Great Barrier Reef Threats

Great Barrier Reef Threats
The Great Barrier Reef has and will continue to face countless threats in its lifetime. The reef has
survived through millions of disastrous events through the years. The Crown of Thorns Starfish
(COTS) is a major threat to the coral reefs which helps destroy the Great Barrier Reef. This threat
may be no bigger than a dinner plate, but it is one of the biggest threats to the Great Barrier Reef.
Kate Osborne and researchers discovered that Crown of Thorns Starfish were responsible for 36.7%
of coral damage, 33.8% caused by storms, 6.5% by disease, 5.6% created by bleaching and 17.4%
unknown or multiple causes of the damage to the Great Barrier Reef, as shown in Appendix 1 (The
Conversation. 2012).
The Acanthaster planci, commonly known as the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As seen in Appendix 2, divers hunt down the starfish and with a single injection these starfish die
from an allergic reaction in 24 hours. This has destroyed 250,000 Crown of Thorn Starfish in 21
months (Courier Mail, 2016). North Queensland divers, in a 40 minute dive, can cull more than
1000 Crown of Thorns Starfish (Courier Mail, 2016). The underwater robot, the COTSBot,
eliminates the threat of the Crown of Thorns Starfish it's intended to cruise around a designated area
of a coral reef and to seek out and destroy the Crown of Thorns Starfish (ABC News, 2015). This
robot has been in development for ten years as the technology wasn't equipped to create this
incredible invention and with powerful thrusters and GPS technology, the robot cruises about a
metre above the coral surface, with the use of visual recognition technology, it seeks out the predator
(ABC News, 2015). Once a starfish is spotted an injector arm will shoot out and stab it, this could
potentially be a big weapon in the fight for the reef to survive (ABC News, 2015). It looks hopeful
that in 2019, the amount Crown of Thorns Starfish damage should decrease with the use of the
COTSBot, decreasing the amount of Crown of
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Food In Animal Food
Another benefit of a vegan/pescetarian lifestyle is the fact that consumers no longer have to worry
about diseases that meat carries. Unsafe, and contaminated meat production can result to meat
riddled with diseases such as e–coli, salmonella, and mad cow disease which result to getting
multiple numbers of people sick and the possibility of death. The 1963 Jack in the Box e–coli
outbreak was one of the biggest and most infamous food poison outbreak in contemporary history.
During this outbreak, 732 people were infected, majority of the victims being under 10 years old,
four children dead, and 178 other victims were left with permanent injury including brain, and
kidney damage. Furthermore before the outbreak at least 22 documented outbreaks in the United
States occurred resulting into 35 deaths. Not only meat can actually kill you, it is possible that you
are eating meat that has been injected with antibiotics and hormones. According to an online article
"The Effects on Human Health of Subtherapeutic Use of Antimicrobials in Animal Feeds", state that
an estimate of 40 percent of the total beef supply has been fed low–level antibiotics. Farmers use
antibiotics to animals in order for them to keep them healthy and meet America's growing demand
for cheap meat, but public health advocates argue that the practice can eventually breed antibiotic–
resistant germs in animals that can later cause deadly diseases in humans. With the possibility of
death when eating meat, and the

Coral Reef Community
The benefits of cleaner species to the overall reef community
In nature, there are many cases of cooperation between different species of animals, plants and
insects. Plants enlist the services of insects to aid in pollination to ensure the next generation can
grow and animals of different types have learnt to cooperate together for a common good. This is
the same in the marine community. There are several organisms such as cleaner shrimps (Lysmata
amboinensis) and cleaner wrasse (Labroides dimidiatus) that have a symbiotic relationship that
seems to be just very similar.
The cleaner shrimp forms small groups of no more than 20 to 25 individuals, they set up cleaning
stations on the coral reefs in order to maximize the number of fish ... Show more content on
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In other types of shrimp these bright colors would be a disadvantage as they would give their
location away to any predators that would like to eat them. (Militz et al., 2015)
If things have been little slow, the shrimp will rock or dance harder and more of them might join in.
When the fish arrives the shrimp goes to work crawling over the fish picking off any dead scales and
parasites the fish may have. They are even apt at cleaning the gills of the fish allowing the fish to
breathe easier. (Becker et al., 2004)
The shrimp are not the only animals to provide this service, cleaner wrasse (Labroides dimidiatus)
also set up cleaning stations to service other fish. They will however not be in such large numbers.
You might find an adult pair at one station or a group of adolescent fish that have not yet paired off.
As with the shrimp when a fish approaches the cleaning area the wrasse perform a type of dance to
show they are ready and available to start the cleaning. The wrasse also tend to be bright and visible
by the other

The Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument
A historical context of the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument: United States
President, Barack Obama, declared the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument the
largest oceanic reserve system in the world through an expansion in protected territory by a
presidential proclamation on September 25th, 2014. The reserve system originally was formed on
January 6th, 2009 by a proclamation signed by President George W. Bush. The ocean ecosystems
now under protection are to the south and west of Hawaii in waters surrounding small islands and
reef systems under the United States jurisdiction (See Figure 1). These areas include, "Kingman
Reef, Palmyra Atoll, Howland Island, Baker Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, and Wake Island.
The total area now protected through this reserve system is 782,000 square miles (2,030,000 km2)"
(Citation). In these newly protected regions it is now prohibited to fish, hunt, or mine for resources
due to these proclamations. After this expansion, the reserve system will continue to serve as an
invaluable area to monitor the effects of climate change and ocean acidification especially on reef
and deep water systems. The reserve will also serve as a valuable repository for plant, animal, and
microbial life for humans to use for discovery and to aid in restocking depleted resources elsewhere.
Many new species and forms of life still await discovery in these protected waters that will yield
advances in technology and our

What Are The Advantages Of Snorkeling
Snorkeling is the ideal way to view some of the amazing marine life that surrounds the Galapagos
Islands. It can be learned in a few hours and even children can do it. It opens up a wonderland of
lifeforms that you would completely miss if you stay on land.
Snorkeling in the Water around the Galapagos May Be the Highlight of Your Trip
In Their Natural Setting
Snorkeling is one way to see the marine life in its natural setting. Another way is scuba diving. The
main advantage of snorkeling is the freedom from complicated gear and extended lessons. Unless
you are traveling with a group that has packed for diving, snorkeling is your best option. All you
need is a mask, snorkel and fins. You may want a wetsuit if you are diving on the western islands
where the water is cooler. Otherwise, it is not essential. There is special equipment for children to
help them stay in the right position.
If you visit the Galapagos on an expedition cruise, you will be provided with the necessary
snorkeling equipment and receive lessons. Your professional naturalist guide will help you see and
recognize the varied marine life that you will encounter.
Some of the Marine Animals You May See
Sea turtles – sea turtles are large, cumbersome creatures until they are in the water. These majestic
animals swim with ease and mostly ignore the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They have adapted over the millennia to feed on sea plants because the vegetation on land became
scarce. They look for algae and seaweed and are great swimmers. Their long, flat tail propels them
through the water very fast. You will also see them resting on the shore rocks and sometimes they
sneeze to expel the salt that accumulates in their nostrils. It is this puff of powdered salt that made
the first explorers think the iguanas were dragons. A good place to find marine iguanas and sea
turtles grazing is the underwater pasture in Tagus Cove, Isabela

