The Effects of Cannabis Infused Tea on Ghrelin Levels

LGA Symbolization
Soon, in addition to providing care tailored to the obese patient, IR may be called upon to treat obesity directly with left gastric artery (LGA)
embolization, which could be a stand–alone treatment, or an adjunctive therapy to bariatric surgery. According to a recent NIH assessment, bariatric
surgery is offered to three distinct groups of patients: first, those with BMI в‰Ґ40 kg/m2 with no major medical comorbidities, typically after they
have failed lifestyle modification; second, patients with BMI в‰Ґ35 kg/m2 and a serious medical comorbidity like hypertension, obstructive sleep
apnea or type 2 diabetes are also eligible; third, patients with BMI в‰Ґ30 kg/m2 and uncontrolled diabetes or metabolic syndrome are candidates for
bariatric surgery. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As previously discussed, bariatric surgery has been shown to be curative for diabetes and metabolic syndrome, but there is insufficient evidence to
recommend bariatric surgery as a curative treatment for diabetes in obese patients lacking the necessary indications (79). Perhaps LGA embolization
could be considered as a less invasive treatment for diabetes because it does not carry the complications of bariatric
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

The Effects Of Leptin On Other Human Obese Gene Located On...
Leptin is a protein containing 166 amino acids and is the product of human obese gene located on chromosome 7q31.3. Leptin is produced mainly by
adipose tissue. It is also synthesized in small amounts in other human tissues such as the stomach, heart, mammary epithelium , placenta, ovaries,
skeletal muscle, pituitary, and liver (Muoio et al., 2002).
After leptin is secreted by the adipose tissue, it enters the brain through the bloodstream. Gastric leptin may also reach hypothalamus through the vagal
nerve and nucleus solitarius. Effects of leptin on various systems have been reported, including reproduction, immune system, hematopoesis,
angiogenesis, bone formation and wound healing. It plays an important role in energy balance by inhibiting energy intake contrary to ghrelin, and by
regulating body weight and energy homeostasis (Moran & Phillip, 2003).
The expression of leptin by adipose tissue is also influenced by feeding behaviour. Short–term (12 h) or long–term (2 or 8 weeks) overfeeding results in
an increase in adipocyte leptin expression and circulating leptin in healthy human subjects. Furthermore, circulating leptin levels show a diurnal pattern
and are influenced by gender, age, exercise and glucose uptake (Table 3).
Table 3: Factors affecting the circulating leptin levels:
FactorEffect
Energy storesв†‘ With increase in body mass index and per cent total body fat
Food intakeв†‘
GenderHigher in females compared with males
Age в†“

Relationship Between Obese And The Ghrelin Hormone
We live in a world where horrible things happen to people like they get diagnosed with cancer, but that not the worst of it. The most tragic thing that
can happen to any person is when they become obese that when everything changes. Is being obese an unhealthy lifestyle could there be dangerous
reprehensions and how do people become obese? Imagine for a moment that you are obese, you might think nothing is wrong, but that not the case at
all things only goes downhill from there. You start to lose focus on who you are and start a totally different life overnight. You start wearing different
clothes, then you're eating habitats change it becomes bad you start eating for six people and you don't notice the change at first. Then all of your old ...
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In many poor countries people suffer from this disease like India there are many parts of that country are affected by it. It's an extremely poor
place with hardly any doctors that can help those people. So people there go to live an unhealthy life and face a great risk of getting a heart attack,
stroke, heart disease, diabetes. The continuing growing rate of obesity grew in India as years went by. Many people there continue to die from
being obese as they struggles to fight this disease. Everywhere across the world continue to fight, but with hardly any success like in America.
People in India are working hard to get obesity to get it declare as a disease in order to get the right doctors for it. They are working hard to get
bariatric physician in India to help solve this epidemic. Not just in India but people in the United Kingdom fight to get bariatric physician which is
hard thing to do because they require a lot of training. There has not been good places where they can get this train because it still in the working
stages of things. Bariatric physician specialty is in obese patients, which are well known to help tell if a patient is obese at all. Bariatric physician are
the most optimistic thing right now for dealing with this disease. They will have the

What Causes Obesity Is The Relationship Of Energy Intake...
The most rudimentary explanation for what causes obesity is the relationship of energy intake and expenditure and its effect on energy balance. If
energy intake is greater than energy expenditure, weight gain will occur. In contrast, energy expenditure in excess of energy intake will result in
weight loss ( Dietz & Gortmaker, 2001). However, Obesity is a complex disease that involves interactions between genetics, regulation of energy
balance, and strong environmental influences such as increased caloric intake and decreased physical activity in today's modern society. The genetic
approach both in animal models and in humans has allowed immense progress in the understanding of body weight regulation. Monogenic forms of
obesity in humans have been characterized and result from mutations in genes involved in the central pathways of food intake regulation. However,
these cases are extremely rare and generally obesity must be considered as a complex polygenic disease involving interactions between multiple genes
and the environment (Clement & Ferre, 2003) Genetics There are several genetic factors that contribute to an individual's predisposition towards
obesity in a common environment. Several investigators have provided evidence for an association between candidate genes and obesity–related
phenotypes. Currently, there are greater than 600 genes, markers and chromosomal regions linked to obesity–related phenotypes (PГ©russe et al.,
2005). In a large

Erate Exercise Analysis
you've taken a month to strengthen your new eating habits and to learn more about yourself by using the 30–day food tracker. You'll work out with
hand weights (or substitute other household items) for a half hour three or four times a week. This exercise program is specifically designed to
stabilize ghrelin even as it helps you build lean muscle.
The No–Sweat program is an important part of the plan. Studies show that mod– erate exercise reduces inflammation in fat tissue by regulating
ghrelin's function within the body's white blood cells. This reduction in inflammation won't just im– prove overall weight loss, it'll improve your ability
to keep the weight off, too. It'll also boost your mood, since you'll be relying less on food and more on movement ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Notice the emphasis on "moderate" exercise. In Chapter 8, I'll explain why you don't need to overdo it–workouts that are too intensive can actually
sabotage your
ghrelin–balancing

Environmental Factors Involved In Hunger
The body uses a balance of fuel (food); energy used, and body weight to determine homeostasis. When the energy level is low, and the nutrient
reservoir (adipose tissue) is triggered. When the brain is low on glucose (glucoprivation), or the body is low on fatty acids (liporivation), it activates the
hunger cycle. However, there are other factors involved in hunger. Environmental factors (senses), which may signal hunger even when an individual
was not hungry. The five senses (smell, taste, sight, and sound) contribute to the feelings of hunger.
A stomach growling is a signal for a food, or even thirst. The body requires a certain amount of nutrients (carbohydrates, fats, amino acids, vitamins, and
minerals) in order to survive. Metabolism is the chemical course in the body to keep it alive. There are two phases in metabolism, the absorption phase,
and the fasting phase. In the absorption phase is the digestive system absorbs nutrients, and excessive nutrients are stored in adipose tissue for future
use. The fasting phase occurs when nutrients are unavailable to the digestive system. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ghrelin sends a message to the hypothalamus that monitors body functions. Once the hunger is appeased, there is a reduction in the production of
ghrelin. Researchers believe that overwhelming elevations of ghrelin is the cause of overeating; however, researchers are unsure why the hormone
increases. The body stores the nutrients in the stomach, and a nutrient reserve. Carlson (as cited in Novin, VanderWeele, and Rezek, 1973) explained
that the hepatic portal vein in the liver transmits hunger signals to the brain when glucose is low. Unfortunately, the body uses up more energy than it
takes in, which is the time the hunger cycle begins

