What is agriculture? What are agricultural activities in Pakistan?

1. Agriculture
in Pakistan
Group 2

2. What is Agriculture?
• The practice of farming, including cultivation
of the soil for the growing of crops and the
rearing of animals to provide food, wool, and
other products.
• Agriculture is the cultivation of animals, plants
and fungi for food, fiber, bio fuel, medicinal
and other products used to sustain and
enhance human life.

3. History of
Agriculture in Pakistan
• Barley and wheat cultivation—along with the domestication of
cattle, primarily sheep and goat—was visible in Mehrgarh by 8000–
6000 BC.
• They cultivated six-row barley, einkorn and emmer wheat, jujubes
and dates, and herded sheep, goats and cattle.
• Irrigation was developed in the Indus Valley Civilization by around
4500BC.
.
• Sophisticated irrigation and water storage systems were developed
by the Indus Valley Civilization, including artificial reservoirs at
Girnar dated to 3000 BC, and an early canal irrigation system from
circa 2600 BC.

4. Agriculture includes:
• Growing of crops
• Fisheries
• Animal husbandry
• Poultry Farming
• Forestry

5. Crops in
Pakistan

6. A cultivated plant that is grown on a large scale
commercially, especially a cereal, fruit, or vegetable.
The most important crops in Pakistan are:
• wheat,
• sugarcane,
• cotton,
• rice

8. A cultivated plant that is grown on a large scale
commercially, especially a cereal, fruit, or vegetable.
The most important crops in Pakistan are:
• wheat,
• sugarcane,
• cotton,
• rice
Rabi meaning spring:
The winter crops are sown during October-
December and are harvested during
March-April.
Kharif meaning Autumn:
The sowing season of summer crops is
generally longer. It starts in February for
sugarcane, March-May for cotton, June-
July for rice and July-August for maize .

9. Pakistan's largest food crop is wheat.
In 2005, Pakistan produced 21,591,400 metric tons of wheat,
more than all of Africa (20,304,585 metric tons) and nearly as
much as all of South America (24,557,784 metric tons), according
to the FAO

10. Animal husbandary

11. • Animal husbandry plays an important role in
the economy of Pakistan and is a major source
of livelihood for many farmers.
• It is estimated that there are between 30 to 35
million people in Pakistan's current labour
force who are engaged in livestock

12. Fishery

13. •Fishery is a place where fish are caught and
reared for commercial purposes.
• Aquaculture is a rapidly developing industry in
Pakistan.
•The Punjab Province has demonstrated rapid
growth in fish farming.

14. Forestry

15. Forestry
•Forestry is the practice of planting, managing,
and caring for forests.
•Pakistan exports an estimated US $150
million of wood products annually.
About 4% of land in Pakistan is covered with
forests.

16. The forests of Pakistan are a main source of:
• Food
• Lumber
• Paper
• Fuel wood
• Medicine
• as well as used for purposes of wildlife
conservation and tourism.

17. Poultry Farming

18. •Poultry farming is the raising of domesticated
birds such as chickens, ducks, turkeys and geese
for the production of meat, eggs and feathers.
•Poultry are farmed in great numbers with
chickens being the most frequent.

19. Irrigation system

20. • The Irrigation system of Pakistan is the largest
irrigation network in the world, serving 34.5 million
acres (13.96 million ha) of contiguous cultivated
land.
The system is fed by the waters of the
Indus River and its tributaries.
The salient features of the system are three major
storage reservoirs, namely, Tarbela and Chashma on
River Indus, and Mangla on River Jhelum,

22. Means of Irrigation:
•Canals
•Wells
•Tube wells
•Dams/Ponds
•Karez

23. Canals
•Pakistan is irrigated by five rivers which are
Ravi, Satluj, Jhelum, Chenab and Indus.
From these rivers canals have been dug.
Tube Wells
•In the villages where the facility of electricity is
available water is drawn out by electric pumps.
• In this way more water is obtained from wells. So
we get more benefits by tube wells

25. Wells
•Rainwater which goes down in our land is
collected in the rocks below. In this way a large
reserve of water is formed down in the earth.
•Wells are made to use this water for irrigation.
• In Punjab a large number of wells have been
dug, especially in Tehsil Shakarghar (District
Narowal), Gujrat, Lahore and Dera Ghazi Khan
Districts. Adequate Irrigation is done by wells

26. Dams/Ponds
•At many places water is collected in ponds. Rain
water is collected in them and is used in the
hours of need.
• In mountain areas, small dams are made to
stop water in small canals. Then small canals are
dug to bring this water in the fields.
•At some distance from Islamabad, Rawal Dam is
made in the same way.

