaysia.my,. 'Welcome To Zoo Negara'. N.p., 2015. Web. 11 Nov. 2015.
http://www.zoonegaramalaysia.my/journeythroughtime.pdf
Voyage99.com,. 'Kuala Lumpur Weather - Kuala Lumpur Climate, Kuala Lumpur Weather Forecast'.
N.p., 2015. Web. 11 Nov. 2015. http://www.voyage99.com/tourist-attraction/kuala-
lumpur/weather.html
Worldweatheronline.com,. 'Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Weather Averages | Monthly Average High And
Low Temperature | Average Precipitation And Rainfall Days | World Weather Online'.N.p., 2015.
Web. 11 Nov. 2015. http://www.worldweatheronline.com/Kuala-Lumpur-weather-averages/Kuala-
Lumpur/MY.aspx
Science Buzz Malaysia,. 'Science Buzz Malaysia - Displaying Items By Tag: Zoo Negara Malaysia'. N.p.,
2015. Web. 11 Nov. 2015. http://sciencebuzz.my/en/tag/Zoo-Negara-Malaysia

The National Zoo of Malaysia is in an amazing
position. Once in a generation, a zoo is entrusted
with the confidence of its community, the funds to
carry out significant improvements and an exciting
new vision and direction. Taking full advantage of
this opportunity, the zoo is making changes that will
not only improve the welfare of the animals in its
charge but influence how zoo animals are managed
around the world.
A master plan is a vision of the future zoo that
guides its development and evolution over time. It
narrates the story of the zoo's plans for the future. It
describes the zoo's vision and goals, the purpose
and intent for each facility, and includes a budget,
sequence and timeline of construction projects that
will bring the future vision to reality. This
representation of the zoo's future is an essential
tool to coordinate the development of the zoo's
separate facilities into a coherent, effective and
unique institution with a clear and recognizable
theme and mission

In 1970, the National Zoo of Malaysia (Zoo
Negara) was organized around a forested
surrounding situated 8 miles from the KL
city. Providing a gradual slope, visitors were
gently led from the entrance towards the
main attraction of the zoo for kids - the
Children’s World. Forty-five years of
episodic development, expansion, and
modifications within a limited amount of
space reshaped the Zoo Negara.
Over the years as the zoo has expanded so
has the number of visitors, providing an
excellent venue for people, especially
crowds to organize gathering, events,
interactive interpretive opportunities and
guest services.
Electronic ticketing and membership cards are
implemented to consolidate ticket sales and
access control into one location to shorten
wait times in ticket lines. Prominent zoo
identity signage is installed facing the parking
lot.
There are two entrances in the Zoo Negara
Campus, Entrance A is situated at the South
whereas Entrance B is at the East. However,
there is only one ticket counter which is located
near Entrance A.

Furthermore, the entry plaza is gracious
in scale to accommodate huge crowds,
provide visitor services such as
restrooms, food and retail, allow for
emergency access, and facilitate way-
finding.
Spatial hierarchy refers to an ascending or
descending order of significance of space,
for instance major space vs. the minor;
public space vs. the non-public; primary
pedestrian path vs. secondary or auxiliary
pedestrian paths.
This plaza remains open for easy circulation
and free of visual obstructions for the large
numbers of visitors who are orienting
themselves.
As far as Zoo Negara is concerned, the sequence
of significant spaces from public to private would
be as follow: concert lawn for animal show >
hubs/ plazas> pedestrian paths> animal exhibits >
visitor services such as toilets, restaurants,
education facilities and veterinary hospital.
Concert Lawn Hubs/ Plazas
Pedestrian
Paths
Animal
Exhibits
Visitor
Services
The National Zoo of Malaysia can be
organized into zones, each one with a
theme, the zoning of the zoo is thus
extremely structured and well-planned.
Historically, zoos have been organized by
taxonomy and geography and, recently, by climate
zones.
But in Zoo Negara, themes can be otherwise
defined: for instance, animal colors and coat
patterns, animal sounds, habitat strata, etc., as
long as the selected theme is consistent.