Cannabis Infused In Tea
Aim:
The FACING study is designed to test the hypothesis that cannabis infused in tea will increase blood ghrelin levels as significantly as fasting does. We
will randomise patients to (a) administer cannabis tea or (b) undergo fasting. The results of this study will lead to future interventions for patients with
weight–related conditions.
Research Plan: Participants
Patients will be eligible for the study if they are between 18 to 50 years of age and have no previous use of cannabis (cannabis naive). Patients will be
required to have a diastolic blood pressure equal to/higher than 90 mmHg or a systolic blood pressure equal to/lower than 140 (Tam et al., 2011). All
patients will be required to provide written informed consent to participate in the study. The protocol will need to be approved by the institutional
review boards and ethic committees.
Patients will be excluded from the proposed study if they are diabetics as cannabis has the ability to induce glucose intolerance (Muniyappa et al.,
2013). Patients who are younger than 18 years old will also be excluded from this study since cannabis use can cause deterioration of neurocognitive
function in attention and memory (Jacobus & Tapert, 2014). It will also alter the macrostructural brain, such as morphology of gray matter tissue ...
The cannabis group will then consume their tea infusion orally 15 minutes following baseline period at 10:45am. Blood samples will be withdrawn
every 15 minutes in both treatment groups and the tubes will be recorded with the exact blood extraction time. This procedure will be repeated for
three hours in both treatment groups, thus 12 blood samples will be collected during this treatment period. The fasting group will be woken at 6am,
immediately fill out their questionnaire and then have their fasting blood sample extracted at

Sleep Wake Cycle
Sleep timing, duration, and quality can influence the release of growth hormone, cortisol, leptin, and ghrelin. The sleep wake cycle also influences
insulin secretion. Reduced sleep can have adverse effects on metabolism and endocrine function. Disruptions in circadian rhythm and the sleep wake
cycle regulate the release of hypothalamic activating and inactivating factors that influence the release of pituitary hormones and sympathetic and
parasympathic activity. With reduced sleep, a study found increased eveningcortisol levels, decreased glucose tolerance and glucose sensitivity, and a
slight elevation of GH while awake (Leproult & Van Cauter, 2009). Because the student sleeps less than 8 hours a night, this will reduce the leptin
level and elevate ghrelin, so the appetite of the student will probably increase, thus increasing the BMI as well. Ghrelin works to stimulate the appetite.
(Taheri, Lin, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Leptin works to signal the feeling of fullness from eating to the hypothalamus and regulates energy usage and carbohydrate metabolism to prevent the
student from gaining weight (Osama, 2016).
From the stress of school and shift work during the night, this can increase the hormone cortisol, which can increase the BMI. (Manenschijn, van
Kruysbergen, de Jong, Koper, & van Rossum, 2011). Cortisol is a glucocorticoid made from cholesterol in the adrenal glands. Stress can stimulate the
release of cortisol. It also functions to regulate energy by selecting if the body needs carbohydrates, fats, or proteins to function at a particular moment
(Aronson, 2009). The central nervous system responds to perceived stress and causes changes in the endocrine system. In the endocrine

Night By Elie Wiesel Quote Analysis
Hunger can cause the human body to make false conclusions that it would never feel on a full stomach. In Night, Elie Wiesel proves this point
numerous times. Elie, as well as other characters, lose sight of their ethics due to human nature's need for food. During the Holocaust, the prisoners in
the concentration camps risk their lives for an extra crust of bread or ration of soup. The captives in the Holocaust acclimate to their surroundings and
do anything they can for food. A battle to death was almost customary for extra food. The need for energy can cause a human to make ignorant
decisions, thus allowing for a loss of their personal values. Scientifically, it has been proven that one should not make long–term decisions while hungry.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rabbi Eliahu, a very respected man in the concentration camp, was also very close to his own son. However, Rabbi Eliahu's son seemed to have
abandoned his father. One day, the Rabbi whispered to Elie, "It happened on the road. We lost sight of one another during the journey. I fell behind
a little, at the rear of the column. I didn't have the strength to run anymore. And my son didn't notice. That's all I know. Where has he disappeared?
Where can I find him? Perhaps you've seen him somewhere?" (pg. 91). After Rabbi Eliahu left, Elie remembered that his son had seen him tire out,
even running faster and faster to get away from his father. Could his son have left the Rabbi? This severely frightened Elie, vowing never do that to
his own dad. In my own life, my dad is probably the most influential person to me, wishing his death is blasphemous. I do not understand what it would
be like without my father, I guess the circumstances are

Serum Ghrelin And Its Effects On The Health Of Animals
Serum ghrelin, IL–1ОІ, and IL–6 during the postestrus period in Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) Feng Li Yang1,2, Shu Fang Ning2, Zhao Xiong
Wang1, Zhu Nan Li1, Xiao Shan Li1*, Gong He Li2В§ 1. College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, People's Republic of China,
*E–mail: 272065429@qq.com 2. College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, People's Republic of China, В§E
–mail:
247716036@qq.com Abstrast The knowledge in blood constituents is important for assessing the physiological status and the health of animals. The
present study was carried out to find out whether the estrus affects the concentrations of ghrelin, interleukin–1ОІ (IL–1ОІ), and IL–6 in Murrah
buffaloes. The result indicated that serum ghrelin concentrations were higher in luteal phase compare to other phase, the highest concentrations of
IL–1ОІ and IL–6 were observed at the end of the luteal phase. Keywords: ghrelin, cytokine, buffalo, estrus period Introduction Ghrelin is a 28–amino
acid, octanoylated peptide which is secreted primarily by cells in the abomasum in ruminants. Ghrelin concentrations increase prior to scheduled meals
and in response to fasting in ruminants, and feeding suppresses ghrelin secretion (Bradford and Allen, 2008). Ghrelin is expressed and produced in
several tissues, but the gastric mucosa is the major source of circulating ghrelin. Ghrelin is a hormone with multiple functions and diverse biological
actions. The acylated ghrelin is the only known

