a basic understanding of research for begainers

1. RESEARCH METHODS
Wajeeha zahid

2. Research:
■ Research is a scientific way of answering questions & testing hypothesis.
■ Research is an active, diligent and systematic process of inquiry in order to discover,
interpret or revise facts, events, behaviors, or theories, or to make practical
applications with the help of such facts, laws or theories.
■ Research is also used to describe the collection of information about a particular
subject.

3. HOWTO DO RESEARCH:
■ Identify an area for study which matches your needs.
■ Identify a narrow area and a specific problem in it.
■ Start a survey of the relevant literature, preferably with a review article.

4. Research Methodology:
■ The way in which data is collected for the research projects.
■ All of the techniques, methods and procedure adopted in terminology work to carry
out terminology research.

6. Descriptive Research:
■ The purpose of descriptive research is, of course, to describe, as well as explain, or
validate some sort of hypothesis or objective when it comes to a specific group of
people.
■ This research used in these following methods:
Survey, Observation, Case Study, Longitudinal Research

7. Analytical Research:
■ Analytical research is a specific type of research that involves critical thinking skills and
the evaluation of facts and information relative to the research being conducted.
■ Analytical Research is primarily concerned with testing hypothesis and specifying
interpreting relationships, by analyzing the collected data.

8. Applied research:
■ Applied research is a methodology used to solve a specific, practical problem of an
individual or group.
■ The study and research is used in business, medicine and education in order to find
solutions that may cure diseases, solve scientific problems or develop technology.

9. Basic Research
 refers to the study that is aimed at expanding the existing base of scientific
knowledge.
 is systematic study directed toward greater knowledge or understanding of the
fundamental aspects of phenomena and of observable facts without specific
applications towards processes or products in mind.
 Use in psychological term for example
 A study assessing whether men or women are more likely to suffer from depression.

10. Qualitative Research:
■ Qualitative research is a type of social science research that collects and works with
non-numerical data and that seeks to interpret meaning from these data that help us
understand social life through the study of targeted populations or places.
■ Simply refers to understand and Interpret social interactions.
■ Smaller sample & not randomly selected.
■ Study of whole selected area.

11. Quantitative Research:
■ Quantitative methods emphasize objective measurements and the statistical,
mathematical, or numerical analysis of data collected.
■ through polls, questionnaires, and surveys, or by manipulating pre-existing statistical
data using computational techniques
■ To test hypothesis, looks at cause& effect & make predictions.

12. Conceptual Research:
■ Conceptual research is defined as a methodology wherein research is conducted by
observing and analyzing already present information on a given topic
■ Conceptual research doesn’t involve conducting any practical experiments.
■ It is related to abstract concepts or ideas.
■ Philosophers have long used conceptual research to develop new theories or interpret
existing theories in a different light.
.

13. Scientific & Non-Scientific Research:
■ Scientific research is a logically stepped process used for investigating and acquiring
or expanding our understanding.
■ Nonscientific research is acquiring knowledge and truths about the world using
techniques that do not follow the scientific method.

14. Empirical
Research:
■ refers to collection of data using
evidence that is collected
through observation or
experience or by using calibrated
scientific instruments. All of the
above origins have one thing in
common which is dependence of
observation and experiments to
collect data and test them to
come up with conclusions.

15. Research methods:
■ Experiments.
■ Surveys.
■ Questionnaires.
■ Interviews.
■ Case studies.
■ Participant and non-participant observation.
■ Focus Groups.
■ Secondary DataAnalysis / Archival Study.
■ Mixed Methods.

16. Common Approaches:
■ Ethnography.
■ Phenomenology.
■ DiscourseAnalysis.
■ GroundedTheory.

17. Ethnography:
■ Refers to an approach relying on the collection of data in the natural
environment.
■ Ethnographers are interested in how the behavior of individuals is
influenced or mediated by culture in which they live.
■ Ethnography focuses on culture.

18. Phenomenology:
■ It focuses on individuals' interpretation of their experience and the
ways in which they express them.
■ The researchers task is to describe phenomena as experienced and
expressed by individuals.
■ Phenomenology on consciousness.

19. Discourse Analysis:
■ Discourse is a term used to describe the systems we use in
communication with others.
■ These include verbal, nonverbal and written material.
■ Discourse analysis on language.

20. GroundedTheory:
■ GT research is a research approach designed to discover what problems exist
in a given social environment and how the persons involved handle them; it
involves formulation, testing, and reformulation of propositions until a
theory is developed.
■ Ground theory’s aim is the development of theory through induction.

21. ■ Thank you