There are 19 exhibits in
Zoo Negara, such as
Savannah Walk, the
largest open concept
exhibit in the zoo
campus, is a home
shared by a variety of
African animals like
Stable antelopes,
Scimatar horned oryx,
giraffes, ostriches,
zebras and white
rhinoceroses.
A good master planning of zoo will be able to
promote effective stewardship of the natural
world by bringing people close to living
animals, applying and advancing
conservation, science and education and
setting standards and excellence in animal
welfare and environmental responsibility.
To have a successful visitor experience, it is not
enough to work at the level of each individual
exhibit, but it is mandatory to organize visitor
circulation for the whole zoo.
As the winner of Tourism Gold Award 1988,
the National Zoo of Malaysia attracts more
than 1 million people a year. Visits to the Zoo
Negara are enhanced by hubs which provide
a multitude of places to gather, rest, and
play, while meeting the needs of the visitor
with restrooms and food facilities. Each hub
space will encourage and engage visitors
with interactive play and exploratory
information, each in a different way.
Focused on educational programming and
services to help visitors learn about
endangered animals and conservation, the
West Hub contains the Giant Panda
Conservation Centre.

The new perimeter service road solves
many current service access problems
and allows construction vehicles to move
around the site, eliminating most
conflicts with, and providing a safer
environment, for the visitors. Much of the
new utility infrastructure loop will be
installed in the service road to support all
the bond projects and future master plan
projects.
Emergency access is improved considerably with
the addition of the service road, the raising of the
train trestle for proper clearance underneath, and
by widening and connecting the spine to provide
through access for fire trucks and emergency
vehicles.
The zoo tram is a beloved institution at
the zoo, including both children and
parents. The zoo is committed to
improving the tram (tour bus)
experience for guests and the new zoo
route will allow visitor views into animal
habitats rather than into the back of
house areas, which is the current
experience. The new route eliminates all
pedestrian and vehicular track crossings
for visitor safety, and allows fire truck
access throughout the zoo under the
trestles.
Zoos are conservation organizations
which are uniquely placed to serve the
need of conservation of species of
wildlife, especially in a situation when
wildlife and wilderness are under severe
pressure and struggling for their survival
in the natural habitats.
The zoological garden thus functions as a
cultural showcase of animals and nature. The
design is a consequence of human
interpretations of the way in which the
natural world should be perceived and
presented.

Zoo Negara plan’s asymmetry and
openness offers flexible space and
adaptable usage, all spaces tend to flow
together as part of one contiguous
central space, reflecting a more casual
and relaxed way of life. The best
modernism architecture is efficient,
generous usage of sun and shading are
thus emphasized to enhance human
comfort.
The National Zoo of Malaysia is the
largest and most complex zoo in the
country, its hierarchy can be extended
to have several exhibit loops that
begin and end at one distribution
space (hub/plaza).
This scheme provides structure to
develop a different theme for each
loop, with the distribution space as
the transition from one theme to the
other. The visitors can select the zones
they wish to visit and the sequence of
visitation depending on the time and
energy they have, always
encountering the visitor services and
the exit in the distribution space.
Modernism architecture is typically
free of clutter and unnecessary
elements, modern tastes enjoy
simplicity and clarity. Modernism
architecture emphasizes on angular
forms and horizontal and vertical lines.
Zoo Negara’s plan is clean, direct and
simple, showing a unique Modern
style with the sense of true
Minimalism.

Another positive aspect of this type of
organization is that service circulation can be
located on the periphery of the zoo, thereby
minimizing the conflict of crossings with
visitor circulation.
The overall goals of the zoo’s
ongoing interpretive planning and
design efforts are to provide
integrated play-based learning
opportunities, to help guests
understand and appreciate
the zoo’s commitment to sustainable practices, and
to create a more synergistic experience for guests
across the entire campus. This positions the zoo
itself – its environmental resources and stewardship
of those resources, its husbandry and animal care
practices, and its conservation programs – as an
essential part of that experience.

