Agricultural field wastes and residues for ruminant feeding

1. CROP WASTES AND
RESIDUE FOR ANIMAL
FEEDING
Muhammad Zeeshan Akram
Supervisor: Sema YAMAN

2. Introduction
• There are two types of agricultural crop residues.
• Field residues are materials left in an agricultural
field or orchard after the crop has been harvested.
These residues include stalks and stubble
(stems), leaves, and seed pods.
• Process residues are materials left after the crop is
processed into a usable resource. These residues
include husks, seeds, bagasse, molasses and roots.
They can be used as animal fodder and soil
amendment, fertilizers and in manufacturing.

3. Types
• Cabbage leaves
• Kohlrabi leaves
• Carrot leave
• Cauliflower discarded
leaves
• Turnip and Reddish leaves
• Potatoes leaves
• Wheat straw
• Rice straw
• Maize stover
• Sugarcane tops
• Sugar beet leaves
• Wheatlings
• Bagasse

4. Objective
• The human population explosion is a source of
worry throughout the world.
• Food shortages and famine are becoming endemic
in many places. The population explosion is
associated with a reduction in farmable land.
• To address these problems, scientists are
investigating alternative food sources and
evaluating present land use and utilization of
food.

5. • Feeding grains to ruminants is questioned because
human and monogastric animals can utilize
grains better than roughages.
• On the other hand, ruminants are characterized by
their ability to convert low quality roughage to
meat, milk, natural fibers, leather and manure.
• Thus, ruminants can easily digest crop residues.

6. • Second reason behind utilization of crop wastes
and residues is that, most of the countries do not
have enough fodder availability to meet the
demand of animals.
• In a year, generally a few months come with
fodder shortage (May-June and Nov-Dec), in
which crop residues will the best alternatives of
fodders.

7. Explanation
• When crops are ripened, residues become available.
• For Example: when reaping cabbages, discarded leaves
comprise up to 6 tons of edible dry matter per ha.
• Often markets collapse (e.g. potatoes) and it is too
expensive to send products to market and this "waste" (crop
residue) becomes available for animal feeding.

8. • Carrots damaged at harvesting or discarded because
of poor quality, comprise a good ruminant feed when
fed with carrot tops.
• After getting grains, wheat and rice straws and maize
stover are available in field for animal feeding.

9. Status of Pakistan
and Turkey

10. Pakistan
• The area of Pakistan is 79.61 MH & only 21.86 MH are
available for cultivation.
• Currently, 121.1 million heads of animals in Pakistan
annually require about 10.9 and 90.36 million tons of CP and
TDN respectively.
• The respective availability of these two nutrients is 6.7 and
69.0 million tons and thus, CP and TDN are 38.10 and
24.02% deficient per annum.
(Sarwar et al., 2002)

11. Feed resources for livestock in
Pakistan

12. Distribution of cultivated area

13. • At present, livestock is receiving nutrients from
green fodder, crop residues, grazing vacant lands,
post harvest grazing, cereal by products and oilcakes
and meals, respectively.
• Annually 52 million ton fodder is produced.
• 43 million tons annually crop residues are produced.
(Sarwar et al., 2002)
Fodder and Roughages

14. Fodder and Roughages
22
6.3
5.3
3.05 1.4 0.9 0.7 0.3
11
0
5
10
15
20
25
Barseem Sorghum Lucern Guar Sadabahar Maize Millet Mustard Others
Fodder production (Million ton)

15. Fodder and Roughages
16
4
1.5
21.5
0
5
10
15
20
25
Wheat straw Rice straw & husk Maize stover other
CROP RESIDUES (MILLION TON)

16. 12.5
14.5
20
17.5
9
5.5
10
17
23
20
15
6
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Round the year fodder availability per kg/animal
Fodder Deficiency

17. Pakistan
• Livestock population is already nutrient deficient in Pakistan.
• In extreme weather conditions in summer and winter, fodder
production also become reduced.
• To meet with the requirement of animals for their
maintenance and production levels, crops residues, forages
and their conservations (silage and hay) would be the best
options.

18. Turkey
• Turkey is a country located between Europe and Asia with
total area is 78.35 million ha of which 76.96 million ha is land
area.
• Field crop areas are 21.4 million ha (for forage crops only
1.46 million ha)
• Horticultural areas 3.0 million ha
• Rangelands are 13.2 million ha
• Meadows are 1.4 million ha
• Forests are 15.1 million ha
• Shrublands 8.3 million ha
• Other 15.4 million ha
(Koc et al., 2012)

19. Turkey
• Turkey has 10.14 million AU livestock and year-round
roughage demand is about 37.0 million tones.
• About 7.5 million AU obtain their feed from rangeland and
roughly their demand is 13.5 million tones roughage whereas
the rangelands supply about 7.6 million tones roughage.
(Koc et al., 2012)

