Chapter 1: Introduction of landscape horticulture and it's design

Gollis University
Depart of Agriculture and
Natural Resource Management
FRUIT PRODUCTION
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION OF LANDSCAPE
HORTICULTURE AND IT’S DESIGN
1
Gollis University Semester 5

Definition of Landscape
• The branch of horticulture which deals with the art
and knowledge of development of plantation or
ornamental plants by arranging them in such
manner with the existing plants and structures to
beautify a place maintaining natural scenery may
be called landscape horticulture.
• landscaping may be defined as the use of plants
outdoors to fulfill aesthetic and functional
purposes
Gollis University Semester 5 2

• Garden design:
• Garden Design is a specialized branch of
Landscape Design, concerned with private space
and private goods.
• The difference between the two arts is that one is
concerned with private space and one with public
space.

• Landscape gardening:
• Landscape gardening the art and practice of laying
out grounds in a way which is ornamental or which
imitates natural scenery.
• Landscape Architecture:
• Landscape architecture is the design of outdoor
public areas, landmarks, and structures to achieve
environmental, social-behavioral, or aesthetic
outcomes

• Landscape Horticulturist:
• Landscape Horticulturist" means a person who selects,
handles and utilizes trees, shrubs and ornamental
plants and turf grass for the design, development and
maintenance of public and private landscaping spaces.
Prepares soil, plants, cultivates, prunes and irrigates to
maintain plant vigor.
• Landscape design:
• Landscape design is an independent profession and a
design and art tradition, practiced by landscape
designers, combining nature and culture. In
contemporary practice, landscape design bridges
between landscape architecture and garden design.

Objectives of landscape
design:
• To enhance the aesthetic appeal of an area.
• To increase the property value.
• To secure attractive ground.
• To blend concrete and architectural creations into
the natural scenery.
• To hide unsightly conditions in the area. Plants can
be used to create a wall around.
• To modify environmental factors.
• To create recreational grounds to provide places for
relaxation and community interaction.
• To provide hobby activities for home owners.
• To improve and conserve natural resources by
reducing soil erosion.

Categories of
landscaping:
Landscaping can be classified as-
• Home Landscaping
• Community Landscaping
• Park Landscaping
• Public Building Landscaping
• Industrial Area Landscaping
• Historical Area Landscaping
• Worship Area Landscaping
• Burning Ghat Landscaping
• Railway Station And Railway Line Landscaping
• Banks Of River, Lake, Channel Landscaping

Home Landscaping

Community
Landscaping

Park Landscaping

Public Building
Landscaping

Industrial Area
Landscaping

Historical Area
Landscaping

Worship Area
Landscaping

Elements of design:
• The design elements are visible features of all
objects. So, these are as-
1. Color
2. Texture
3. Form or shape
4. Line
5. Value

1. color
• People respond differently to color. Certain colors- red,
orange and yellow are described as worm colors and
appear to advance towards the viewers. Cool colors-
blues and green tend to recede in a landscape
composition.
• Choice and arrangement of colors in the landscape are
critical considerations to the overall visual appeal.
Flower color is strangely affected by light. Shade and
sunlight intensifies colors which should be kept in mind
when locating plants in the landscape.
• Plants are not the only source of color in the landscape.
Leaves although predominantly green may have
variegation and seasonal color enhances in autumn.
Tree barks also produce a variety of color.

2. Texture
• Texture in design refers to the visual effect of tactile
surface qualities. As for example, the visual difference
between burlap and silk or between the surface of a
pineapple and that of a rose petal.
• Texture refers to the surface quality in a work of art. We
associate textures with the way that things look or feel.
Everything has some type of texture.
• We describe things as being rough, smooth, silky, shiny,
fuzzy and so on. Some things feel just as they appear;
this is called real or actual texture.
• Some things look like they are rough but are actually
smooth. Texture that is created to look like something it
is not, is called visual or implied texture.