BREM Barbara (2012) Zoo Walkways: The Path to Connecting with Nature. 21st Biennial Conference of
IZE (International Zoo Educators). Conference Proceedings. Chester, England.
COE, Jon C. (2012) Design and Architecture: Third Generation Conservation, Post-Immersion and
Beyond. Presentation at the 2012 Future of Zoos Symposium. Buffalo, New York.
COLLADOS, Gustavo, YANEZ Laura, HARRISON Bernard (2005) Visitor Circulation in Zoos. Paper
presented at the 2nd Joint Conference of SEAZA and ARAZPA, 1-5 May 2005, Melbourne, Australia.
Oregon zoo. (c2010). Importance of a Master Plan. Retrieved 12 November, 2015, from
http://www.oregonzoo.org/discover/new-zoo/thanks-you-better-zoo/importance-master-plan
Zoolex. (n.d.). ZooLex Zoo Design Organization. Retrieved 12 November, 2015, from
http://www.zoolex.org/research.html
Zoo Negara. (n.d.). Zoo Negara Malaysia. Retrieved 12 November, 2015, from
http://www.zoonegaramalaysia.my/exhibits.html

An architectural style is defined by the features
that make a building or other structures
distinguished and historically recognizable. Certain
elements such as form, method of construction,
building materials, and regional character defines a
particular style. Most architecture are classified as a
chronology of styles which changes over time. This
reflects change in technology, fashion, beliefs and
religions, emergence of new ideas or materials
which leads to the style in particular. Architectural
styles will forever change gradually, due to the
adaptation of new ideas and designs.

For Zoo Negara, the architectural style adopted was postmodernism. Postmodern
architecture started off as an international style where some of the early works
were dated back to the 1950s. It evolved from the modernist movement where
ornaments and references from other periods were introduced back to the façade,
replacing the then aggressively unornamented modern styles. What used to be
bland, mundane and overly simplistic was now replaced by ornaments, colour and
decoration. This contradicts modernism where minimalism and “Less is more” were
celebrated. Postmodernism on the other hand seeks meaning and expression in the
use of building techniques and forms. It uplifts the architecture as both functional
and artistic in nature.

Zoo Negara is one of the fine examples of postmodernism introduced to Malaysia,
thanks to Dato’ Kington Loo, the architect of this project. From the entrance of Zoo
Negara, to the ticketing counter and to the administration office, all three areas of
the building have barrel vault ceilings (Figure 1), which were one of the significant
architectural elements adapted from classical Roman examples as shown in Figure
2.
Figure 1: Barrel vault ceilings.
Figure 2: Similarities between Roman barrel vaults and Zoo Negara’s barrel vault ceilings..

Another notable Roman architectural element
adapted into the design of Zoo Negara is the
rotunda. In this case, the administration office
is the rotunda (Figure 3). This has made the
floor plan of the office, the façade, stairs and
fish pond circular in shape as seen in Figure 4
below.
Figure 3: Rotunda-like administration building
Figure 4: Administration building interior
The rotunda itself is under a concrete dome, with a central
opening (oculus) to the sky as seen in Figure 5. This design
was also applied in the Pantheon (Figure 6). The oculus
allows natural lighting to enter the building during the day,
illuminating the interior spaces.

Encyclopedia Britannica,. (2015). rotunda | architecture. Retrieved 8 November 2015, from
http://global.britannica.com/technology/rotunda-architecture
Publication.
Tourism.gov.my,. (2015). Architecture | Tourism Malaysia. Retrieved 6 November 2015, from
http://www.tourism.gov.my/en/us/about-malaysia/culture-n-heritage/architecture
ç
Putting aside these Roman architectural influences, the administration building itself
uses materials such as glass, aluminium and reinforced concrete (Figure 6). This was
how postmodernism was introduced through the design of Zoo Negara; having
modern structures while incorporating traditional forms inspired by Roman
architecture, making it both functional and artistic.
Additionally, Zoo Negara was observed to have no local influences such as high
pitched roofs, structures built on stilts, nor were they built of hardwood. Hence, it
can be said that the postmodernism style adopted was solely influenced by modern
buildings as in the west.