20. Turkey
• Accumulatively, there is 12 million tones roughage gap in
Turkey in summer and winter.
• There are some alternative roughage sources, such as
vegetable residues, sugar beet leaf and pulp and fruit garden
understory, which account for an amount of about 5.0 million
tones. Finally, 7.2 tons of roughage gap are compensated by
cereal straw.
(Koc et al., 2012)

21. Constraints
• Storage issues
• Lack of awareness
• Lack of farmers knowledge about the nutrient value and
potential benefits of crop residue
• Proper guidance of farmers interms of handling and storage of
residues
• Conservative approach of farmers
• Transportation problems
• Insufficient trials and demonstrations for proper utilization of
the residues at farmer level

22. Problems
• Bloat, although uncommon
• Prussic acid poisoning (Sorghums)
• Iodine deficiency due to brassicas (e.g. abortions and death of
young animals)
• ANF
• Livestock can choke on tubers, maize cobs and other large
pieces of food which cause the blockage of the oesophagus in
ruminants.
Facts About Nutritional and Anti-
Nutritional Factors

24. Problems
• Metabolic diseases (Bloat, although uncommon)
• Anti-nutritional factors
• Livestock can choke on tubers, maize cobs and other large
pieces of food which cause the blockage of the oesophagus in
ruminants.

25. Problems
• Bloat, although uncommon
• Prussic acid poisoning (Sorghums)
• Iodine deficiency due to brassicas (e.g. abortions and death of
young animals)
• ANF
• Livestock can choke on tubers, maize cobs and other large
pieces of food which cause the blockage of the oesophagus in
ruminants.
Item ANF
Sorghum Prussic acid
Soybean Trypsin inhibitor
Potatoes leaves Trypsin inhibitor
Brassicas Iodine deficiency, Phenolics
Vegetable leaves Nitrates, phytase
Rice and rice straw Phytase
Sorghum Tannin

26. How to offer crop residues
• The feeding of the usual licks to animals on crop residues is
recommended and for certain cases, especially low quality
feeds, supplementation is essential.
• Offer with highly nutritive fodder/concentrate
• Provide the minerals/vitamins which are deficient in crop
residues.
(Gertenbach and Dugmore 2004)

27. Conclusion
• Crop residues are a valuable source of animal feed and utilizing
the residues by grazing is very effective in returning plant
nutrients to the soil.
• In the USA, pigs are often used with cattle to utilize crop
residues, whereas in South Africa, beef cattle alone or cattle
with sheep are more commonly used (Gertenbach and
Dugmore 2004).

28. • It is important to bear in mind that crop residues are low
quality feeds and should therefore not be used for high
producing animals like lactating cows or animals being
finished for slaughter.
• Efforts being made to help farmers solve their feed problems
are focused on improving methods of harvesting, handling
and processing and incorporating crop residues into year
round feed budgets.

29. Strategies
• Crop residues are retained for wintering beef cows or sheep
(non-lactating)
• Crops can be under sown with companion crops to enhance
nutritional value of the residues
• Supplements can be used to enhance nutritional value of the
residues
• Cattle or sheep can graze residues in addition to grazing
quality pastures for a fixed period each day.
(Gertenbach and Dugmore 2004)

30. Recommendations
• Do not destroy, burn or plough the vegetable leaves in
agriculture fields.
• For example: Cabbage, Carrot, Kohlrabi, carrot, turnip and
reddish
• These could be act as alternative of roughages in lean periods.
• We can store them as silage and hay.
• Literatures showed good results when they fed cabbage and
other vegetable leaves as fresh fodder or silage/hay (Lemos et
al., 2011; Cassida et al., 1994).

32. References
• Gertenbach, W.D. and Dugmore, T.J., 2004. Crop residues for animal
feeding. S. Afr. J. Anim. Sci, 5, pp.49-51.
• Lemos, M., Santin, J.R., Júnior, L.C.K., Niero, R. and de Andrade, S.F., 2011.
Gastroprotective activity of hydroalcoholic extract obtained from the
leaves of Brassica oleracea var. acephala DC in different animal
models. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 138(2), pp.503-507.
• Cassida, K.A., Barton, B.A., Hough, R.L., Wiedenhoeft, M.H. and Guillard, K.,
1994. Feed intake and apparent digestibility of hay-supplemented brassica
diets for lambs. Journal of Animal Science, 72(6), pp.1623-1629.
• Sarwar, M.U.H.A.M.M.A.D., Khan, M.A. and Iqbal, Z.A.F.A.R., 2002. Status
paper feed resources for livestock in Pakistan. Int. J. Agric. Biol, 4(1),
pp.186-192.

33. • Koc, A., Tan, M. and Erkovan, H.I., 2012. An overview of fodder
resources and animal production in Turkey. Options Mediterranean,
SerieA/102, New approaches for grassland research in a context of
climate and socio-economic changes. Zaragoza, CIHEAM 542p.