Ayurvet knowledge symposium (19.10.2013)

Integrated Livestock Production
for Sustainable Development
Prof. Anil Kumar Srivastava
Director
National Dairy Research Institute
Karnal-132001 (India)
Ayurvet Knowledge Symposium, New Delhi; October 19, 2013

Prime Strengths in Livestock Sector
In World, India Ranks
 First in milk production
 Third in egg production
 Sixth in Broiler production
 First in buffalo population
 Second in cattle & goat population
 Third in sheep population
 Seventh in poultry population
And Offers livelihood and nutritional security
to 350 million (70 million rural households)

Livestock Wealth
Species
Population (million) Growth rate
2003 2007 (%)
Cattle 185.18 199.08 1.83
Buffaloes 98.00 105.34 1.84
Total bovine 283.00 304.42 1.83
Sheep 61.00 71.56 3.87
Goat 124.00 140.54 3.10
Horse & Ponnies 0.75 0.61 -4.98
Camel 0.63 0.52 -4.83
Pigs 13.52 11.13 -4.74
Mule 0.18 0.14 -6.58
Donkey 0.65 0.44 -9.40
Yak 0.06 0.08 8.51
Total Livestock 485.00 529.70 2.23
Poultry 489.01 648.88 7.33

We Produce…
Milk- 127.9 million MT
(Growth rate in last year 5%)
Egg- 66.45 billion No.
Wool- 44.7 million kg
( Growth rate in last year 4%)
Meat- 5.5 million MT

3
Growth in Value of Output
(% Annual Average) – 2011-12
3.8
6.1
5
6.2
4.3
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Cereals Pulses Fruits &
Vegetables
Milk Meat Eggs

Major Three Production Systems
• Low input – low output (pastoral system)
• Medium input – medium output (crop-livestock
system)
• Intensive input – high output (intensive or commercial
system)

Pastoral System
• Herds of livestock are
maintained and kept on
migration for more than six
months in a year due to
paucity of feed and fodder in
their native habitat.
• Income mainly from sale of
milk, penning charges
(keeping the herd in
agricultural fields for soil
enrichment) and sale of
animals.

Crop-Livestock System
• Few heads of livestock
along with their followers
are reared. Majority of
indigenous or non-descript
animals are
reared under this system.
• Animals are kept mainly
on grazing in addition to
small amount of stall
feeding with green fodder,
concentrate, crop residue
or kitchen waste. The
dung produced is used as
fuel and manure for crops.

Intensive System
• The commercial or intensive
livestock production system is
gaining momentum.
• High producing animals are
kept on stall feeding and good
facilities are provided to them
for breeding, health and
management.
• Performance recording and
proper marketing channels to
ensure high income.

Five Major Livestock in India
(Million)
Cattle,
199.1
Buffalo,
105.3
Goat,
140.5
Sheep,
71.6
Pig,
11.1
Other
Livestock, 2.1
Cattle - 37.6% Sheep - 13.5% Pig - 2.1%
Buffalo - 19.9% Goat - 26.5% Other Species - 0.4%

Categorization of Indian Cattle Population

Categorization of Indian Buffalo Population

Scenario is Changing
Traditional Intensive

From Traditional to Intensive
• Traditionally, livestock production in India has been part
of mixed farming systems, which had a high degree of
environmental sustainability.
• In recent years, small, medium and large-scale capital
intensive production systems are emerging; the
environmental sustainability of these modern systems
are uncertain.

Livestock Population is Increasing
• Increased production of livestock products is mainly due
to increasing population than increased productivity.
250
200
150
100
50
0
1951 1961 1972 1982 1992 2003 2007
Million Nos.
Cattle Buffalo

Increasing Land Degradation …
• Out of total geographical
area of 328.73 mha,
about 120.40 mha is
affected by various kind
of land degradation
• Annual soil loss of about
5.3 billion tonnes
through erosion.

Deficient in Feeds and Fodders
Feed/
Fodder
Requirement
(Million MT)
Availability
(Million MT)
Deficiency
(%)
Green fodder * 1061.00 395.20 62.76
Dry fodder * 589.00 451.00 23.46
Concentrate # 56 36 35
* Report of the working group on Animal Husbandry and Dairying for the
11th Five Year Plan, Planning Commission, GOI
# NIANP, Bengaluru

Policy Changes
The current policy emphasis on use of grains for bio-fuel
production

Issues in Livestock Feeding
 About 52 and 11% of the maize produced is utilized as
poultry and cattle feed, respectively, however, till date we
are not able to meet the requirement of livestock industry.
 The grains like maize, rape seed and soyabean are likely
to be diverted towards production of bio-fuels, which will
reduce their availability for livestock feeding.
 The entire feed and fodder transport system is based on
availability of cheap fuel, which is no longer a guarantee.

Issues in Waste Management
• When the manure (animal waste) supply is located close
to crops, it is easily available for cropland and its
nutrients are recycled for use in food production.
• But in specialized crop or livestock production where
livestock production is separated from crops, this
recycling is limited.
• Transport of manure to far away places increases the
production cost besides difficulties in handling and
transporting wet manure.
• Similarly, bringing the fodder and crop residues from far
places to the livestock farm increases the livestock
production cost.

How to Sustain Livestock Production?

In situ Resource Management
• A livestock production system that depends on imported
feed will never be sustainable.
• In situ feed resource management is an essential part of
sustainable livestock production.
• Recycling of agricultural byproducts as animal feed
• Use of manure in place of chemical fertilizers.
• Conservation of soil-born microorganisms (organic
manure encourage growth of useful microorganisms
present in the soil).