There are numerous advancements that developed
by Zoo Negara to enhance the living nature of
creatures and the earth of the zoo. There are just
the passageway and the organization office are still
remain the pioneer building design style in the Zoo
Negara.
The Giant Panda Conservation and Exhibition Center
was built amid year 2013. As the protection and
presentation focus was fabricated, there are
numerous structures and space expelled from the
first place, which implies the past building had been
evacuated.
The progressions created by the development of the
Giant Panda protection and display are new
development for butterfly plant, relocation of open
washroom, development of bamboo and set up an
administration office for panda administration.

Zoo Negara utilized bond solid deck,
tile deck and block flooring for the
floor framework to accomplish the
capacity as establishment on the
ground to bolster the live load and
dead load that exchanged by segments
and bearing dividers.
The technique for laying bond solid
deck on ground floor of a building can
be comprehensively separated in the
accompanying steps.
Cement Concrete Floor is usually
utilized both as a part of private
and in addition open structures.
(i) Preparation of sub-base:
The earth filling in plinth is combined
completely in order to guarantee that
no free pockets are left in the entire
region. A 10 to 15 cm. thick layer of
clean coarse sand is then spread over
the entire territory. The sand layer a
solidified and dressed to the required
level and incline.
(ii) Laying of base cement:
The base cement utilized under floors
may be bond solid or lime cement laid
to a thickness shifting from 75 to 10
cm. If there should be an occurrence
of bond cement, the blend generally
utilized is 1:5:10 (1 concrete: 5 sand:
10 stone or over blazed block totals 40
mm. ostensible size). Lime concrete, if
utilized, ought to be made up out of 40
mm. ostensible size stone/over blazed
block total and 40% mortar containing
1 lime : 2 sand/surkhi or 1 lime : 1
surkhi/powder : 1 sand. The base solid
layer is stored over the entire zone,
altogether lighted and leveled to an
unpleasant surface.

(iii) Laying the fixing:
At the point when the base solid layer
has completely set and solidified, its
surface is altogether cleaned and the
whole region is partitioned into
rectangular or square boards by
utilization of 4 mm, thick glass strips or
5mm, thick plain asbestos strips. The
measure of board is fundamentally
administered by the area of floor
(uncovered or indoor), temperature
and other climatic conditions,
thickness of fixing and extents of
fixings in solid blend. And so on. By and
large, the zone of one such board
ought not ideally be more than 2 sq.
m. The surface of base cement ought
to be made soggy and connected with
a layer of slick bond slurry preceding
laying the fixing. The harsh completed
surface of base cement covered with
concrete slurry guarantees sufficient
bond between the base and the
garnish. The bond solid garnish,
ordinarily comprising of 1:2:4 (1
concrete: 2 sand: 4 stone total) is then
laid in required thickness in one
operation in the boards. The solid is
spread equally by utilizing a straight
edge and the surface is altogether
packed and drifted with wooden
folates till the cream of the mortar
comes at top. The surface is then
smoothened lastly wrapped up by
method for steel trowels. On the off
chance that glass or plain asbestos
strips are not required, the boards are
framed by utilization of wooden or
point iron secures. The boards ought to
have profundity identical to that of
solid garnish. The surface of the strips
which is to interact with cement, is
covered with crude linseed oil before
cementing. Concrete for the garnish is
then laid in substitute boards and
completed as depicted previously. The
boards utilized for shaping boards are
uprooted following day and the garnish
cement laid in the substitute boards.
In the event that the bond solid ground
surface is to be laid over R.C.C. section, it is
common to permit the chunk cement to
solidify and afterward lay the ground surface.
Before laying, the chunk top is cleaned of all
earth, dust, free particles, mortar droppings
and flotsam and jetsam and so forth and the
deck laid as portrayed under the sub-head
'laying of fixing' above.
To keep the propensity of division of the.
bond solid deck from the R.C.C. section, a 20
mm. thick padding layer of lime mortar (1
lime : 2 sand/surkhi or/lime : 1 surkhi/sand)
or 50 to 75 mm. thick lime cement is some of
the time gave between the R.C.C. piece and
the bond solid ground surface.
On the off chance that the working conditions
allow, the ground surface can likewise be laid
solidly over the R.C.C. chunk while the section
cement is still green. For this situation, the
chunk cement is roughened with wire
brushes in order to guarantee a decent bond
between the base and the ground surface
layer. Before laying of deck, the section
surface is cleaned and a layer of concrete
slurry is connected over it. For this situation,
any incline required for the floor is given in
auxiliary solid itself.
The ground surface ought to be cured for 10
days before use.