Lipase Inhibitor : Causes And Adverse Effects
Lipase inhibitor In humans, the first step in dietary fat digestion starts in the stomach with mechanical emulsification and partial TAG hydrolysis by
gastric lipase, resulting in the lipolytic products DAG and free fatty acids. (CREY, Carey, Borgstrom) The remaining part of TAG digestion is brought
about in the duodenal lumen by pancreatic lipase, which acts mainly on the sn–1 and sn–3 position of TAG molecules, releasing 2–MAG and free fatty
acids. (Borgstrom, Mattson) Thus, inhibition of gastric and pancreatic lipases leads to substantial decrease in the absorption of dietary fats. One
lipase inhibitor already approved in 1999 by FDA was Orlistat, which was later made available as an over–the–counter drug in 2007 as a weight loss
aid for overweight adults under the name Alli to be used along with a reduced–calorie, low–fat diet, and exercise program. It is to be taken in the dose
of 60 mg up to three times a day with each fat–containing meal. (fda) It is known to cause undesirable GI–related adverse events such as oily
evacuation, flatus with discharge, oily spotting and faecal incontinence, which leads to poor patient compliance. (Finer, Sjostrom, Davidson)
Although considered relatively safe, a US consumer advocacy group namely Public Citizen differed strongly in its opinion of Xenical (Orlistat 120
mg dose under prescription) and in Alli (Orlistat 60 mg dose over the counter). Dr Sidney Wolfe, Director of Public Citizen 's Health Research Group,
declared to the press

Epidemiology Case Study Summary Of Laila
) Due to hypothalamus stimulation, Laila will feel hungry. Two regions of hypothalamus will contribute towards the hunger of Laila, which are the
lateral and paraventricular hypothalamus. These regions have been correlated with receptors for certain chemical messengers that signal hunger,
especially ghrelin and leptin. Lateral Hypothalamus is the region of the brain associated with hunger recognition. Laila's body will recognize hunger
due to the stimulation of lateral hypothalamus (lateral nuclei). Laila's paraventricular hypothalamus will regulate her hunger. The stomach and the
hypothalamus produce the hormone ghrelin. Laila's levels of ghrelin will increase which will signal the body of hunger due to the receptors of
hypothalamus. Laila knows that it is time to eat because she can feel her stomach growling through her interceptors. After the smell of the pizza was
sent to the hypothalamus,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She will be able to visualize due to primary visual cortex and surrounding areas. V1 & V2 being responsible for orientation, spatial frequency, and
colorвЂЁV3 for integration of information, V4 for object recognition, color perceptionвЂЁV5/MT for motion perception. Cranial nerve II, the optic
nerve, is a sensory nerve delivers images of sight to the brain and runs to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe .This nerve is activated when Laila
sees her friends around a margarita pizza. The visual information is initially processed from her eyes. Her pupils absorbed light, which enters the eye
and then travels to the lens. The lens refracts the light and focuses the light into the retina. The optic nerve (II), is responsible for carrying the visual
impulse from the eye to the optic chiasm. This nerve is located in the posterior of the eye. It transfers visual information to the visual centers in the
brain. The optic chiasm contains temporal fibers that run

Co-Evolving with Our Microbiome
The idea that humans have power over our health has a long history in American popular culture. We tend to believe we are the masters of our own
destiny and can solve the problems of our internal workings according to our will, power of positive thinking, upbeat attitude or a fighting spirit
however we cannot ignore our living environment and the organisms that co–exist among us. As it turns out, we share our bodies with an
unimaginably vast array of organisms that seem to play a substantial role in our well–being.
Both in and on our body, there are 10 bacterial cells for every single human cell. This collection of organisms that inhabit the human body is referred
to as the microbiome and accounts for nearly 2% of our total body weight. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
H. pylori thrives in the acidic environment of the stomach and the finding that this bacteria contributed to the condition was remarkable news and led to
the standard practice of treating peptic ulcers with antibiotics. As a result, the rate of H. pylori–induced ulcers has dropped by more than 50 percent.
(Ackerman, 2012)
Recently it was discovered that H. pylori has another job besides regulating acid. It plays an important role in signaling our hunger. Our stomach
produces two hormones that regulate food intake. Ghrelin (the hunger hormone) tells your brain you need food and Leptin tells your brain your
stomach is full. Your ghrelin levels are high when you have not eaten for a while, which is why you are hungry when you wake up in the morning.
After you eat breakfast, your ghrelin levels decrease. Studies have shown that H. pylori significantly regulates ghrelin levels and without it, these
levels may be unregulated which can lead to increased appetite and excessive caloric intake. Studies have shown that those who have been treated by
antibiotics to eliminate H. pylori, gained weight because their ghrelin levels stayed elevated causing them to feel hungry longer therefor increasing
their caloric intake. This example illustrates that we may not really understand the consequences of the wide use of antibiotics. Obesity could very
well be one of those consequences. We take antibiotics to target the bad bacteria however it affects the good bacteria too. Two

Sleep Deprivation Essay
No one really knows why humans sleep, but it is said that they use less energy when they are sleeping. Many Americans do not get the amount of
sleep they need to get, and this can affect their cognitive abilities. The cause of this sleep deprivation varies among individuals, but could be
overscheduling or even technology. Many people may get the symptoms of sleep deprivation, but they ignore it, and this leads to harsh consequences.
Sleep can play a vital role in making someone feel better, living a healthy lifestyle, and help them stay attentive.
When a person does not get an adequate amount of sleep during the night, it can affect the brain and cognitive function. This is called sleep deprivation.
Research says that a third of Americans ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is why teens seem more awake at eleven or twelve rather than in the evening. Next, technology, such as cell phones and computers, can change a
teenager's sleep cycles. Obviously, social media can distract a teen, but going deeper in, the light that is emitted by technology can affect melatonin
levels. The light can suppress the production of melatonin when it hits the receptors of the eye (Garey, n.d.). This can cause the teen to feel less tired
than they should be later in the night. Lastly, after school tasks such as homework and activities can affect a teenager's sleep schedule. Balancing all
these tasks, plus school and social time, can be difficult for teenagers. With all this, there is not enough time in the day to, and the teen has to give
something up, which would be sleep. Some teens even try to overschedule, and when night time comes, their homework is not finished. All of this
leads to consequences such as poor grades, car accidents, poor concentration, depression, etc. Therefore, the reason why teenagers face sleep
deprivation would be biology, technology, and after school tasks.
There are many physical and physiological consequences to sleep deprivation. First of all it can affect the digestive system and cause weight gain.
Sleep can affect the two hormones that control hunger and fullness, leptin and ghrelin (Pietrangelo, 2017). When someone does not get enough sleep,
the brain reduces levels and increases ghrelin

