This document provides information about the solar system and the universe. It begins with an overview of the Big Bang theory and the expanding universe. It then discusses galaxies, including the Milky Way galaxy and different types of galaxies like elliptical, spiral, and irregular galaxies. The document then focuses on the solar system, describing the sun and planets like Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. It also mentions asteroids, comets, and meteors. The document concludes with activities related to ordering planets and learning about constellations and the solar system.

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Read each slide
then use the red or
some underlined
words to complete
the organizer.

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S6E1. Students will explore current scientific
views of the universe and how those views
evolved.
• a. Relate the Nature of Science to the progression of basic
historical scientific models (geocentric, heliocentric) as they
describe our solar system, and the Big Bang as it describes the
formation of the universe.
• b. Describe the position of the solar system in the Milky Way
galaxy and the universe.
• c. Compare and contrast the planets in terms of
• Size relative to the earth
• Surface and atmospheric features
• Relative distance from the sun
• Ability to support life
• e. Explain that gravity is the force that governs the motion in
the solar system.
• f. Describe the characteristics of comets, asteroids, and meteors.

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Did it start as a bang!

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The Expanding Universe
A. The Big Bang Theory:
Idea that all matter began in
an infinitely small point and
exploded out in all
directions

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Galaxies: _____________________
_____________________________
______________________________
Billions of
stars, dust,
and gas held
together by
gravity

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UNIVERSE
Let’s start out big and work our way
down
VIRGO SUPER CLUSTER
LOCAL GROUP
GALAXY: BILLIONS OF
STARS, DUST AND GAS
HELD TOGETHER BY
GRAVITY

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Universe
ALL space and everything that is
in it.

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Supercluster
Virgo

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• ________________ was an astronomer in the 1920s who
gathered many pictures of galaxies
Who knew?
• noticed they all didn’t look alike
• decided to classify them by the way
they looked into 3 types
• “E” or _____________________
• “S” or _____________________
• “SB” or ____________________
Spiral
Barred Spiral

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Galaxies
• Galaxies are
grouped together in
clusters.
• The cluster the
Milky Way belongs
to is called the Local
Group.
•Three types of
galaxies:
• Cluster of galaxies

13. Elliptical Spiral Irregular
Three types of galaxies:
The Hubble
Tuning Fork

14. Where do we live? Earth’s
Galaxy—and Others
• Galaxies are
grouped together
in clusters.
• The cluster the Milky
Way belongs to is
called the Local
Group.
• Cluster of galaxies

15. Spiral Galaxies
• Spiral Galaxies: Circular
galaxies that have
arms curve outward
from a central hub.
–Arms are made
up of stars and
dust
• Two spiral galaxies!!

16. Illustration/draw and label:

17. Spiral Galaxy
disk
bulge
halo

18. Elliptical Galaxies
Most common type of galaxy; large three-dimensional
football shaped galaxies.
-Contain mostly older and dimmer stars.
Vary in shape from completely round to extremely
elongated ovals. Unlike spiral galaxies
No bright nucleus at their center. Elliptical galaxies are
represented by the letter E
Divided into seven subgroups according to their shape.
These subgroups are labeled E0 to E7. E0 galaxies
nearly circular in shape while E7 galaxies are
extremely elongated or stretched out.

19. Illustrate / Draw Elliptical

20. Irregular Galaxies
• Come in many different
shapes and are smaller
and less common
• Irregular Galaxies - No
regular shape, includes
nebulas, with no central
bulge or spiral arms.

21. Illustrate/ Draw:

22. Earth’s Galaxy
• Galaxy: A large group of
stars, gas, and dust held
together by gravity.
• Milky Way: Our galaxy
which contains about 200
billion stars and many
nebulas
• Spiral Galaxies

23. The Milky Way Galaxy
• The Milky Way is the galaxy that contains our Solar
System which is just one of the several galaxies of the
universe.
• .This name derives from its appearance as a dim
"milky" glowing band arching across the night sky, in
which the naked eye cannot distinguish individual stars.
• 100,000 light years in diameter
• Our sun orbits the center of the galaxy once every 240
million years
• A barred spiral galaxy
• Contains over 200 billion stars
• Its where we live!!!!!

24. Solar System
Our star (Sun), the planets, many
moons, and other small bodies that
ALL travel around the Sun

25. Solar System

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What do we see in the sky?• The stars move in the sky but
not with respect to each other
• The planets (or “wanderers”)
move differently from stars
– They move with respect to the
stars
– They exhibit strange
retrograde motion
• What does all this mean?
• How can we explain these
movements?
• What does the universe
look like?

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The Great Debate!
•Heraclides (330 B.C.)
developed the first Solar
System model, beginning of
the geocentric versus
heliocentric debate

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Timeline
Copernicus
1473-1543
Tycho
1546-1601
Kepler
1571-1630
Galileo
1564-1642 Newton
1642-1727

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Geocentric (Ptolemaic) System
•The theory (in Greek, geo
means earth), which
maintained that Earth was the
center of the universe, usually
referring to the system of
Claudius Ptolemy.