Advantages of Cement Concrete Flooring
Non-absorbent and very useful for water
stores
Durable
Smooth, pleasing in appearance
Economical
Easily maintained clean
Disadvantages of Cement Concrete Flooring
Cannot be rectified
Cannot be satisfactorily repaired by patch work

The wide-spine segments are
developed to exchange the building
burdens to the establishment. The
segment that conveys the heap
down to establishment must load
without overemphasizing the
establishment materials.
.
The segments on top of solid
establishment is fabricated by
strengthened cement and the steel
segment must have a base plate to
spread the heap over a bigger range and
in this manner diminish the bearing
weight by settled on a solid
establishment

Numerous built dividers in the Zoo Negara are delegated burden bearing divider. Burden
bearing divider means can't be taken in haphazardly or the building will crumple as the
building burden has no backings be exchanged. There are 3 sorts of divider can be found in
the Zoo Negara, which are the Masonry divider, Dry Wall and Bricks divider.
Masonry wall is the building of
structures from individual units
laid in and bound together by
mortar; the term masonry can
likewise allude to the units
themselves. The regular materials
of workmanship development are
block, building stone such as
marble, rock, travertine, and
limestone, cast stone, solid
square, glass piece, and cob. Brick
work is for the most part an
exceedingly tough type of
development. Nonetheless, the
materials utilized, the nature of
the mortar and workmanship, and
the example in which the units are
amassed can essentially influence
the solidness of the general brick
work development.

Advantages
•The utilization of material, for
example, blocks and stones can expand
the warm mass of a building and can
shield the building from flame.
•Most sorts of brick work regularly
won't require painting thus can give a
structure decreased life-cycle costs.
•Masonry is non-ignitable item.
•Masonry dividers are more
impervious to shots, for example,
flotsam and jetsam from typhoons or
tornadoes.
•Masonry structures manufactured in
pressure ideally with lime mortar can
have a valuable existence of over 500
years when contrasted with 30 to 100
for structures of steel or fortified
cement.
•Bricks are flame opposing material
Drywall (otherwise called
plasterboard, wallboard, gypsum
board) is a board made of gypsum
mortar squeezed between two thick
sheets of paper. It is utilized to make
inside dividers and roofs. Drywall
development got to be predominant
as a speedier distinct option for
customary strip and mortar.
Disadvantages
•Extreme climate, in specific situations, can
bring about corruption of stone work divider
surfaces because of ice harm.
•Masonry has a tendency to be
overwhelming and must be based upon an in
number establishment, for example, fortified
cement, to abstain from settling and splitting.
•Other than solid, workmanship
development does not loan itself well to
motorization, and requires more gifted work
than stick-encircling.
•Masonry comprises of free segments and
has a low resilience to wavering when
contrasted with different materials, for
example, fortified solid, plastic
Advantages
• Fast, relatively simple & clean to
install
• Light, good fire insulation
• Addition of mineral fiber can
improve the sound and thermal
insulation properties
• Susceptible to water damage and
mold