Reflection About Hunger
Hunger is a bit weird. You know what it is, you've felt it before, you know what it means. But why, why do we feel hungry? How come sometimes
we can't seem to eat enough no matter how much we eat? Why do we sometimes eat even if we're full? So the question is what is hunger and how
does our day to day lives affect it? To start things off, the Merriam–Webster definition of hunger is, "A feeling of discomfort or weakness caused by a
lack of food, coupled with a desire to eat". Physiologically speaking when we are hungry it is due to a hormone called Ghrelin (there are more at play
here but for the time being we're focusing on this hormone). Ghrelin is a peptide hormone found in the GI tract, its function is to regulate appetite. The
body sense's the stomach is empty it produces ghrelin, when it senses it has had its fill it stops secretion. When this happens it activates hypothalamic
brain cells and GI tract acid secretion. In laymen terms, that sensation of hunger is felt when; your brain senses you're low on energy, and the body
prepares itself for food intake. The next part of the equation we have to cover is Leptin. Leptin is your body's satiety hormone, it is based in the
hypothalamus and helps maintain energy homeostasis. When the acidity reaches a peak level the lateral portion of the hypothalamus produces leptin,
which inhibits the release of Ghrelin. In simpler terminology, Leptin is the opposite of Ghrelin, when your body senses it needs more energy it produces

Sleep Deprivation Research Paper
There are a variety of jobs around the world that run twenty four hours a day seven days a week. Some of them can be less physically and mentally
taxing that require someone to work odd hours of the night like a gas station clerk or a waitress at an all night truck stop. To more physically and at
times mentally strenuous jobs like a first responder that works a twenty four hour shift and is on call all night or a construction worker who has to tear
up and repave a road when it's less traveled at night. Regardless of the job, working a rotating shift or one where it requires someone to respond to
calls in the middle of the night, they all have one thing in common, the person has an increased rate of missing out on the vital sleep they need to
maintain not only their physical health, but their mental health as well.
Sleep deprivation has many different side effects. Some of them are physical and will change how the human body processes food, muscle recovery,
and endurance. And then some of the other physical problems that it can cause are more serious and can lead to long term problems like high blood
pressure, heart disease, increased fat storage which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most of these affect blood flow throughout the body as well as the heart. Irregularities in a sleep pattern or constantly being woken up while
sleeping at night, causes spikes in blood pressure. While it's more common for someone who has sleep apnea, a person who is responding to calls or
emergencies in the middle of the night during normal sleeping hours is also at a risk, "In addition to these sleep disturbances, apnea sufferers also
experience brief surges in blood pressure each time they wake up." (Quan). And for each wake up, the body starts pumping sugar and insulin into the
blood stream to help become fully aware and awake. Without treatment or uninterrupted sleep, this could lead to diabetes or cardiovascular

Persuasive Essay On Sleep Deprivation
Introduction: Sleep is as essential to the human body as food and water, but sometimes sleep quality and quantity is inadequate and this is known as
sleep deprivation (SD). Sleep deprived people are sleepy and fatigued making them prone to accidents, impairing their judgement and they are more
likely to make mistakes and bad decisions. Not sleeping for 24 hours reduces hand–to–eye coordination, which can be compared to having a blood
alcohol content of 0.1 and contributes to road accidents and work injuries. A child's school performance is negatively affected by the lack of sleep and
may cause emotional problems such as depression. Sleep deprived adults suffer from lack concentration, irritability, sleep inertia and a grogginess that
lasts... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Poor sleep hygiene – some people's habits are disruptive; for example, drinking coffee or smoking cigarettes close to bedtime stimulates the nervous
system and makes sleep less likely. Another common problem is lying in bed and worrying, rather than relaxing. Babies, older babies and toddlers–
parents almost always experience SD because their young children wake frequently in the night for feeding or comfort. [1] Psychological Effects:
1.a.Depression This investigation builds upon past findings by evaluating sleep problems as cross–sectional and longitudinal predictors of
interviewer–assessed suicidal ideation and attempts, in direct comparison with depression, hopelessness, PTSD diagnosis, anxiety, drug and alcohol
abuse, in a military sample. The present study revealed that insomnia symptoms served as a unique predictor of suicidal ideation assessed
cross–sectionally, and for suicidal ideation and suicide attempt longitudinally (though the latter only held when controlling for only depression,
hopelessness and baseline suicidal ideation, which are still strong predictors of death by suicide). This is a stringent test, given that depression is
among the strongest predictors of suicide risk, and considering that insomnia and suicidality are symptoms of depression and highly associated with
PTSD. [5] Although insomnia and nightmares were significantly associated with depressive and suicidal symptoms, after controlling for additional

Carnivore Case
1. Suppose you found the bones of an unidentified animal. How could you learn about what the animal ate? What specific structures would give
you clues about the creature's diet: The first thing I would look for is specific traits that would narrow down the two million species list. Secondly,
what kind of animals live in the area (lets say we are in Canada). Obviously an animal with a spine would be a good indicator that the animal is
either a carnivore or a herbivore. But if we really want to know what an animal eats in general we have to look at the animal's teeth. Let's say this
animal we find has large flat molars fore specifically grinding up plant matter and cellulose. Then it would be reasonable to assume that the animal we
are looking at is a deer. If the jaw of the animal is capable of moving side to side and not just up and down than it is reasonable to assume even
without looking at the teeth that this animal is a herbivore. If the animal's jaw can move only up and down, we can safely guess that the animal is
mainly a carnivore. Carnivores need strong locked jaws that are incapable of shifting from side to side so when they are holding onto prey their jaws
can't be broken. Animal's that have large canine teeth with minimal molars are generally carnivores. This jaw and teeth system isn't set in stone,
humans have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pick your favorite food. Describe what happens to it as it passes from your mouth to your colon. What are the major steps along the way: My
favorite food being watermelon will go on a relatively quick trip through the digestive system. The first obvious stage is when the watermelon enters
the mouth, inside it is crushed by the teeth into an easy to swallow state of basically being water. When it hits the bottom of the stomach, cell
signaling will being and trigger the gastric juice to begin digesting it further. Almost all the the sugar will be injected into the blood, and anything left
over will be further broken down to be stored or

Ghrelin's Role In Food Intake
Describe the role of ghrelin in food intake regulation and its involvement in development of obesity.
Ghrelin is initially synthesized as a pre–prohormone comprised of 117 amino acids. Cleavage of preproghrelin results in two mature ghrelin
molecules. Ghrelin is a 28–amino acid peptide that is secreted primarily from the X/A–like cells of the stomach. Ghrelin is found in blood circulation
in two forms, both des–acl (dAG) and acyl forms (AG). Ghrelin is stimulator of growth hormone (GH) secretion and the only circulatory hormone
known to significantly enhance feeding, increase body mass and to regulate energy homeostasis central systemic administration (CastaГ±eda et al.,
2010; Scerif, Goldstone and Korbonits, 2011; Heppner and Tong, 2014).... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cummings et al, cited in Gil–Campos et al (2006) stated that due to these levels of concentration they could play a major role in meal initiation, though
the link in rise in circulating plasma–ghrelin levels has not yet been proven (Gil–Campos et al., 2006). Studies have shown that serum ghrelin levels are
inversely correlated with BMI, age and insulin concentrations in normal children; whereas they correlate positively with leptin (Park et al. 2005, as
cited in Gil–Campos et al.,