Sustainable Livestock Production should have
• Decreased dependence on fossil fuel-based inputs.
• Little negative impact on natural resources.
• Fulfill supply‐demand interactions.
• Generate in situ resources for inputs.
• Improve soils through recycling local products like livestock
manure.
• More environment friendly use of wastes.
• More integrated mode of production.

Integrated Livestock Production Models

Some Important Facts
• In some cases, livestock production system is causing
degradation by over grazing, deforestation, biodiversity
loss, land and water pollution and increases in
unwelcome gaseous emissions.
• The area and fertility levels of common grazing lands
have declined due to over stocking and soil erosion.
• The prices of food-feed crops are likely to increase at
faster rates than the prices of livestock products.

Human-Crop-Livestock-Environment Interaction
Source: FAO

Integrated Crop-Livestock-Fish Production
Crop
• Upland paddy
• Maize
Horticulture
• Leechi
• Guaua
• Papaya
Livestock
• Dairy cattle
• Pig
• Chicken
• Duck
• Rabbit
Fish
• Rohu
• Catla
• Mrigal
Model developed at ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Mizoram Centre

Integrated Dairy-Crop Production
Coconut
Paddy
Dairy unit
Green pea
Banana
Manure from dairy:
fertilizing the field
Paddy straw:
feeding & bedding
of cattle
Terrace raisers &
bunds: fodder
grass for feeding
cows

Integrated Dairy- Squash Production
at Farmer’s Field
Dairy unit
Squash
Manure and shed washings: channelized to fertilize the squash crop
Squash: for household consumption and sale
Leaves and wines: for feeding cows and pigs
No external fertilizer application Shipir area, Mizoram

Integrated Dairy-Fish System
Manure from dairy: fertilizing
the pond
Pond bunds: fodder grass for
feeding cattle
Pond water: washing of dairy
shed
Fish: household consumption
& sale
Imphal, Manipur

Integrated Livestock-Horticulture
Passion fruit
Papaya +Citrus
Dairy
Guava
Vermicompost
Manure from dairy:
fertilizing the cropped
area Vermicomposting
Bunds: fodder grass for
feeding cattle
Guava & Passion fruit:
household consumption
& sale
Passion fruit peals:
feeding pigs

Recycling of on Farm Renewable Resources
for Nutrient Supplementation

Dairy-Agri-Horti- Silvi- Pastoral Land Use System
Livestock: Dairy cattle
Agri: Maize, soybean
Horti: Banana
Silvi: Teak
Pastoral: Congo signal,
setaria guinea grass

Integrated Goat-Fish-Crop Production
• Manure from goat: fertilizing the
cropped area
• fertilization of fish pond
• crop residue: feeding goats
• Bunds: grass for goat
• Pond water: washing of goat
shed
• Fish: household consumption &
sale
Model developed at ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Meghalaya

Integrated Crop-Fish-Duck Production
• Ducks: fertilizing the fish
pond
• Fish: household
consumption & sale
• Ducks & eggs: household
consumption & sale
• Pond slurry: fertilizing the
cropped area
Model developed at ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Meghalaya

Integrated Rice-Pig-Duck-Fish Culture
Low land rice
Pig
Duck
Fish
Fish
Fish
Model developed at ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Mizoram

Successful Livestock-Crop-Fish Integration
at Farmer’s Field
Not only at research
stations but also at
farmer’s field the
integrated crop:
livestock-fish models
perform well
Additional advantages:
• Reduced soil loss
• Water harvesting for use
during lean season
• In situ resource
management
• Sustainable
Nongpoh area, Meghalaya

Benefit – Cost Ratio
Farming system B:C ratio
Chicken-crop-fish-duck-horticulture 2.24
Crop-fish-poultry-MPTs 2.12
Crop-fish-goat-MPTs 2.40
Crop-fish-pig-MPTs-vermiculture 1.85
Crop-fish-dairy-mushroom-liquid
2.38
manure-horticulture-vermiculture
Crop and fishery (without integration) 1.50

Advantages of Integrated
Crop-livestock System
Reduces the use of chemical fertilizers, harmful
agrochemicals and pesticides to provide pollution free,
healthy produce and environment at large.
 In 1970-71, dung manure accounted for about 43% of
the total value of manure and fertilizers used in
agriculture, which declined drastically to 23% in 1980-
81 and to about 13% during the 1990s.
 In 1966-67, the consumption of nitrogenous (N),
phosphatic (P), potassic (K) fertilizers was only 1.1
million tonnes, while the corresponding figure in 2010-
11 was 28.1 million tones.

Advantages
• Rejuvenation / amelioration of productivity system and
achieve agro ecological equilibrium.
• Mixed farming helps to maintain soil fertility and makes
judicious utilization of all resources.
• Involves recycling of waste, by-products of one farming
system as input for another system.
• Efficient utilization of available farming space for
maximum production.

Positive Effects of Integration
• Reduction in soil loss
• Sustaining soil microbes and fertility
• Increased income
• Contingency during failure of one system
• Environment friendly

Summary
• The positive links between livestock and environment
under mixed farming systems are well known.
• The high level of integration between crops and
livestock provides incentives for internalizing many
input resources and environmental impacts on
livestock production system.
• Intensified animal production systems can impact
adversely on economic and social fabric of farming
community and environment.

Summary
• Diversified nature of mixed farming systems helps to
conserve a wide variety of plant and animal biodiversity
and serves as a buffer against environmental
degradation.
• Manure is used as organic fertilizers, resulting in a
better balance of soil nutrients and crop residues are
used as feed.
• Integrated crop-livestock system reduces the cost of
production of both crop and livestock.
• Through the integrated livestock production model, the
farm family could earn 2 to 2.25 fold higher net income
return as compared to the single component system.

“Waste is NOT waste…
but misplaced resource…”
Thank You

Ayurvet knowledge symposium (19.10.2013)

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