Blocks intended for the development of
block dividers can likewise be alluded to
as packed earth squares, or CEBs. As the
name infers, blocks are made by packing a
sort of earth, for example, shale or mud.
The real state of the block can be created
in two distinct ways: the delicate strategy
and the firm mud process. The delicate
system is the point at which the earth is
packed into a structure. The other
method for molding block is the solid
mud process, where the earth is pushed
through the structure and after that slice
to the coveted size. In any case, the block
should be capably compacted. The more
a block is packed, the more it adds to the
strength of the last block divider. A block
that has been very packed will retain less
water and can be utilized as a part of
open air applications where the block
divider is presented to rain and other
climate conditions.
Block dividers are produced using packed earth
and, in this manner, are defenseless to water
ingestion. At the point when blocks ingest
water, they break down more rapidly than
different materials that don't retain as much
water, for example, dividers or precast solid
fencing. Also, constructing block dividers can
be extremely tedious and costly in light of the
fact that every block must be mortared and
put by hand. Block dividers have long been
generally utilized as a part of ranges of both
living arrangement and industry. While they
can be very excellent, there are some
damaging hindrances connected with block
dividers. For best in class options, visit our
precast fencing items page.
Advantages
• Strong and durable
• Low maintenance
• Thermal performance

There are a few sorts of the rooftop built on
the passage, ticket counter, and organization
office and nourishment court. The rooftop
encircling of the barrel rooftop we can see
through on the grounds that the rooftop is
developed by straightforward glass and we
can see there are a littler structure rooftop
on the barrel rooftop.
The structure rooftop has multi surface with
development of glass. Rooftop that built in Zoo
Negara are all contained the component of bend
or outlined in circle.

Toughened or treated glass is a kind of
wellbeing glass handled by controlled
warm or compound medications to build
its quality contrasted and typical glass.
Treating puts the external surfaces into
pressure and the inward surfaces into
strain. Such anxieties cause the glass,
when broken, to disintegrate into little
granular pieces as opposed to
fragmenting into spiked shards as
fortified glass (otherwise known as:
toughened glass) makes. The granular
lumps are more averse to bring about
damage. As a consequence of its security
and quality, toughened glass is utilized as
a part of an assortment of requesting
applications, including vehicle windows,
shower entryways, engineering glass
entryways and tables, fridge plate,
versatile screen defenders, as a segment
of impenetrable, for plunging veils, and
different sorts of plates and cookware.
In metallurgy, stainless steel, otherwise
called inox steel or inox from French
"inoxydable", is a steel amalgam with at
least 10.5% chromium content by mass.
Stainless steel does not promptly
consume, rust or stain with water as
standard steel does. Be that as it may, it is
not completely stain-evidence in low-
oxygen, high-saltiness, or poor air-flow
situations. There are distinctive
evaluations and surface completions of
stainless steel to suit the environment
the combination must persevere.
Stainless steel is utilized where both the
properties of steel and consumption are
required.
Stainless steel contrasts from carbon
steel by the measure of chromium
present. Unprotected carbon steel rusts
promptly when presented to air and
dampness.

Cement is a composite material made
out of total fortified together with a
liquid concrete which solidifies after
some time. Most utilization of the
expression "solid" alludes to Portland
bond solid or to cements made with
other water powered concretes, such
asciment fondu. In any case, street
surfaces are additionally a sort of
concrete, "asphaltic cement", where the
bond material is bitumen.
In Portland bond concrete (and other
pressure driven bond cements), when the
total is combined with the dry bond and
water, they frame a liquid mass that is
effectively formed into shape. The
concrete responds synthetically with the
water and different fixings to frame a
hard lattice which ties every one of the
materials together into a tough stone-like
material that has numerous
employments.
Polycarbonates (PC) are a gathering of
thermoplastic polymers containing
carbonate bunches in their synthetic
structures. Polycarbonates utilized as a
part of building are solid, extreme
materials, and a few evaluations are
optically straightforward. They are
effectively worked, formed, and
thermoformed. On account of these
properties, polycarbonates find
numerous applications. Polycarbonates
don't have an one of a kind Resin ID code
(RIC) and are distinguished as "Other", 7
on the RIC. Items produced using
polycarbonate can contain the
antecedent monomer biphenyl A
(BPAPolycarbonates got their name in
light of the fact that they are polymers
containing carbonate bunches (–O–
(C=O)–O–). A parity of valuable
components including temperature
resistance, sway resistance and optical
properties position polycarbonates
between merchandise plastics and
designing plastics.

