2. *
* The sun has 99.9% of the mass in the solar
system, but the planets has 99.7% of the solar
system’s angular momentum.
* A couple scientists performed hydrodynamical
simulations to find the time scale for how far
away the supernova was from the calcium-
aluminum-rich-inclusion (CAIs). They figured out
the time evolution of density, which was 5 pc (pc
is about 3.26 lightyears)
4. *Formation / Evolutionary
Histories
• The most common theory is that our solar system was formed
by a supernova, then a giant cloud that soon formed into the
sun. The cloud contraction was full of elements that helped
the planets formed. This cloud became the sun by the
gravitation force around it and the inner pressure of the sun
was in balance.
• All planets began life as tiny debris clumps or either liquid or
solid depending on how close it was to the sun -- the farther
it is, the colder and more liquid-y it is. This was because the
icy planets could not withstand the heat of the sun.
• Based on meteorite findings, lots of scientists believe that
the solar system is about 4.6 billion years old.
5. *
• All planets move around the Sun in the same
direction that the sun rotated and close to the
equatorial plane of the Sun, except for the
retrograde planets.
• Retrograde planets spin the other way. The
planets are Venus, Uranus and Pluto.
6. *Materials, States of Matter
and Densities
Solids, liquids and gasses are probably the most common – ON
EARTH, but are minor states of matter in the solar system.
Matter you can find include solids, liquids, gasses, plasma,
white dwarf stars and, « Black Hole » Matter.
Plasma might be one of the most common
Densities of planets
Earth: 5515 Sun: 1408
Mercury: 5427 Jupiter: 1326
Venus: 5243 Uranus 1270
Mars: 3933 Saturn: 687
Pluto: 1750 Moon: 3350
Neptune: 1638
7. *
* Tools used to discover solar system where they
followed two points of light that moved along the
stars. Invention of the telescope helped them add the
asteroid belt. In the space age they used probes to
explore the system.
* Comets and asteroids are studied for clues to help
understand how the solar system formed. Fragments
of asteroids that hit the Earth as meteorites can be
analyzed to determine the composition of the early
solar accretion disk. Some meteorites have remained
unchanged for 4.56 billion years, providing scientists
with pristine material from the solar system's earliest
period. Meteorites and comets that cross the Earth's
orbit must be charted and tracked for impact
dangers.
8. *
* We have used lots of satellites to discover all
reaches of the solar system.
* Regular satellites orbit the planets like mini solar
systems, as if the planet was the Sun.
* Irregular satellites orbit the giant planets, and
they orbit in a retrograde-style or have high
inclinations/eccentricities.
* Galilean satellites orbit Jupiter, and exhibit a
decrease in density with inceasing distance from
Jupiter.
9. *Gravity, Orbiting and
Centripetal Forces
• The Centripetal force of the Sun/Solar System keeps the
planets within the galaxy, even if they are trying to get out.
• A balance between gravity and pressure inside the sun kept
the cloud from contracting too much.
• Orbiting: Mercury’s = .21, 46 mill. K @ closet point to the sun.
Fastest to orbit @ 88 Earth days
Venus’s = .007, Nearly perfect. 107 mill. K @ closet point.
224.7 Earth days to orbit
Earth: .016, about 150 mill. K from the Sun. 365.256 days
Mars: .093, one of the most eccentric, 207 mill. K. 687 Earth
days to orbit.
10. *Gravity, Orbiting and
Centripetal Forces – Cont.
• Jupiter: .048 eccentricity. 741 mill. K away from sun @ closet
point. 11.86 Earth Years to orbit
• Saturn: .056 eccentricity. 1.35 bill. K away from the Sun.
29.7 Earth Years to orbit. Saturn has only orbited about 13
times, while Earth has orbited about 400 times.
• Uranus: 0.47 eccentricity. 2.75 bill. K away. 8.43 Earth Years
to orbit
• Neptune: . 009 ecentricity. 4.5 bill. K away.
11. *
* There ARE traces of water all around the universe.
From the Sun to the Kuiper Belt. But Earth had the
largest amount.
* It comes in all states: liquid, ice and gas. But liquid
only appears when the temperature is around 273k
and 373k.
* It is believed that there is/has been water on Mars.
Most scientists believe that water helped formed
most of the landforms on Mars, but some believe it
was liquid carbon dioxide.
* Water was also combined with other elements to
make the inner planets, elements like silicon, calcium
and aluminum.
* Even in the farther planets, liquid water was made
into ice or ice grains, and incorporated within them
and the planets’ moons.