Essay On Garfish
Outdoor ed
Garfish:
A garfish is a long small fish that looks like a sword fish. The garfish grows about 50 to 75
centimeters in length. The jaw of the garfish is elongated and has sharp teeth. The fins on the garfish
is more near the end of the fish because it gives it better flexibility of its body. The colour of the
garfish is bluish green with a silvery grey as well, the colour of the bones are green. A garfish is also
a school fish.
Habitat: Garfish are found in the sheltered bays on the coastal areas and especiall around where
there is seagrass meadow are. At night you can find them near the surface and during day on the
bottom of midwater.
Fun facts: Other names for the Garfish is Garies, Gardies and Beakies.The scientific name ... Show
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Seegrass is home to many types of fish, sharks, turtles, dugongs, manatees, octopus, squid,
cuttlefish, snails, sponges, shrimp, crabs, sea wroms and sea urchins and the list goes on and on.
Habitat: Seagrasses are found in shallow salty and brackish waters in many parts of the world, like
the tropics and the Arctic Circle.
Fun Facts: Most people think that seagrass is seaweed. Seagrass is more related to flowering plants
that you see on land then seaweed. There is 72 different seagrass species. Se grasses have flowers,
roots and specialized cells to transport nutrients withins a plant, with that it makes them similar to
land plants than sea

Bird Species in Belize Essay
This past week in Belize was undoubtedly one of the best experiences I have ever had. In the special
topics biology class, I learned so much about the ecology, culture, and history of the newly
established country. Not to mention, I obtained a new respect for ornithology and a new interest in
birds. About the size of Manhattan and with a population of almost 350,000 people, Belize
surprisingly holds approximately 500 species of birds. We were able to spot 135 species of birds
during our stay and also learned about a few mutualism relationships.
One of the greatest mutualism relationships is between the ants and the bullhorn acacias. The ants
live in the hollow bullhorns and protect the tree, making sure there is no vegetation to harm it. ...
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The seeds are in a pod and have a very pungent odor resembling dried, old, sweaty underwear.
Guanacaste seeds can only be planted if their protective covers are punctuated and this is usually
performed by large mammals. Now, there are only cattle and horses to perform this duty in Belie;
thus, seed dispersal is rare.
Mimosa pudica is a touch–sensitive plant that will close its leaflets inward when touched. It is found
on the ground or on plants and is relatively small in size. The tour guide at the Community Baboon
Sanctuary said that the plants were used when slaves were in Belize. Closed mimosas would show
runaway slaves the escape path.
At the Community Baboon Sanctuary, many other plants were noted. Smilax tendrils, also called cat
claw, were used as a form of birth control. Aerial roots are a favorite of the black howler monkeys.
The roots can be smoked and help people quit smoking. The cohune have many uses such as: makes
furniture, rings, wine, massage oil, stops infections and more. The miconia leaves have an orange
substance at the end that is used as a ringworm cure. Purple vervines is used as a treatment of
leukemia. Melastoma leaves are favored by monkeys, very soft and can be a replacement to toilet
paper. The tourist tree, called because its red skin will peel like tourists, is used in gumbo.
Leaf cutter ants have an ant–fungus mutualism. The ants will nurture the fungus by feeding it leaves
and protecting it from pests. If

The Demand And Production Of Atlantic Salmon Essay
In the ever–expanding field of aquaculture, the demand and production of Atlantic salmon (Salmo
salar) has increased substantially, having grown over six–fold in the last two decades worldwide
(Howard, 2014; Murray, 2014). Increased emergence of parasitism and disease has met this
expansion, particularly in areas where disease–control strategies are not yet locally coordinated
(Murray, 2014). Salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) have significantly impacted the salmonid
farming industry since the 1970s, affecting economic costs and fish welfare, and contributing to
secondary parasiticide effects and drug resistance (Costello, 2009; Ljungfeldt et al., 2014; Torrissen
et al., 2013). As of 2009, L. salmonis has affected the industry in Norway, Canada, Ireland, Scotland
and Chile, whereas in other countries, including New Zealand, it has not yet presented a problem
(Costello, 2009). Various treatment, management and prevention strategies have been suggested and
implemented in high production areas, which may provide useful models for potential risk of sea
lice parasitism in New Zealand.
In the last decade, a high demand for protein–rich, heart–healthy salmon has precipitated an
aquaculture surge, which currently supplies seventy percent of the global salmon market (Howard,
2014). Due to consumer and environmentalist demands and the risk of spreading disease between
farmed and wild populations, nationally directed aquaculture legislation has bolstered industry
regulations