Limestone is a sedimentary
rock composed largely of
the minerals calcite and aragonite,
which are different forms of calcium
carbonate (CaCO3). Most limestone is
composed of skeletal fragments of
marine organisms such as coral,
forms and mollusks. Limestone makes
up about 10% of the total volume of all
sedimentary rocks. The solubility of
limestone in water and weak acid
solutions leads to karst landscapes, in
which water erodes the limestone over
thousands to millions of years. Most
cave systems are through limestone
bedrock. Limestone has numerous uses:
as a building material, as aggregate for
the base of roads, as white pigment or
filler in products such
as toothpaste or paints, and as a
chemical feedstock.
Ceramic tiles have quickly become one
of the most popular types of materials
used in a home but often time’s home
owners don’t understand exactly what
they are. Ceramic tile is made up of
sand, natural products, and clays and
once it has been molded into shape
they are then fired in a kiln. When
making ceramic tiles they can either be
glazed or unglazed, but the majority of
homeowners have glazed ceramic tiles
in their home. With their increasing
popularity, there are hundreds of
different designs of ceramic tiles.

Welcome to Zoo Negara. (n.d.). Retrieved November 16, 2015, from
http://www.zoonegaramalaysia.my/
Zoo Negara. (n.d.). Retrieved November 16, 2015, from
http://www.zoonegaramalaysia.com/index.php?page=Dolphiny:ShoppingPage&companycode=MY
Zoo Negara. (n.d.). Retrieved November 16, 2015, from http://www.malaysiasite.nl/zoonegara.htm

A building cannot exist by its own. Just like a living
machine, a building is nothing more than a sum
of its parts. Each element and component
likewise is incapable of being independent, and
must rely on other pieces to be relevant. Though
small and inconsequential it may appear to be,
architectural elements and components are vital
for the effectiveness and totality of a building.
As a postmodern design, Zoo Negara features
equally postmodern elements and components. It
features a variety of influences from a myriad of
sources, and its elements and components
certainly reflect that. From Roman vaults and
skylights to modern flat roofs, this building
certainly has its own unique identity.

Curtain walls are not structural elements; they
do not carry any structural loads. As such, they
can be built out of materials that otherwise
would compromise structural integrity. Zoo
Negara here employs glass curtain walls for its
administration office building, which along
with its unique curvilinear roof, creates an
inviting atmosphere.
This curtain wall is composed of tempered
laminated glass in a framework of steel beams.
Along with the large overhanging roof, the
tempered laminated glass greatly limits the solar
gain of the building.
Columns of the building most evident and distinct
on the administrative building. These are load
bearing reinforced-concrete columns, and are used
to hold up the roof. The inverted triangle shape of
the concrete columns are a postmodern element; it
injects some movement and dynamicism into the
design.

Turnstiles, also known as baffle gates, restrict access
to one person at a time. This is useful for crowd
control, as the zoo requires to check the credentials
of each and every visitor systematically. Full height
turnstiles reach up to the ceiling, and thus restrict
the bodily movement of the visitor.
Half height turnstiles are employed at the entrance
of the zoo, and are used to "check-in" the visitor by
manual inspection. Just as a typical turnstile, it
restricts the circulation to an individual at a time.
There are more half height turnstiles than full height
ones, as it is deemed more people enter the zoo
simultaneously than they do exiting.
These are used on the administrative building, and
its laminated tempered glass composition allows it
to blend seamlessly into the glass curtain wall
facade. Despite it being made of tempered glass, it
is laminated to both reduce solar gain as well as to
provide a degree of privacy.
Staircases allow verticle movement between floors.
As such it is at a gentle incline to facilitate the
ascent and descent of its users. At Zoo Negara,
staircases only exist on administrative building,
bridging the ground and first floor both within and
outside the building. Following the design aesthetic,
the staircase is curved following the building facade.

The swooping, curvilinear form of
the administration building roof is
of concrete and polycarbonate
construction. The transparent
polycarbonate roofing is framed by
a cast concrete structure, and is
further reinforced with a rubber
cladding to avoid erosion. This
beautiful curved form of the roof
by consequence creates a barrel
vault beneath it.