3. Form
• Form refers to the shape and structure of a three
dimensional object (sphere, cube and pyramid).
• The outline of a plant project against the sky, it depends
on the structure and shape of the plant. For example,
tree may be conical, columnar, pyramidal, and spherical
and so on.
• Plants of different forms may be grouped and arranged
in a certain fashion to create an overall form in the
landscape.
• For example, a landscape architect may group a number
of plants with narrow, columnar form to create a
horizontal form.
• This strategy is used in creating a hedge around a
house.

Shapes can be categorized into two different types: Geometric
and Organic.
Geometric
Shapes that are created through use of
mathematics. These shapes include
Circle, Oval, Triangle, Square, Rectangle,
Hexagon, Octagon and Pentagon.
Organic
An irregular shape, or one that might be
found in nature, rather than a regular
mechanical shape.
Shape
24

4. Line:
• The effect of line is accomplished through the
arrangement of objects. Line is a boundary element of
design.
• Shape and structure are defined by lines.
• A design element line, when used effectively has the
capacity for eliciting emotional responses, making one
display appear elegant and another disorganized. As
indicated previously form is a three dimensional
attribute but it can be interpreted as one dimensional by
line.
• Line is the means by which form guides the eye. Natural
line occur in nature but often are complex. Line is a
design tool that a landscape architect uses to create and
control patterns in the landscape.

Line

An element of art that refers to the lightness or darkness of a color.
Value is an especially important element in works of art when color is
absent. This is particularly likely with drawings etc.
Value Scale
A gray scale, a series of spaces filled with the tints and shades of one
color starting with white or the lightest tint on one end, and gradually
changing into the darkest shade or black on the other.
5. Value
28

Principles of landscape
design:
• There are six principles of design that have been
used by artists for centuries throughout all art
forms, painting and floral design as well as
landscape design. They are:
1. Balance
2. Focalization
3. Simplicity
4. Rhythm and Line
5. Proportion
6. Unity

1. Balance:
• Balance is a state of being as well as seeing. We are
most comfortable in landscapes that have a sense
of balance. There are two major types of balance:
symmetrical and asymmetrical.
• Symmetrical balance is used in formal landscapes
when one side of the landscape is a mirror image of
the opposite side.
• Asymmetrical balance, also known as informal
balance, differs from one side to the other and
appears to be relaxing and free flowing.
• Using these as guidelines helps designers and
homeowners create a landscape that “make sense”
to look at.

2. Focalization:
• Any good design has a focal point – the place where the
viewer’s eye is first attracted.
• Focalization is sometimes referred to as focalization of
interest or simply focal point.
• The focal point is the strongest element in the design in
any given view.
• A home’s focal point is often the front door.
• The landscape focal point is often something close to the
front door to enhance the entrance of the home.
• Landscape designers should not overuse focal points.
• In any view, people are attracted to interesting plant
forms, bright colors and artistic, architectural design as
well as art or sculptures/pictures.
• Mix it up, have some fun and create interesting focal
points.

3. Simplicity:
• Simplicity is what the name implies – simple.
Keeping landscapes simple, not cluttered or fussy
is always a good practice.
• This is not the opposite of complexity. Many
landscapes have very complex features, including
the architectural design, water features and
extensive lighting features.
• Landscapes that make people happy and
comfortable avoid using too many colors, shapes,
curves and textures, but in no way does this mean
simplistic, boring or lack of imagination

4. Rhythm and line:
• When something in the landscape is repeated with
a standard interval, a rhythm is established.
• In landscape design, the interval is usually space.
Plants, groups of plants, lamp posts, benches or
other structures can be repeated within the design
to create this rhythm.
• Lines within a landscape are created in a landscape
by the shape and form of the planting beds,
sidewalks, where the turf meets pavement and
other landscaping features.
• The rhythm and line design principle gives a
landscape a sense of movement and is what may
draw you “into” the landscape. This is what makes
landscapes calming to our souls.

