2. AMBLYOPIAAMBLYOPIA
U/L OR B/L DECREASE OF VISUALU/L OR B/L DECREASE OF VISUAL
FUNCTIONS CAUSED BY FORM VISIONFUNCTIONS CAUSED BY FORM VISION
DEPRIVATION &/OR ABNORMALDEPRIVATION &/OR ABNORMAL
BINOCULAR INTERACTIONS THATBINOCULAR INTERACTIONS THAT
CANNOT BE EXPLAINED BY ACANNOT BE EXPLAINED BY A
DISORDER OF OCULAR MEDIA ORDISORDER OF OCULAR MEDIA OR
VISUAL PATHWAYSVISUAL PATHWAYS
A DIFFERENCE OF 2 LINES ON VISUALA DIFFERENCE OF 2 LINES ON VISUAL
ACUITY CHARTACUITY CHART
4. STRAIGHT EYE AMBLYOPIASTRAIGHT EYE AMBLYOPIA
ANISOMETROPIC – SUPPRESSIONANISOMETROPIC – SUPPRESSION
BEGINS WHEN ACCOMMODATIONBEGINS WHEN ACCOMMODATION
STARTS BEING ACTIVE 2-3 YRS; VISUALSTARTS BEING ACTIVE 2-3 YRS; VISUAL
MATURATION COMPLETE 6-7YRS.MATURATION COMPLETE 6-7YRS.
RISK FACTORS + 3.5 D SPH, +2.0RISK FACTORS + 3.5 D SPH, +2.0
CYL,INCREASING SIMPLE ASTIGMATISMCYL,INCREASING SIMPLE ASTIGMATISM
, OBLIQUE ASTIGMATISM STRABISMUS, OBLIQUE ASTIGMATISM STRABISMUS
SUPPRESSION / ANISOMETROPICSUPPRESSION / ANISOMETROPIC
AMBLYOPIAAMBLYOPIA
5. AMBLYOPIA WITH SQUINTAMBLYOPIA WITH SQUINT
AMBLYOPIA EX ANOPSIA – OCULAR MEDIAAMBLYOPIA EX ANOPSIA – OCULAR MEDIA
OPACITIES, CONGENITAL OR TRAUMATICOPACITIES, CONGENITAL OR TRAUMATIC
CATARACT, LEUCOMA, OCCLUSIONCATARACT, LEUCOMA, OCCLUSION
AMBLYOPIAAMBLYOPIA
DEPTH OF AMBLYOPIA& ITS RECOVERYDEPTH OF AMBLYOPIA& ITS RECOVERY
DEPENDS ONDEPENDS ON
* DEGREE OF VISUAL ACUITY BEFORE* DEGREE OF VISUAL ACUITY BEFORE
INHIBITIONINHIBITION
* PERIOD DURING WHICH EXTINCTION OF* PERIOD DURING WHICH EXTINCTION OF
VISION REMAINED ACTIVEVISION REMAINED ACTIVE
* AGE AT WHICH IT DEVELOPED* AGE AT WHICH IT DEVELOPED
6. CLINICAL FEATURESCLINICAL FEATURES
DECREASED VISUAL ACUITY- RECOGNITIONDECREASED VISUAL ACUITY- RECOGNITION
DECREASED GRATING ACUITY- RESOLUTIONDECREASED GRATING ACUITY- RESOLUTION
DECREASED VERNIER ACUITY- HYPERACUITYDECREASED VERNIER ACUITY- HYPERACUITY
DECREASED / LOST STEREOACUITY- HYPERACUITYDECREASED / LOST STEREOACUITY- HYPERACUITY
DECREASED CONTRAST SENSITIVITY- NEURALDECREASED CONTRAST SENSITIVITY- NEURAL
DECREASED BRIGHTNESS PERCEPTION- 6 TIMESDECREASED BRIGHTNESS PERCEPTION- 6 TIMES
LONGERLONGER
ABNORMAL CONTOUR INTERACTION- LINEAR ACUITYABNORMAL CONTOUR INTERACTION- LINEAR ACUITY
INCREASED PERCEPTION & REACTION TIMESINCREASED PERCEPTION & REACTION TIMES
NASOTEMPORAL ASYMMETRIES IN RESOLUTION OFNASOTEMPORAL ASYMMETRIES IN RESOLUTION OF
VERTICAL GRATINGSVERTICAL GRATINGS
MOTILITY DEFECTS IN PURSUIT, SACCADES &MOTILITY DEFECTS IN PURSUIT, SACCADES &
FIXATIONFIXATION
7. CROWDING PHENOMENONCROWDING PHENOMENON
VISUAL ACUITY WITH ISOLATEDVISUAL ACUITY WITH ISOLATED
SYMBOLS IN A UNIFORMSYMBOLS IN A UNIFORM
BACKGROUND BETTER THAN THOSEBACKGROUND BETTER THAN THOSE
PRESENTED IN A ROWPRESENTED IN A ROW
CRITICAL AREA OF SEPARATION 1.9CRITICAL AREA OF SEPARATION 1.9
TO 3.8 MIN OF ARCTO 3.8 MIN OF ARC
IMPORTANT IN PROGNOSISIMPORTANT IN PROGNOSIS
9. DIAGNOSIS OF ECCENTRICDIAGNOSIS OF ECCENTRIC
FIXATIONFIXATION
VISUOSCOPEVISUOSCOPE
EUTHYSCOPEEUTHYSCOPE
BANGERTER PLEOTOPHORE,BANGERTER PLEOTOPHORE,