Coral Reef Research Papers
Meta: The Reyn Spooner AKO'AKO'A shirt is the perfect way to represent the beautiful and life–
giving coral reefs of Hawaii. Go ahead – take the islands with you.
The Reyn Spooner AKO'AKO'A Shirt
When thinking about Hawaii, most people think about palm trees, hula girls, and big waves. Others
think of flowers, luaus, and dramatic sunsets. While each of these certainly embodies a part of
Hawaiian culture, in reality, these items comprise a very small percentage of what makes up Hawaii.
The state of Hawaii is not like other states. It does not even have a singular geographic barrier. In
fact, Hawaii is a series of 132 islands in the central Pacific Ocean that stretch out for over 1,200
miles. Eight of the islands are large, with seven of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many of the exciting creatures encountered in just the first two meters of water include a variety of
urchins and thousands of colorful surgeonfish. Descending slightly deeper, the urchins are joined by
sea cucumbers, snails, and Christmas tree worms. This is the favorite haunt of the wrasse,
damselfish, triggerfish, and puffer. Dropping below 10 meters brings in a whole new variety of
colorful urchins as well as the many butterflyfish, goatfish, and snappers. Most corral does not
extend much below 30 to 40 meters. Divers who go down to this "rubble zone" will be greeted by
sea cucumbers, garden eels, and triggerfish. While these are the most common citizens of the reef,
there are many others who visit. Among the most well known are the moray eels, soldierfish,
scorpionfish, shrimp, crabs, lobsters, sea stars, and around 40 different variety of mano, or

Humphead Wrasse Persuasive Speech
Ah,this is nice,just chillin in the reef,maintaining it,what is that noise oh no,woosh,fish
down,repeat,fish down.That is the story line of the fish called the humphead wrasse which did I
mention is endangered but if you want to know why the Humphead Wrasse is endangered you will
have to read on through my speech. There endangered because of poaching and spearfishermen and
if you don't know what poaching is it is pretty much killing animals and selling there stuff
illegally,one place where the humphead wrasse skin is being sold is in malaysian markets and is
very vulnerable because it is a luxury food course over in southern Asia is are being sold in live fish
trades for $60–$120 per kilo. But if you don't know what are Humphead Wrasse is I will tell
you.The Humphead Wrasse is also known as the Napoleon Wrasse and the Maori wrasse,its
scientific name is the Cheilinus Undulatus.they are the largest member of the Labridae family.They
are gigantic fish with vibrant scales running up and down its body.The Humphead Wrasse is very
important to Coral Reef health because they eat Crown thorn starfish which keep the population of
the reef out of danger because the Crown thorn starfish feed on the fastest growing coral in reefs
such as Staghorns and Plate corals.

Comparison Of Koh Tao
The underwater world surrounding of Koh Tao has a diverse array of marine life and corals, making
it a fantastic destination to snorkel. Located in Thailand, Koh Tao is an island that offers many
snorkeling sites to explore the unique underwater world.
Primetime for Snorkeling Koh Tao
You can visit Koh Tao anytime of the year, which is part of the reason it is a top–notch snorkeling
destination. The dry season stretches from November to April, which might be the best time to visit.
During this time temperatures range from 29°C to 34°C (84–94°F), and there is little rainfall. Year
round, Thailand boasts picturesque scenery, beautiful weather, and a unique underwater world
waiting to be explored!
Sites for Snorkeling Koh Tao
The list of places for snorkeling Koh Tao is endless. There are beaches dotting the whole island,
which makes it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Similar to some of the other sites, the middle of the bay is sandy with little marine life, so the best
snorkeling is along the rocky edges. The road to Mango Bay is not exactly safe, so you may want to
hire a long tail boat or rent a kayak to reach the area. Mango Bay is a great snorkeling site because it
has huge schools of fish, which can actually be seen from the surface. You will generally find this
throng of fish by the Mango Bay resort.
Getting to Koh Tao
This island can be a bit more difficult to reach than others in Thailand. The fastest way to get there
would be to fly into Koh Samui and then take the ferry to Koh Tao. This is also the most expensive
method, but it will get you there quickest.
Whichever way you choose to travel to Koh Tao, the underwater world awaits! Take in views of
magical sea creatures and stunning scenery while you snorkel Koh Tao. This is a great area to see
exotic fish, sea turtles, octopus and most definitely sharks! You can also see a variety of corals, such
as Brain, Whip, Table and Staghorn corals, along with many types of soft