Low Carbs Research Paper
The diet you've been doing is a popular low carb diet. Most of the food you have been intaking while on the Atkins diet has a high level of protein. As
you know, protein is good to build up muscles, but you need other types of nutrients, too. Janine tried to tell you that the high amount of nitrogen from
protein can wreck your kidneys, but that isn't really true. You really should be considering a more balanced diet, though. You see, if you don't consume
enough carbs then you won't have a supply of energy that your body regularly relies on. When you're out of carbs, your body burns fats. You're skinny,
so you won't have much of that to burn. Then you'll start to burn protein as energy, which isn't good for you. It's like your body eating away its own...
Having low carbs could lead to a offset of electrolytes in your blood. WebMD.com told me that this can have an effect on kidney function. Your
kidneys probably won't take much affect from your diet, but it could make things worse for your brain. You're brain needs carbs as energy and without
glucose, you could feel light headed and have a harder time thinking and remembering things. Our bodies contain hormones that signal our body in
different ways. There are two main hormones that I'm going to give you a quick lesson on to let you know how hormones can have a play on
weight gain/loss. Ever wonder how your body knows when you're hungry? Well, a hormone called ghrelin (AKA the "hunger hormone") sends
messages to our brain to tell us when we are hungry. Lately, you've kind of been ignoring ghrelin, so that's why you may have felt a little grumpy
while on your diet. The higher ghrelin level you have, the harder it is to resist food. So fuel up once in a while to resist the urge to eat lots later,
leading to weight gain. I got a lot of information about these two hunger hormones on the WebMd website, I read an article called Your 'Hunger
Hormones' that gave ,e pretty good

What Role Does Ghrelin Play In Anorexia
Ghrelin has also been known to play a significant role in anorexia. It has been found that high levels of ghrelin are found in people with anorexia
who are restricting food. In fact, it seems that ghrelin levels and a low body mass index are negatively correlated. (Hasan, 2011) This usually means
that if the weight is restored the ghrelin levels will return to normal. However, the most interesting about the role ghrelin plays in anorexia is how it
contributes to the thinness of someone with anorexia. A dysfunction in ghrelin levels causes low estrogen levels which can result in muscular and
skeletal problems. (Hasan, 2011) High levels of ghrelin in combination with low insulin–like–growth–factor–1(IGF–1) cause the body to go into a state
of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There was a study conducted in 2005 that used rats and PET scans in order to better understand the neurological aspects of anorexia.
(Barbarich–Marsteller, Marsteller, Alexoff, Fowler, & Dewey, 2005) They wanted to see if chronic food restriction would decrease
2–deoxy–2–fluoro–D–glucose (FDG) they were comparing this to the cerebral glucose hypometabolism in people who had anorexia nervosa.
(Barbarich–Marsteller et al., 2005) For this study, the researchers used nine female rats that were six to seven weeks old. They allowed the rats one
week to get accustomed to their new home and then during the second week the rats were randomly assigned to one of two groups. The control group
had as much food as they wanted for twenty–five days, but the group that was having their food restricted received forty percent of the food they had
eaten during the first week until they had lost thirty percent of their body weight. . (Barbarich–Marsteller et al., 2005) The researchers then tried to get
the rats to maintain this weight. As another factor of this study, only the food restricted group had free range to a running wheel. .
(Barbarich–Marsteller et al.,

Neural Mechanisms in Controlling Eating Behaviour
Outline and evaluate the role of neural mechanisms in controlling eating behaviour (24 marks)
Today there is enormous interest in the psychological factors that can affects a person's eating habits, but some of the clearest research findings have
come from research into the brain (neural) mechanisms controlling eating behaviour.
One important mechanism to consider is the role of homeostasis in all mammals. Homeostasis is how the body maintains a constant internal
environment. Our diet is essential to homeostasis as it provides the nutrients that allow physiological processes to be regulated within narrow limits.
The body has evolved two separate systems – one for turning eating 'on' and one for turning eating 'off'. Glucose levels are ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The protein leptin is produced in response to satiation which is secreted into the bloodstream from fat tissue, leading to fat loss and decreased
appetite. To support the role of this protein, Zhang et.al injected two copies of the gene for obesity into some mice and these ob/ob mice had a
tendency to overeat. They discovered that the ob/ob mice had a defective gene for the protein leptin and were unable to experience a decrease in
appetite as well as fat loss. However, injecting these mice with leptin caused them to lose weight dramatically. This shows how proteins also have a role
in controlling our eating behaviour and not only neural mechanisms.
Moreover, thinking about a food makes us feel hungry but also food–related smells and sights. The neural control of these cognitive factors in hunger
probably originates in the main brain area – the amygdala and the inferior prefrontal cortex. The amygdala plays a role in selecting foods based on
previous experience. To support this, Rolls and Rolls found that surgically removing the amygdala in rats would cause the animals to consume both
familiar and novel foods indiscriminately, whereas amygdala–intact rats would initially avoid novel foods and consume only the more palatable
familiar foods instead. This suggests how our previous experience in eating certain foods alters what we eat due to the role of the amygdala processing
such

Sleep Deprivation And Health
How does sleep affect health? Studies show that the body needs to receive 7 to 9 hours of sleep each night. Many people especially in college, may
only get half of this amount. Sleep deprivation is very common in the United States. What exactly is sleep deprivation you may ask yourself? Sleep
deprivation is when you do not get a satisfactory amount of sleep. Effects of sleep deprivation are fatigue, weight gain/loss, and reaction time. Sleep
deprivation is very common among teens and young adults. It effects your body and mainly your digestive system. Studies show that in the United
States about 30% of adult and 66% of adolescents are regularly sleep–deprived. Sleep deprivation is the cause of many health issues. It effect s your ...
You need to get 7–9 hours of sleep each night to perform your best the next day. Adolescents need about 10 hours asleep while adults need around 7–9.
DNA repairs while the body is sleeping. When we lose sleep our learning, memory, mood and reaction time are effects. Scientists have related driving
while sleep deprived to driving while drunk, because of our delayed reaction time.
Fatal familia insomnia is what causes the body to be scared of going to sleep. It worsens over time and can cause dementia and death. It can be
caused by adenosine in the brain. Adenosine builds up in the brain and increases the urge to sleep. Caffeine works by blocking the adenosine
receptors pathways. This is why you don't want to drink something with caffeine in it before going to bed. Your brain need to clear out the build
up in the brain. The glymphatic system is always working to clear your brain but works more efficiently at night while the body is sleeping.
Improving your sleep is very important. Don't drink caffeine before you go to sleep. You should cut caffeine out about 6 hours before you go to
sleep to get the best sleep. You need to sit your phone away from you and turn off all electronics. We all need to develop a sleep route, it will help the
boy know that you are about to go to sleep. Make sure you wake up and go to sleep at the same time each day. This will

