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A more trustworthy
P recommendation
by implementing the
intensity,
buffering capacity,
quantity concept
into agricultural practice
A r j a n R e i j n e v e ld
Introduction
Introduction (back then)
● P fertilization recommendations for agricultural
crops are based on soil tests from ~ 1900 onwards
● Already at that time, it was suggested that two or
more soil P test would give more insight in soil
processes and improve recommendations
● However, mostly for reason of costs, this was not
implemented
Introduction (nowadays)
●Modern soil analysis methods (costs decreased)
●Optimal crop yield and quality increasingly important
(world food)
●Environmental protection has become a topic
●P resources are exhaustible
●Legislative restrictions for P-fertilization
●Farmers value soil P tests, doubt the current
recommendations, and are interested in improved
allotment of P
So, there seems room for a more
trustworthy P recommendation
5
Material
&
Methods
Material
Literature: Throughout 20th century
combination of soil tests was promoted
● P intensity= plant available P
● P buffering capacity = capacity to
replenish plant available P when
P is taken up by crops
● P quantity = total capacity for
P replenishment
8
Direct
Available
Nutrients
Plant Available
ElementsSoil Stock
Total
Soil Stock
Methods P-total or P-oxalate P-Al or P-CAL or P-Olsen P-CaCl2 P-water
Metaphor Basement Kitchen Table Plate
Kg P ha-1 3400 545 4.7 2.5
Soil Quantity Soil Intensity
Method
Stepwise introduction
i) Scientific research to further test the concept
ii) From 2004 onwards on all reports (all farmers)
P intensity P-CaCl2
P capacity P-Al/P-CaCl2
P quantity P-Al
iii) Validation in field experiments (grass, maize, potatoes)
iv) Making it an ‘official’ recommendation (>2010)
Results
Results: variation of P intensity within a
P quantity category
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
0 - 10
10 - 20
20 - 30
30 - 40
40 - 50
50 - 60
60 -70
70 - 80
>80
0,71
1,07
1,4
2,3
3,3
4,12
5,2
7,85
8,56
P intensity, P-CaCl2 mg P kg-1
Pquantity;P-AlmgP2O5100g-1
percentile, 10 - 50%
percentile, 50 - 90%
Results (P recommendation)
● On average: lower P recommendations (15 kg P2O5 ha-1)
● Different allotment over fields
● In general: lower recommendations when
soil P status is low, but small recommendation
even when soil P status is higher
Discussion
Discussion: improvements
Buffering capacity is represented by ratio P-Al/P-CaCl2
Recommendations could be improved by
measuring Fe, Al, and Ca on routine basis
(to establish Fe-P, Al-P, and Ca-P binding)
Risk of leaching can be established
Discussion: international (P-Olsen)
A lot of variation in plant available P within P-Al,
but also within P-Olsen, and P-CAL
Discussion: other nutrients
Concept can also be used
for other nutrients:
For example:
K plant available (K-CaCl2)
K soil stock (K-CEC)
Soil P status of a soil is established by one soil P test
Government in the Netherlands has the intention
the use quantity and intensity characteristics to
classify soils and establish P applications from
2015 onwards.
Discussion: legislation
Conclusion
Conclusion
Improved allotment of P
useful for food, farmer and environment
19
Thank you all!
Questions?
Arjan Reijneveld Arjan.Reijneveld@blgg.nl
Gerard Abbink
Martijn van Oostrum
Debby v. Rotterdam Debby.vanRotterdam@nmi-agro.nl
Wim Bussink Wim.Bussink@nmi-agro.nl

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Phosphorus fertilization recommendation

  • 1. A more trustworthy P recommendation by implementing the intensity, buffering capacity, quantity concept into agricultural practice A r j a n R e i j n e v e ld
  • 3. Introduction (back then) ● P fertilization recommendations for agricultural crops are based on soil tests from ~ 1900 onwards ● Already at that time, it was suggested that two or more soil P test would give more insight in soil processes and improve recommendations ● However, mostly for reason of costs, this was not implemented
  • 4. Introduction (nowadays) ●Modern soil analysis methods (costs decreased) ●Optimal crop yield and quality increasingly important (world food) ●Environmental protection has become a topic ●P resources are exhaustible ●Legislative restrictions for P-fertilization ●Farmers value soil P tests, doubt the current recommendations, and are interested in improved allotment of P
  • 5. So, there seems room for a more trustworthy P recommendation 5
  • 7. Material Literature: Throughout 20th century combination of soil tests was promoted ● P intensity= plant available P ● P buffering capacity = capacity to replenish plant available P when P is taken up by crops ● P quantity = total capacity for P replenishment
  • 8. 8 Direct Available Nutrients Plant Available ElementsSoil Stock Total Soil Stock Methods P-total or P-oxalate P-Al or P-CAL or P-Olsen P-CaCl2 P-water Metaphor Basement Kitchen Table Plate Kg P ha-1 3400 545 4.7 2.5 Soil Quantity Soil Intensity
  • 9. Method Stepwise introduction i) Scientific research to further test the concept ii) From 2004 onwards on all reports (all farmers) P intensity P-CaCl2 P capacity P-Al/P-CaCl2 P quantity P-Al iii) Validation in field experiments (grass, maize, potatoes) iv) Making it an ‘official’ recommendation (>2010)
  • 11. Results: variation of P intensity within a P quantity category 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 0 - 10 10 - 20 20 - 30 30 - 40 40 - 50 50 - 60 60 -70 70 - 80 >80 0,71 1,07 1,4 2,3 3,3 4,12 5,2 7,85 8,56 P intensity, P-CaCl2 mg P kg-1 Pquantity;P-AlmgP2O5100g-1 percentile, 10 - 50% percentile, 50 - 90%
  • 12. Results (P recommendation) ● On average: lower P recommendations (15 kg P2O5 ha-1) ● Different allotment over fields ● In general: lower recommendations when soil P status is low, but small recommendation even when soil P status is higher
  • 14. Discussion: improvements Buffering capacity is represented by ratio P-Al/P-CaCl2 Recommendations could be improved by measuring Fe, Al, and Ca on routine basis (to establish Fe-P, Al-P, and Ca-P binding) Risk of leaching can be established
  • 15. Discussion: international (P-Olsen) A lot of variation in plant available P within P-Al, but also within P-Olsen, and P-CAL
  • 16. Discussion: other nutrients Concept can also be used for other nutrients: For example: K plant available (K-CaCl2) K soil stock (K-CEC)
  • 17. Soil P status of a soil is established by one soil P test Government in the Netherlands has the intention the use quantity and intensity characteristics to classify soils and establish P applications from 2015 onwards. Discussion: legislation
  • 19. Conclusion Improved allotment of P useful for food, farmer and environment 19
  • 20. Thank you all! Questions? Arjan Reijneveld Arjan.Reijneveld@blgg.nl Gerard Abbink Martijn van Oostrum Debby v. Rotterdam Debby.vanRotterdam@nmi-agro.nl Wim Bussink Wim.Bussink@nmi-agro.nl