LOCALISER,CENTROPHORE,LOCALISER,CENTROPHORE,
SEPARATION TRAINERSEPARATION TRAINER
FUNDUS PICTUREFUNDUS PICTURE
COVER TESTCOVER TEST
CORNEAL REFLEX TESTCORNEAL REFLEX TEST
10. TESTS FOR VISUAL FUNCTIONTESTS FOR VISUAL FUNCTION
ELECTRORETINOGRAPHYELECTRORETINOGRAPHY
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHYELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY
VISUALLY EVOKED RESPONSEVISUALLY EVOKED RESPONSE
11. OCCLUSIONOCCLUSION
OCCLUSION OF THE SOUND EYEOCCLUSION OF THE SOUND EYE
METHODS – ATTACHING OCCLUDERMETHODS – ATTACHING OCCLUDER
TO SPECTACLES, PASTING DARKTO SPECTACLES, PASTING DARK
PAPER , MATERIALS THAT FASTEN TOPAPER , MATERIALS THAT FASTEN TO
SKIN, SNEAK OR SLOWLYSKIN, SNEAK OR SLOWLY
INCREASING OCCLUSIONINCREASING OCCLUSION
INVERSE OCCLUSION – IN SQUINTINVERSE OCCLUSION – IN SQUINT
WITH ECCENTRIC FIXATION . AFTER 5WITH ECCENTRIC FIXATION . AFTER 5
YRS OF AGEYRS OF AGE
12. RED FILTER TREATMENTRED FILTER TREATMENT
TOTAL OCCLUSION SOUND EYE WITHTOTAL OCCLUSION SOUND EYE WITH
RED FILTER KODAK GELATINERED FILTER KODAK GELATINE
WRATTEN FILTER , WAVE LENGTHWRATTEN FILTER , WAVE LENGTH
600-640600-640µ ON GLASS BEFOREµ ON GLASS BEFORE
AMBLYOPIC EYEAMBLYOPIC EYE
CUTS OUT WHITE LIGHTCUTS OUT WHITE LIGHT
RED LIGHT INCAPABLE OFRED LIGHT INCAPABLE OF
STIMULATING ECCENTRIC FIXATIONSTIMULATING ECCENTRIC FIXATION
13. PRISMSPRISMS
OCCLUSION OF THE SOUND EYE WITHOCCLUSION OF THE SOUND EYE WITH
PRISM FOR THE AMBLYOPIC EYEPRISM FOR THE AMBLYOPIC EYE
14. PLEOPTICSPLEOPTICS
BANGERTER 1940BANGERTER 1940
PLEOPTOPHORE , MODIFIEDPLEOPTOPHORE , MODIFIED
GULLSTRAND OPHTHALMOSCOPEGULLSTRAND OPHTHALMOSCOPE
ECCENTRIC FIXATION DAZZLED WITHECCENTRIC FIXATION DAZZLED WITH
BRIGHT LIGHT, FOVEA PROTECTEDBRIGHT LIGHT, FOVEA PROTECTED
WITH A DISC FOLLOWED BYWITH A DISC FOLLOWED BY
INTERMITTENT STIMULATION OFINTERMITTENT STIMULATION OF
MACULAMACULA
15. EUTHYMOSCOPEEUTHYMOSCOPE
CUPPERS AT GEISSENCUPPERS AT GEISSEN
NEGATIVE AFTER IMAGE IS EVOKEDNEGATIVE AFTER IMAGE IS EVOKED
AND ENHANCED BY FLICKERINGAND ENHANCED BY FLICKERING
ROOM ILLUMINATIONROOM ILLUMINATION
CLEAR SPOT IN THE CENTRE OFCLEAR SPOT IN THE CENTRE OF
AFTER IMAGE CORELATES WITHAFTER IMAGE CORELATES WITH
FOVEA WHICH HAS REGAINEDFOVEA WHICH HAS REGAINED
FUNCTIONAL SUPREMACYFUNCTIONAL SUPREMACY
HAIDINGER BRUSHESHAIDINGER BRUSHES
16. PENALISATION METHODPENALISATION METHOD
1 % ATROPINE OINTMENT FOR SOUND1 % ATROPINE OINTMENT FOR SOUND
EYE + MIOTICS IN AMBLYOPICEYE + MIOTICS IN AMBLYOPIC
HYPERMETROPIC EYEHYPERMETROPIC EYE
17. CAMBRIDGE STIMULATORCAMBRIDGE STIMULATOR
TREATMENTTREATMENT
7 MINUTES A DAY OCCLUSION OF7 MINUTES A DAY OCCLUSION OF
SOUND EYE & SIMULTANEOUSSOUND EYE & SIMULTANEOUS
STIMULATION OF AMBLYOPIC EYESTIMULATION OF AMBLYOPIC EYE
WITH SLOWLYY ROTATING HIGHWITH SLOWLYY ROTATING HIGH
CONTRAST GRATING OF HIGHCONTRAST GRATING OF HIGH
SPATIAL FREQUENCYSPATIAL FREQUENCY
18. ADJUNCT TO OCCLUSIONADJUNCT TO OCCLUSION
LEVO DOPA CARBIDOPA 4:1 IN DOSESLEVO DOPA CARBIDOPA 4:1 IN DOSES
OF 2/ 0.5 MG / KG BODY WT FOR 3OF 2/ 0.5 MG / KG BODY WT FOR 3
WEEKS BELOW 12 YEARSWEEKS BELOW 12 YEARS