The Importance Of Sleep In Personal Training
Have you been training and eating greta but still not losing weight as fast as you think you should? Perhaps you need to look at how much (or
how little) you are sleeping. The other day I was working out with a personal training group early in the morning and one client was complaining
about how tired she was and how hard it was to get up so early come to personal training. I asked a simple question, "How much sleep are you
getting?" She explained that with work, errands, family commitments, and cooking dinner, she never got time to relax so she ended up staying up late
to read or watch tv, and didn't go to sleep until close to 12 midnight. Now, when you are getting up at 5:00 am to join your personal training sessions;
that's not quite enough sleep. There are plenty of scientific studies about sleep... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Less sleep causes an increase in ghrelin levels. If you don't get enough sleep you have more of these hunger hormones telling you that you are
hungry. Leptin hormones tell you when your body is full and lack of sleep causes a drop in Leptin. If you do not have enough leptin your body
doesn't recognize that you are full and you can set yourself up for overeating. Lack of sleep can increase the production of the stress hormone,
cortisol. Cortisol is best known for increasing belly fat. If your sleep is deprived; cortisol increases and you are at risk for higher levels of belly fat
whether you are training or not. Do you know how much sleep you should get? According to a 16 year study presented in 2006 at the American
Thoracic Society International Conference; women who slept 7 hours or more per night weigh less than women who slept 5 hours or less. Women who
slept 6 hours per night were 6% more likely to be obese and 12% more likely to gain at least 33lbs or more. Women who slept 5 hours per night were
15% more likely to be obese and 32% more likely to gain at least 33lbs or

At Night? Your Hormones May Be To Blame By Roni Rabin
In the article, "Binge Eating At Night? Your Hormones May Be to Blame," A New York Times journalist, Roni Rabin, discusses the science
behind the causes of obesity. She claims that excess production of a hormone called ghrelin can be the cause. Despite the science behind obesity,
Rabin still believes a person suffering from excess hormone production can be at a healthy weight. This article, published on January 30, 2018,
was written for New York Times readers who are obese and those who are dieting. Rabin writes to make her audience aware of the fact that the
cause of their weight gain could be scientific. This information serves two purposes for readers: it could encourage them to resist the urge to eat late
at night and help a struggling dieter out of a rut. The article, "Binge Eating at Night? Your Hormones May Be to Blame" is rhetorically effective
because Rabin gives readers ample amount of factual evidence. Because of Rabin's successful execution of the rhetorical devices, her article was
undoubtedly effective.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The article mentions a case study involving 32 obese men and women. Half of whom struggled with late–night binge eating, and examiners monitored
test subjects to determine the cause. Based on the findings of this study, those struggling with binge eating produced more ghrelin at night than those
who do not. Rabin strengthened her article with the addition of facts from the case study. As a result of the implementation of factual evidence, she was
able to ratify her claim, therefore advancing her initial strictly opinionated argument by supporting it with tangible evidence, thus, enhancing the
effectiveness of the

The Importance Of Hunger In Night By Elie Wiesel
Hunger can cause the human body to make conclusions that they would not have on a full stomach. In Night by Elie Wiesel, he proves the point
numerous times. Elie among others loses sight of his ethics due to human nature, needing food. During the Holocaust, the prisoners in concentration
camps would risk their lives for an extra crust of bread or ration of soup. The captives of the Holocaust had to acclimate to their surroundings and do
anything they could for food. The need for energy can cause a human to make ignorant decisions, thus allowing for a loss of their personal values.
Scientifically, you should not make long–term decisions while hungry. Students at the University of Gothenburg in Sweden studied if it is smart to
make a decision when you are ravenous. A hormone that is made in the gastrointestinal tract, called ghrelin enhanced their study. Ghrelin is released
when your body is searching for food as energy. When you are no longer hungry, the manufacturing of ghrelin halts. Ghrelin is also associated with drug
and alcohol intake. The researchers at the University of Gothenburg examined rats. Yes, rats are not humans, but they can display human–like
behaviors. When an extra amount of ghrelin was inserted into the rat, they would go against their regular impulses to gain a quick amount of sugar
instead of waiting a little bit longer for a larger, more substantial prize. A very much known phrase is you should never go food shopping while you
are hungry. We all have

Ghrelin Emotions
It has been found that certain chemicals in the brain impact your feelings of being hungry or satisfied. The two primary hormones are ghrelin, the
natural appetite stimulating hormone, and leptin, the natural appetite suppressing hormone. Ghrelin is a hormone produced in the stomach that tells
your brain when you are hungry, therefore stimulating your appetite. It has also been found to slow your metabolism and decrease your ability to burn
fat. The hormone leptin is produced in adipose tissue. It does the opposite job; it tells your brain when you are full or satisfied. It stimulates the
burning of calories and increases your metabolism.
Research is continually being done to learn more about how our appetite's function. Leptin and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This design is intended for us to maintain normal, healthy weight. Our lifestyle choices can either allow us to maintain normal weight or cause us to
get out of sync. For example, if you do not have adequate sleep you will create more ghrelin and less leptin. This will result in an increase in appetite
and reduce the burning of calories. Another example is when you reduce your food intake when dieting; ghrelin production is increased. This increase
sends a signal to your hypothalamus that you need to eat more. It is this lack of sleep that forces your body to work against itself and not maintain and
optimal environment for a healthy weight.
Regular exercise helps to regulate ghrelin and leptin production. Exercise normalizes your appetite and aids it in efficiently burning calories.
The foods that you select also affect ghrelin, leptin, and the satiety center of your brain. The brain does not recognize simple sugars or artificial
sweeteners as food. As a result of this, ghrelin will stimulate your appetite even though you may not even be hungry. This increased consumption will
result in your overeating and increasing

The Obesity Means Excess Body Fat Essay
Obesity means excess body fat, BMI is reasonably accurate method for predicting adiposity and can be easily used as screening tool (Rome, 2011).
The definition of pediatric obesity is not usually easy. Because directly measuring body fat is difficult and time consuming, the measurement of
BMI is most commonly used. However, BMI does not always accurately reflect body composition. For example, athletes with high muscle mass
and an extremely low body fat may have obese BMIs. The use of BMI as a predictor of body fat mass in pediatrics has been found to be variably
accurate, with correlation ranging between 0.5 and 0.94, depending on sex and age. Despite these limitations, BMI has been shown to be predictive
of the presence of cardiovascular risk factors in pediatric patients and is considered the most relevant clinical parameter of childhood obesity (Hsia et
al., 2012). The continuing changes in body weight and build throughout childhood mean that overweight and obesity cannot be defined by the static
BMI thresholds that are used by adults aged 18 years or older (overweight = BMI 25–29.9 kg/m2; obese = BMI в‰Ґ30 kg/m2). Instead, the child's
BMI is compared with the distribution of BMI in a reference population of the same age and sex. Conventionally, the reference data are expressed as
percentiles: the 50th percentile represents the mean value for that age and sex, while the 85th and 95th percentiles respectively contain the highest 15%
and 5% of values