This tensile membrane structure,
and as such does not feature any
compression or bending. The
parabolic form of the roof is created
by the tension, or stretching of the
PTFE-coated fibreglass membrane
by steel rods and cables. As the
tension fabric roof is coated with
PTFE, it is waterproof, and capable
of withstanding the tropical climate
of Malaysia. Due to its tensile
nature, the roof creates and
elegant, flowing organic form, of
which invokes a welcoming aura to
visitors.

This glass conical roof serves as the skylight, and creatively caps the
curvilinear design of the building. As it is in the shape of a cone, it
allows sunlight to enter from all 360 degrees, and creates a focus in
its interaction of light and shadow within the interior, somewhat akin
to the Oculus on the Pantheon in Rome. It is capped with an air
ventilator to circulate the internal climate.
A monopitch roof is a single sloping roof surface, and is pitched at an
angle (i.e. not entirely flat). This design is required due to the tropical
rainforest climate of the country, and is needed to effectively divert
the large amount of water flow, reduce ponding and increase the
longevity of the building. From the perspective of a visitor, the roof is
pitched upwards and towards him, and it creates a sense of welcome
as well as a focal point among the vast complex.

Skylights are glass apertures on
the roof of buildings that let light
in. Here, it is used in the roof of
the administrative building. There
exists similarities between this
and the Oculus of the Pantheon in
Rome. Regardless, the skylight
creates a focal point which further
accentuates the form of the
interior. Located directly beneath
the skylight is a bust of the zoo's
founder.

Vaults are created as a result of
the curvilinear form of the roof.
These vaults exist in several places
of the zoo, but are most
distinctive at the administrative
building, where the tall vaults
terminate a glass and steel arched
framework. These vaults create a
juxtaposition of both authority
and tenderness.

The flooring of the zoo is done with
two materials: terrazzo and ceramic.
Both are course, offering good grip,
preventing slippage regardless of
condition. These floors are also very
low maintenance, and thus is suitable
for large quantities of human traffic
everyday.

Lighting is essential for any
building. Whether if it is dark or
just to create emphasis, artificial
lighting is a powerful tool for
controlling a building's circulation.
Lights can be used from the most
basic like lighting up dark places, to
creating a point of interest, and is
even used as an indication of
whether or not the place is a
public or private space.
Zoo Negara's operating hours are
from 9AM to 5PM, so these
lighting solutions aren't used as
much as other public buildings
with evening activities. However,
lighting still remains essential for
the zoo's staff.
Spotlights are used to light only a
specific point, and are generally
high powered. These can be used
to highlight certain places,
emphasize details or just to light
up the surrounding area.
At Zoo Negara, to produce an area
light, spotlights are pointed
upwards towards a curved surface,
which then projects the now
diffused and scattered light unto
the surrounding area. Area lighting
is used to light up a large space.

Publication.
Basic Theories of Tensile Fabric Architecture - Architen Landrell. (n.d.). Retrieved November 16, 2015,
from http://www.architen.com/articles/basic-theories-of-tensile-membrane-architecture/
Concrete Floor Information. (n.d.). Retrieved November 16, 2015, from
http://www.concretenetwork.com/concrete/interiorfloors
Fare Collection in the Subway. (n.d.). Retrieved November 16, 2015, from
http://www.nycsubway.org/wiki/Fare_Collection_in_the_Subway
Monopitch roof construction. (n.d.). Retrieved November 16, 2015, from
http://myrooff.com/monopitch-roof/
Welcome to Zoo Negara. (n.d.). Retrieved November 16, 2015, from
http://www.zoonegaramalaysia.my/

The overall experience was rejuvenating, to
revisit something we hold dear as memories of
our youth with intention to learn more of its
purpose, character and surroundings. Having the
chance to be visually observant towards Zoo
Negara has improve our affinity on details. Having
said that, studying on intentions not just by the
architect but by its very founders of Zoo Negara
has enlighten us towards the affects it will play
not just then but now in the future and its desired
effects it will placed on the people.

Zoo Negara

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