Hastings Point Essay
Grade 11
Biology
Bio Ecology Field Study
By, Colton Hatcher
Introduction Hastings Point is a small coastal town located in New South Wales that is sounded by a
national park. Hastings point has been a great location for tourists due to its marine wildlife, beaches
and fishing. This destination is home to a magnificent rocky shore perfectly suited for a vast
majority and wide range of marine wildlife. The rocky shore has a wide spread of both biotic and
abiotic factors which provides a suitable ecosystem for all wildlife but unfortunately this
unindustrialized location is becoming over developed. This takes a toll on Hastings point ecosystem
immensely because the estuary, beach and the living organisms are slowly diminishing in ... Show
The Tidal zones consist of splash zone, high water neap tide, low water neap tide, high water spring
tide, low water spring tide, mid tide level and the splash zone and sub littoral zone. All of these tidal
zones can be determined by which indicator organisms/animals are living there. For an example the
splash zone is the highest of all zones and the organisms that are generally living there are
noddiwinkles. If you spot a lot of honeycomb barnacles and blue–grey periwinkle's then you are
most likely in the high water tide zone and water only covers this zone at high tide. White tube
worms are indictor organism the mid tide level zone and is covered by water for half of the day.
There's also the low tide zone which is engulfed in water for the majority of the day expect at low
tide, you can determine this zone by finding indicator organisms such as sea squirts. The final tidal
zone is the sub literal zone and this is always under water the indictor organism's living here are
brown tubeworms and striped girdled chiton.
Aim: The aim of our excursion to Hastings Point, New South Wales was to study the biodiversity
and ecology and to see how these organisms behave in their natural habitat and surroundings. There
will also be information collected about a variety of different organisms as well as population counts
and observe how they have adapted to the species surrounding environment. The excursion will also
be an opportunity to gather information on

What Are Stingrays?
Reproduction Mating season usually occurs during the winter. During the breeding seasons, males
of various stingrays use their "ampullae of lorenzini" to sense certain electrical signals given off by
other female counterparts before potential copulation. When the female is found within site, the
male courts the female until he is able to bite at her pectoral disc (pre–copulatory biting). In this
process the male bites off the female's pectoral fins and in process, replaces one of his two claspers
into her valve or cloaca. The clasper then transfers the sperm into the female's oviduct where the egg
is fertilized until the birth of the babies. All female Stingrays are internal fertilizers and therefore
undergo a process called ovoviviparity. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This includes all 800 species of rays, skates, sharks and chimaeras (Katie Birkett, 2014). Based on
fossil remains, it has been known that this class of fish have been around since the Paleozoic period
(approximately 250 million years ago), however theories have accumulated that the adaption of the
flattered bodies (alike stingrays) had only occurred around 100 million years ago (approximately
around the Lower Jurassic Period). Before the stingray's existence, stingrays had in fact been
evolved from sharks. This process took nearly 150 to 250 million years to complete for the first ever
rays came upon this earth and also the reason why stingrays and sharks share a common ancestor
within elasmobranch fishes. As this occurred, the development of their body shape and the loss of
body area enabled early rays to hide and camouflage very discreetly against predators and to its
pray. In addition, the process of their evolution introduced a new convergent evolution adding the
additional venom stingers we all see in stingrays today and altering the way they reproduction from
laying eggs to live birth. Currently there are two types of stingrays: ones in the family dasyatidae
(stingrays) and ones in the family potamotrygonidae (river