TCF7L2 Case Study
Discussion
TCF7L2 has been shown to be associated with T2MD in multiple ethnic groups. In the past two years common single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP),
rs7903146, located in intron 3 of the TCF7L2, has been shown to be one of the most convincing susceptibility variants for T2DM. In the present report,
we examined the association betweenrs7903146 of the TCF7L2and serum leptin and ghrelin level, in control and T2D subjects.
It is important to consider that TCF7L2 is expressed in different tissues, having important roles in glucose metabolism such as gut, brain, liver, skeletal
muscle, fat, and bones )24(.
The recent researches also have shown that leptin and ghrelin plays an important role in maintaining the energy balance of the organism ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the current study, there is a significant negative correlation between leptin and ghrelin, , meaning when one increases, the other decreases.
Some other studies also have shown a negative correlation between leptin and ghrelin levels in the body (37,38).
In our study population, there is a significant association between the T allele of the rs7903146 and T2D. The odds ratio of T allele in the present study
was (CI 95%; 0.26 (0.12,0.57), –1.36, p=0.26).
The OR obtained in this study is higher than almost all other ORs in the previous studies in other populations, showing the importance of this SNP in
Iranian population.
In our study, the frequency of TT genotype of the SNP examined was significantly higher in T2D subjects, compared to the control subjects (50.6 vs.
15.6%, respectively; p <0.001), while the CC and CT genotype frequency of SNP, rs7903146 were higher in control than patient subjects. The risk for
T2D was significantly higher for the TT genotype, compared with the CC genotype, resulted in odds ratio of (95% CI: 0.12(0.42,0.32), –2.15, p< 0.001)
In line with our allele frequency results, Amoli et al. (39) also reported Allele and genotype frequencies were significantly different between patients
and controls TT vs. CT + CC [p 0.0081 OR 3.4 95%CI (1.27–11.9)] and T vs. C allele [p0.02 OR 1.4 95%CI (1.03–1.9)].
Liu et al. (40) in a Meta–analysis showed that the T allele of rs7903146 was significantly correlated with

The Relationship Between Ghrelin And Eating Disorders
What Is the Relationship Between Ghrelin and Eating Disorders?
Introduction:
Ghrelin, commonly referred to as the "hunger hormone," is a 28–amino acid peptide that has many important roles in human digestion including
regulation of growth hormone release, enhancement of appetite, and increase of food intake (1). This gut–derived peptide could play an extremely
important role in the altered eating behaviors of patients with eating disorders. Increased fasting plasma ghrelin levels have been consistently reported
in underweight patients with anorexia nervosa. Circulating levels of this hormone have also been found to be enhanced in symptomatic bulimic patients,
while also being blunted in response to balanced meals (4).
Because of ghrelin's effect on appetite and its suggested role in eating disorders, this research will aim to investigate ghrelin's relationship with
anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN). The following paper will determine exactly how these eating disorders influence ghrelin regulation
or how ghrelin levels may influence the eating disorders themselves. This paper will examine ghrelin's functions, the two eating disorders, and what
that relationship precisely is by examining ghrelin's metabolic actions as well as two clinical trials that explore its role in bulimia nervosa and anorexia
nervosa.
Metabolic Basis Ghrelin has many roles in the body's metabolism, one of which is serving as the natural ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue
receptor.

The Biological Processes Of Obesity
Obesity can develop when the cumulative energy intake exceeds energy expenditure, when this happens the excess is stored primarily as fat in adipose
tissues. The biological processes that regulate the energy balance are highly regulated and this mechanism can be overwhelmed, because of a need to
eat when not hungry, if attractive high calorie food is presented in attractive settings, and if individuals are regularly non–mobile for extended periods.
The control pathways that include short–term signaling of hunger and engorgement to the central nervous system with the hormones that come from
the gastrointestinal tract, long–term signaling of energy stores to the brain via leptin and insulin, as well as the control of metabolism. Rare genetic
syndromes also play a role and these present in early childhood with severe obesity these include mutations in the pro–opiomelanocortin gene and
deficiencies in the leptin this demonstrates that the pathways are biologically important in humans. Most obesity cases develop because of modern
lifestyles in genetically susceptible individuals. The changes include excessive consumption of high–energy food in tandem with low levels of physical
activity and that in many societies; less affluent people have a higher incidence (Lee et al 2013). Other causes of obesity that are considered include
some drugs that can cause an increase in appetite and structural damage to areas of the nervous system that control appetite. Though men and women are

Obesity and Omega-3s Reduce Appetite Essay
Appetite, by definition, is a term used to describe ones natural desire for food. It differs from hunger and satiety, and it is affected by a host of neural,
hormonal and physical factors that may vary between individuals. This essay sets out to explain how these factors affect the appetite. In doing so the
essay will explore the different regions of the brain (and the body) involved in its regulation and control, and the ways in which these areas may be
pharmacologically and surgically manipulated to control the appetite itself.
Appetite can be described as ones instinctual desire for food. The smell and sight of food can trigger thoughts that lead to an increased flow of gastric
juices in both the mouth and stomach. Sometimes however, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are several key hormones that play a part in reducing or increasing appetite. Some of these hormones include Ghrelin, Leptin, Insulin, Amylin,
Obestatin and Triodothyroxine. All are essential in the control of body weight through their short and long term actions.
Following the ingestion of carbohydrates and proteins, insulin is released from pancreatic islet cells. Whilst the brain is not insulin dependent, the
arcuate nucleus contains protein receptors that respond to insulin (as well as Leptin)[7]. As insulin inhibits NPY/AgRP–secreting neurons and activates
POMC–releasing neurons, it reduces the appetite and as a result regulates body weight. This is backed up even further by scientific claims that insulin
resistance is linked to obesity, and type II diabetes can be associated with a loss in insulin regulation[8].
Modern scientific research has also linked the hormone leptin to appetite and feeding behavours. Leptin is a hormone (produced by the fat cells) that
naturally suppresses the appetite. In general, the more fat you have, the more leptin you produce. When working efficiently, Leptin signals to the brain
to indicate if energy stores (such as fat) are adequate or inadequate. It does so in the arcuate nucleus by inhibiting stimulatory neurons by stimulating
inhibitory fibers. It appears it is possible however for the arcuate nucleus to become

Ap Biology Chapter 1 Essay
1.Before, biologists assumed all microbes are bad for the human body (automatically thought of pathogens), caused many diseases and harm our body
fundamental systems. In addition, the biologists think that our body is already built which had all the functions required to maintain our health.
However, the attitude has changed over the last decade. The biologists characterized the most prevalent species of microbes in the body, and found out
that these collective microbes do not threaten us, and they also are important part of human bodies.
2.There are approximately 3.3 million genes (according to the European's census of microbial genes) in the human digestive system. In comparison, it
is about 150 times the count of 20,000–25,000 genes our own gene.
3. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These are some of the proposed functions of our microbiome. First of all, scientists have known for years that gut bacteria break down certain
components of good that would otherwise be indigestible and would pass out of the body unused. In addition, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron breaks
down carbohydrate, also capable of breaking down the large, complex carbohydrates found in plant. It also has genes that code for more than 260
enzymes capable of digesting plant matter. Helicobacter Pylori is a disease–causing bacterium, however, H. pylori benefits the body by helping to
regulate levels of stomach acids, thus creating an environment that suits itself and it host, and surprisingly, plays a role in regulating two hormones in
appetite (ghrelin). This function greatly help most children in the U.S. to prevent overproduction of fat cells. Sadly, many children are exposed to
antibiotic treatments, has caused alterations in the compositions of their intestinal microbiome. This caused the rising of childhood obesity, and
overproduction of

