2. Perennialism - based on those disciplines, literature, and intellectual accomplishments that have stood the test of time . Teacher-Centered / Subject-Centered - no frills, drills, curriculum centered

3. The focus of learning in Perennialism lies in activities designed to discipline the mind. Subject matter of a disciplinary and spiritual nature such as the content of mathematics, language, logic, great books, doctrines must me studied whether used as such or not."(Johnson J. 1969)

4. Robert Maynard Hutchins (1899–1997) was the president of the University of Chicago from 1929–1948. He was the editor of Great Books of the Western World and Gateway to the Great Books. Organized Knowledge – Lectures Intellectual Skills – Coaching and Supervised practice Understanding of the Ideas and Values – Socratic Method