1. 2 case studies
View attached explanation and answer. Let me know if you have any questions.1Case Study
– Allergies leading to AnaphylaxisStudent’s NameUniversityCourseInstructorDate2Case
Study – Allergies leading to AnaphylaxisQuestion 1Dyspnea, also referred to as shortness of
breath, is a perceived discomfort or difficulty inbreathing by the patient that is
characterized by chest tightness or breathlessness that varies inintensity and duration
(Hubert & Vanmeter, 2018).Urticaria is raised, red, itchy rashes on the skin, mostly
occurring following an allergic reaction.It is also known as hives, wheals, nettle rash, or
welts.Angioedema is a bulge inside the subcutaneous layer of the skin that is non-pitting on
touch andmay affect the neck, lips, extremities, face, gut, and larynx.Pulmonary edema
refers to the excessive and abnormal buildup of extracellular fluids in thelung parenchyma,
specifically at the alveolar spaces and walls (Hubert & Vanmeter, 2018).An endotracheal
tube is a polyvinyl chloride tube inserted through the mouth or nose into thetrachea to help
relay oxygen and inhaled gases into the lungs and protect the lungs fromaspiration of blood
or stomach contents.An anaphylactic reaction is a possibly life-threatening reaction
following an allergycharacterized by impaired breathing and lowered blood
pressure.Question 2Exposure to an antigen sensitizes the T cells, stimulating the B cells to
release IgEantibodies that bind to mast cells and basophils. Consequently, the IgE causes the
degranulationof the basophils and mast cells, releasing mediators of inflammation like
histamine,prostaglandins, tryptase, and proteolytic enzymes. These mediators are
responsible for theobserved signs and symptoms of Anaphylaxis by resulting in smooth
muscle contraction,peripheral vasodilation, and enhanced vascular permeability (Hubert &
Vanmeter, 2018).3Question 3Anaphylactic shock differs from seasonal allergies in its
etiology, signs and symptoms,diagnosis, and treatment. First, the etiological factors of
anaphylactic shock include insect stings,exposure to certain foods, and certain medications.
At the same time, seasonal allergies mostlyresult from exposure to allergens like pollen
grains during the hay harvesting summer seasons(Akhouri & House, 2020). Second, the
signs and symptoms of Anaphylaxis are more serious andlife-threatening compared to
those of seasonal allergies requiring timely treatment to promotehealth. The symptoms of
anaphylactic shock include urticaria, pruritus, persistent throat clearing,wheezing, stridor,
low blood pressure, and difficulty breathing. On the other hand, the signs andsymptoms of
seasonal allergies are sneezing, running nose, itchy eyes, ear congestion, and postnasal
drainage.Third, diagnosing anaphylactic shock is clinical to enhance the disease outcomes.
Theclinical criteria for diagnosing Anaphylaxis involves looking for rapid onset (within
2. minutes orhours) of one of the respiratory symptoms like dyspnea, wheezing or stridor,
hypotension(systolic blood pressure of less than 90mmHg or 30% decrease in Bp from the
baseline values)or evidence of end-organ dysfun…