Stress Affects the Health of Physiologically and...
Stress is any condition that seriously affects the balance of the organism physiologically and psychologically. Stress activates the
hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) releasing glucocorticoid hormones that produce generalized effects on different body systems including the
nervous system (McEwen, 2008).
In rats, acute restraint is an unavoidable stress situation that results in autonomic (Alves et al., 2010) and behavioral alternations including impaired
exploratory activity in an open field, increased immobility in a forced swimming test and reduced exploration of the open arms of an elevated plus
maze (EPM) 24 h after the stress session (Padovan and Guimaraes, 2000).
The hippocampus is a medial temporal lobe structure that is necessary for the formation of declarative memory in humans and spatial memory in
rodents. A stress–induced suppression of long term potentiation (LTP) induction was reported in 1987 by Thompson and colleagues. Subsequent studies
showed that stress–induced LTP impairment lasts for at least 48 hours in rats and 24 hours in mice (Kim and Diamond, 2002).
Microglial activation occurs in response to stressful insults, such as acute water–immersed restraint stress (Sugama et al., 2007), cold stress (Sugama et
al., 2011), repeated stress (Tynan et al., 2010), and prenatal stress (Diz–Chaves et al., 2012). Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is one of a family of
intermediate filament proteins that serve largely cytoarchitectural functions. GFAP

Gut Microbiota Research Paper
Molecular insights into gastric sleeve surgery: A review on gut microbiota and obesity 1.Introduction Overweight and obesity are defined by the World
Health Organization (WHO) as an abnormal or excessive accumulation of body fat that damages the health of the individual. Nowadays, obesity is
becoming widespread around the world, with complications such as diabetes and an increased risk of heart disease. Currently, it has been shown that in
addition to genetic factors, the incidence of obesity is affected by environmental factors such as gut microbiota interactions, and diet through changes in
gut microbiota, intestinal permeability and LPS levels. The gut microbiota consists of bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoans, often belonging to the
phyla of Frimicutes, Bacteroides, Actinobacteria, and Protebacteria (3). Although, more than a thousand different bacteria are found in the human
intestine, only 150 to 170 species are common between different individuals, so microbiotas are specific for each individual (4). Imbalance in the
symbiosis of digestive tract microbiotas (dysbiosis) can occur in a variety of ways, including dietary... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This surgery is a safe and effective way to reduce the weight of patients who are at greater risk or who want to minimize the risk of weight loss
surgery, due to excessive obesity (11). Effective factors in weight loss in sleeve gastrectomy are food restrictions, malabsorption, gastric emptying, rapid
gastric emptying, increased appetite–regulating hormones (PYY, GIP, GLP1, etc.), decreased hunger hormone (ghrelin) and increased bile acids.
Although, the size of the stomach is reduced in this type of surgery, but its function stays normal. On the other hand, it reduces hunger due to extra
gastric volume, containing cells producing ghrelin hormone (provoking hunger and causing starvation)

Hypothalamus And Motivation
There is an understanding that motivation is a driving force on behavior, but what remains unknown is where the purpose and execution of a motivated
behavior converge within the brain. The hypothalamus plays an essential role in the integration of sensory information to direct motivated behaviors
that maintain homeostasis in the body. A behavior that largely results from motivation is feeding, which has a reinforcing and rewarding property that
stimulates the want for food. Feeding behavior illustrates regulation at the level of the hypothalamus a want supported by the dopamine reward
system, and a relationship between food and mood provided by serotonin. Regulation of feeding behavior is governed by two metabolic processes
known as anabolism

Orally Infused Tea
As the cannabis is being orally administered infused in tea, the bioavailability of 4 to 20 per cent. A previous study has shown that the peak
concentration of 20 mg of THC ranges from 4.4 to 11 ng/ml within 1 to 5 hours, depending on the individual (Huestis, 2009). This amount will provide
an insufficient concentration to raise blood ghrelin levels, therefore, the orally infused tea of 5g cannabis must be consumed every 30 minutes for x
amount of times to increase the blood ghrelin levels. The 11–hydroxy–THC metabolite will affect the brain at a faster and higher level compared to its
parents compound. This compound elicits the central effects of THC orally and has a half–life of approximately 12 to 36 hours (Grotenhermen, 2003)
A clinical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This results in an increase in appetite and stimulation of catabolic activity, such as glycolysis (Lim et al., 2013). However, it causes a decline in
AMPK activity in the liver and adipose tissue, which can lead to inhibition of anabolic processes, such as lipogenesis (Kola et al., 2005; Lim et al.,
2013). AMPK also plays a key role in cellular energy homoeostasis in relation to the opposing effects of leptin and ghrelin in the hypothalamus (Kola
et al., 2005). Moreover, the enzyme, AMPK, is involved in a major pathway associated with the regulation of appetite and metabolism (Kola et al.,

Biological Psychiatry
References
1. Spencer S, Xu L, Clarke M, Lemus M, Reichenbach A, Geenen B et al. Ghrelin Regulates the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis and Restricts
Anxiety After Acute Stress. Biological Psychiatry. 2012;72(6):457–465.
In this article, Spencer et. al. observed the effect of the presence of endogenous Ghrelin on anxiety behaviour in mice. This data was obtained by
running wild type and Ghrelin knockout–mice through a series of anxiety behaviour tests, as well as treating the knockout mice with exogenous
Ghrelin following these tests and running these again. The focus of the research was on the anxiety behaviour displayed by the mice as well as the
hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis responses after acute stress experiences of the mice ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The research focuses on observing the mice in a hippocampus–dependent spatial learning task, the Active Place Avoidance Task, to show that
adult–born immature neurons are necessary in order for a subject to successfully obtain spatial learning. This article is useful to the research topic as
the same animal model is used for the observation of the importance of microglia on anxiety in rats. A limitation of the study is that the results obtained
during the spatial recall portion of the study were not supported by previous studies on the role of immature neurons in the adult brain in spatial memory
recall, and should be further investigated. Overall, the authors observed that immature, adult–born neurons are important in spatial task learning
however, their presence does not appear to have a significant effect on the recall ability of the subjects following their depletion. This article does not
form the basis of the research topic however, it is useful as the animal model created here is that which the research methods will be modifying for use.
3. Lei Y, Chen C, Yan X, Li Z, Deng X. Early
–life lipopolysaccharide exposure potentiates forebrain expression of NLRP3 inflammasome proteins and
anxiety–like behavior in adolescent rats. Brain Research. 2017;1671:43–54.
In this paper, Lei et. Al. observed the effect of early life exposure to

The Effects of Cannabis Infused Tea on Ghrelin Levels

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