5. Proportion:
• Proportion refers to the size relationship of all the
features in the landscape. This includes vertical,
horizontal and special relationships. Short people,
tall people and children all perceive space
differently.
• Proportion in landscape design extends to building
size, lot size, plant size, areas of plantings to areas
of open space as well as the use of the landscape.

6. Unity:
• The principle of unity is easily measured if the
other five landscape principles have been properly
executed throughout the landscape.
• Unity in design simply means all the separate parts
of the landscape work together to create a great
total design.
• Colors, shapes, sizes, textures and other features
work together to create a unified space.
• Patterns and colors are often repeated. Lighting,
special features, bed shapes and hardscapes such
as walk ways all need to work together to create a
pleasing look and a unified landscape.

Landscape Architect
• A landscape architect is someone who creates
beautiful outdoor spaces.
• The scale of the profession’s focus on master
planning, site planning, landscape design, project
management and implementation is extensive.
• Projects can range from very small to very
expansive residential, neighborhood parks and golf
courses, to regional recreation, environmental,
transportation, educational, commercial,
institutional and industrial projects.

Rock Gardening:
• A rocky area in which plants particularly adapted to
such land are cultivated.
• A garden in which rocks are arranged and plants
cultivated in a carefully designed, decorative scheme.
• A rock garden, also known as a rockery or an alpine
garden, is a type of small field or plot of ground designed
to feature and emphasize extensive use of rocks or
stones and occasionally boulders, along with a few
plants native to rocky or alpine environments.
• A rock garden is an ideal way to stop soil erosion while
creating an appealing landscape feature. The most
attractive rock gardens are those with a natural setting
that blend with a pile of stones on level ground.

Location and design:
• An informal design is most effective, and simplicity
is very important.
• Unless the area is quite large, avoid the use of
excessive numbers of plants or elaborate rock
formations.
• Trees are desirable to provide partial shade, and
shrubs should be used for background.
• If adequate space is available, the garden may
include paths made with flat stones and steps on
steep slopes to encourage closer inspection and
greater enjoyment.

Bog gardens
• Creating a bog garden in your landscape is an
enjoyable project that allows you to experiment
with different plant species.
• So exactly what is a bog garden anyway?
• Bog gardens exist in nature in low-lying areas,
or around ponds, lakes or streams.
• Bog garden plants love overly moist soil, which
is waterlogged, but not standing. These marshy
gardens make a lovely attraction in any
landscape.

Site Selection:
• Choose a sunny spot that gets five or more hours of
full sun, and can be made mostly level.
• The main viewing area (path) should be from the
south side.
• You can use rope or garden hose to mark an
outline which will be the perimeter of the bog.
• Leave a 6-8 foot space on the north side of this bog
if you plan on using large background plants such
as Iris pseudacorus, Hibiscus coccineus, etc.
• Large plants must not shade out the bog.
• Bog gardens also can be placed along the edge of a
water garden.
• This design, especially good for Pitcher Plants.

END

Chapter One
(Assignment 1)
• This assignment consist of Three groups.
• Each group gained for 5 Marks. Each group should
follow this rules
o Assignment should have cover page, table content, reference book, even
website.
o Assignment text should be Times New Roman, Title text size (14), Sub-topics
size (13), body text size (12), line spacing (1.5), align text to both right and left
margins should same (Justify) and the should be 5 pages minimum and
maximum 15 pages.
o Students should bring the assignment at date fixed, hard copy and also soft
copy with word not Pdf.
o This email should sent all softs in word (assignment2882@gmail.com)
o These assignments have presentation, questions for each student in the
groups.
o Each group assignment will be prepared an exam of Quiz 1 for 5 Marks
Note
These assignments should not include in the notes and also student text book. If you
copy from these things, the assignment will cancel and do not give marks even 1
mark.

Groups Assignment
1. Identification of Landscape Design, Landscape
gardening, categories of landscape.
2. Techniques of Principles of Landscape design,
element of design.
3. Preparation of Rock gardening, and bog gardening.

Chapter 1: Introduction of landscape horticulture and it's design

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