28. Karez System
•In Pakistan Balochistan is more hot and dry.
There is little rainfall small canals become dry in
summer due to intense heat.
•For irrigation underground houses are made to
save water from being absorbed and
evaporated.
• Water is drawn out with the help of Persian
wheels and brought to fields.

29. Hazards of
Agricultural Practices

30. Aerial application of pesticides:
•Soil contamination can occur when pesticides persist
and accumulate in soils, which can alter microbial
processes, increase plant uptake of the chemical, and
also cause toxicity to soil organisms.
•Pesticides can also accumulate in animals that eat
contaminated pests and soil organisms.
•Pesticides can be more harmful to beneficial insects,
such as pollinators, and to natural enemies of pests (i.e.
insects that prey on or parasitize pests) than they are
to the target pests themselves.

31. Pesticide leaching:
•Pesticide leaching occurs when pesticides mix with water and
move through the soil, ultimately contaminating groundwater.
•The amount of leaching is correlated with particular soil and
pesticide characteristics and the degree of rainfall and irrigation.
•
•Leaching is most likely to happen if using a water-soluble pesticide,
when the soil tends to be sandy in texture.
•Leaching may not only originate from treated fields, but also from
pesticide mixing areas, pesticide application machinery washing
sites, or disposal areas.

32. Fertilizers:
•Only a fraction of the nitrogen-based fertilizers used
for plant production, the remainder accumulates in the
soil or lost as runoff.
•High application rates of nitrogen-containing fertilizers
combined with the high water-solubility of nitrate leads
to increased runoff into surface water as well as
leaching into groundwater, thereby causing
groundwater pollution.
•Nitrate levels above 10 mg/L (10 ppm) in groundwater
can cause "blue baby syndrome"

34. Cadmium:
•The concentration of cadmium in phosphorus-
containing fertilizers varies considerably and can be
problematic.
• For example, mono-ammonium phosphate fertilizer
may have a cadmium content of as low as 0.14 mg/kg
or as high as 50.9 mg/kg.
•The phosphate rock used in their manufacture can
contain as much as 188 mg/kg cadmium.
• Continuous use of high-cadmium fertilizer can
contaminate soil and plants

35. Radioactive Elements:
•Uranium-238 concentrations range can range from 7
to 100 pCi/g in phosphate rock and from 1 to 67
pCi/g in phosphate fertilizers.
• Where high annual rates of phosphorus fertilizer are
used, this can result in uranium-238 concentrations
in soils and drainage waters that are several times
greater than are normally present.

36. World’s Ranking
According to Food and Agriculture Organization of The United
Nations:
Chickpea (3rd)
Apricot (6th)
Cotton (4th)
Milk (5th)
Date Palm (5th)
Sugarcane (5th)
Onion (7th)
Kinnow, mandarin oranges(6th)
Mango (4th)
Wheat (7th)
Rice (4th)

37. Agricultural institutes:
•University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
• Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University,
Rawalpindi.
•University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore
•KPK Agricultural University, Peshawar.
•Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam .
•Lasbela University of Agriculture, Lasbela.
•Punjab University, Lahore.
•University of Sargodha, Sargodha.

38. Alternatives:
Organic agriculture
Sustainable agriculture

39. •Organic Agriculture is a production system
that sustains the health of soils, ecosystems
and people.
• It relies on ecological processes, biodiversity
and cycles adapted to local conditions, rather
than the use of inputs with adverse effects.
• Organic Agriculture combines tradition,
innovation and science to benefit the
environment and promote a good quality of life
for all involved.

40. •Sustainable agriculture is the production
of food, fiber, or other plant or animal
products using farming techniques that
protect the environment, public health,
human communities, and animal welfare

41. Go Green Pakistan
Long Live Pakistan