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Geocentric
(Ptolemaic) System
•The accepted model for
1400 years
•The earth is at the center
•The Sun, stars, and
planets on their spheres
revolve around the earth: explains
daily movement

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Geocentric (Ptolemaic) System
cont’…
•To account for unusual
planetary motion epicycles
were introduced
•Fit the Greek model of heavenly
perfection – spheres are the
perfect shape, circular the
perfect motion

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Illustrate/ Draw model:

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Heliocentric (Copernican) System
•The word "helios" in
Greek means "sun."
Heliocentric means
that the sun is at the
center. A heliocentric
system is one in which
the planets revolve
around a fixed sun.

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Helio- continued
•Thus Mercury, Venus, the
Earth, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn
all revolve around the sun. The
moon is the only celestial
sphere in this system which
revolves around the earth, and,
together with it, around the
sun.

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Heliocentric (Copernican) System
•Sun at center
(heliocentric)
•Uniform, circular
motion
–No epicycles (almost)
• Moon orbited the
earth, the earth orbited
the sun as another

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Heliocentric (Copernican)
System
•Planets and stars still on
fixed spheres, stars don’t
move
•The daily motion of the
stars results from the
Earth’s spin
•The annual motion of the
stars results from the
Earth’s orbit

37. 1B1B
Please Illustrate/ Pick one!

38. Our Solar System
A Write On Activity

39. Our Solar System
Our solar system is
made up of:
 Sun
 Nine planets
 Their moons
 Asteroids
 Comets
 Meteoros

40. Inner Planets
The inner four rocky / Terrestrial
planets. These planets have
hard rock crusts, and dense
rock and metal cores are:
 Mercury
 Venus
 Earth
 Mars

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Mercury
• Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun.
• Mercury rotates the Sun in only 88 days.
• Mercury rotates very slowly on its axis
with one day taking 58 Earth days.
• Mercury barely has any atmosphere, but
does have glaciers.
• Called a morning star. This is because
Mercury shines brightly in the early
morning just before the sun rises. It has
also been called an evening star for the
same reason. Mercury is often visible for
a brief period of time just after the Sun

42. Venus
 Sister planet to Earth Size and
structure is VERY similar to Earth,
often called "Earth's Twin"
 Has no moons or rings
 Hot, thick atmosphere
 Brightest object in sky besides sun
and moon (looks like bright star)
 Covered with craters, volcanoes, and
mountains

43. Earth
 Third planet from sun
 Only planet known to have life and
liquid water
 Atmosphere composed of composed of
Nitrogen (78%), Oxygen (21%), and
other gases (1%).

44. Mars
 Fourth planet from sun
 Appears as bright reddish color in the
night sky Called "the Red Planet"
because it surface is covered with iron
oxide- RUST! Proves that Mars once
had free oxygen molecules in its
atmosphere.
 Surface features volcanoes and huge
dust storms
 Has 2 moons: Phobos and Deimos

45. Outer Planets
 A gas giant (sometimes also known as a
jovian planet after the planet Jupiter, or
giant planet) is a massive planet with a
thick atmosphere of hydrogen and
helium
 Jupiter
 Saturn
 Uranus
 Neptune

46. Jupiter
 Largest planet in solar system
 Brightest planet in sky
 60+ moons, 5 visible from Earth
 Strong magnetic field
 Giant red spot
 Rings have 3 parts: Halo Ring,
Main Ring, Gossamer Ring

47. Saturn
 6th
planet from sun
 Seven thin, flat rings not solid but
made up of particles of ice, dust and
rocks
 31 moons
 Largest moon, Titan,
 Easily visible in the night sky
 A lightweight planet and it spins so
fast
 Voyager explored Saturn and its

48. Uranus
 7th
planet from sun
 Has a faint ring system
 27 known moons
 Covered with clouds
 Sits and spins on its side with
the north and south poles
sticking out the sides.

49. Neptune
 8th
planet from sun
 Discovered through math
 7 known moons
 Triton largest moon
 Storm called the "Great Dark
Spot" because it appears as a
dark oval shape on the surface of
the planet.
 Great Dark Spot thought to be a
hole, similar to the hole in the
ozone layer on Earth

50. Pluto our dwarf
 Pluto, the outermost planet, is a
small, icy "dwarf planet“ it is smaller
than the Earth's Moon.

51. Pluto
 9th
planet from sun (usually)
 Never visited by spacecraft
 Orbits very slowly
 Moon, Charon, is very
close to Pluto and about
the same size

52. Comet- chunks of ice and dust
• Has an elliptical orbit around Sun
• Has a head (nucleus and coma) and
tail.
• Tail always points away from sun.

53. Comets: Orbit

54. Asteroids-
 Larger chunks of rock
 Vary in size and shape
 In Asteroid Belt between
Mars and Jupiter
 Revolve around sun in 3-
6 years

55. Asteroids: Illustrate /draw

56. Meteoroids- smaller chunks of rock and
dust in space.
1. randomly move about space ;
no specific orbit
2. come from remains of comets
and asteroids
• Meteor- a meteoroid that burns in
the atmosphere- produces a streak
of light.
nickname: “Shooting
star”
•MeteoriTe- a meteoroid that doesn’t
burn up in the Earth’s atmosphere. It
Touches Earth.

58. Solar System
Activities
 Order the Planets
 Fun with Planets
 Constellations of the Northern
Sky
 Planets
 Solar System