Advantages Of Aquaculture
Aquaculture in the Pacific
Abstract:
Aquaculture is currently of little significance when compared to fishing in the Pacific. There is an
exception, black pearl farming in eastern Polynesia. Aquaculture needs considerable development in
most places before it can be deemed economical and sustainable. Some farming that takes place are
shrimp, tilapia and seaweed (future commercial export prospect). But, all these are still in the
experimental stage. The only way aquaculture can expand is when the Pacific will be provided with
better production methods for current species, new techniques and more new species. These new
methods that can help expansion should be simple yet flexible for easy adapted to the environment
and market constraints. They should have low operating costs and approach integrated fisheries
bodies with favorably low investment cost. It also needs associations with commercial scale
operations to demonstrate economic viability.
Pacific Islands have many factors that favor aquaculture and stock enhancement development in the
coastal areas. These factors are; abundant diversity of coral reef species (high demand), the location
is close to Asia seafood markets, habitats are pristine therefore there is availability of ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pharmaceutical trade such as algae, sponges, soft corals, pipes fishes etc.
The proximity to major markets of Asia; flight times are short enough that species are shipped alive
Pristine habitats available for growth sites for high value species also gives a green label to shipped

Predator-Prey Interaction
Abstract Predators are animals that kill for their food; they must do this in order to survive. There
has been controversy about predation in some areas including the re–introduction of wolves into the
Yellowstone National park area and other areas. Predator–prey relationships are both beneficial and
detrimental to some species. The weakest and unhealthiest become dinner for those predators and
also become a positive thing for the species that only the strongest of the herd will survive and
continue to reproduce. Some types of prey have defense mechanisms which fight off predators.
Survival of the fittest is the best explained phrase for this type of ecological interaction.
Introduction Predator–prey relationships are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Predation and prey interactions keep the circle of life going.
Benefits of Predation When a predator makes a kill, it feeds not only them, but other species as well.
For example, if there is an elk kill, this will feed other predators like bear, mountain lion, coyotes,
eagles and others. Smaller rodents and other scavengers, like ravens will also benefit from a kill. We
are predators ourselves we have to kill to eat, just most of us don't do it ourselves, if we are meat–
eaters. What we don't eat can go to the dogs and feed them. Bacteria and other parasites can also
join in on the fun. Other things we don't eat, can go to compost, so there are many ways in which
predation benefits the food chain. It definitely feeds various links on the food web. Predation is also
used to control populations of certain problematic species, such as snails, which pass certain types
of diseases to other species including humans, as explained by Molles. They have used crayfish in
some places such as Kenya and other East African countries to control a problematic snail
population. (Molles, 343) This happens here at times also, with introducing species that will
eradicate problem species or invasive species that are taking over watersheds and other ecosystems.
Predator Body Systems Predators can be birds of prey or carnivores or anything that must kill for
their food. Predation is the interaction between the predator and the prey itself. All

Female Ocellated Wrasse
The female ocellated wrasse (Symphodus ocellatus) prefer to mate with nesting males over sneaker
males due to better parental care by nesting males (Alonzo 2008). Since S. ocellatus reproduces by
external fertilization, once the female drops her eggs for the nesting male to reproduce, the sneaker
males have the opportunity to spread their seed as well. Sneaker males are known to throw out more
seed compared to the nesting males, but the female cannot stop mating with sneakers (Alonzo
2000). Females with internal fertilization have a cryptic (post–mating spermatic choice in the
reproductive tract) mechanism, which is governed by the presence of ovarian fluid (Rosengrave
2008). The researchers wondered whether this cryptic choice was also seen ... Show more content on
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Motile sperm refers to the number of sperm that is able to move through the female reproductive
tract and curvilinear velocity refers to the velocity of the actual path that the sperm takes (Kubus).
The researchers found significant differences between sneaker male sperm versus nesting male
sperm. Nesting male sperm moves faster and with better motility after initial activation, which is
when fertilization is most likely to occur. The sneaker male sperm curvilinear velocity decelerates at
a slower rate than nesting male sperm, meaning sneaker male sperm will be faster as time goes on.
Although nesting male sperm is of a better quality, it seems that the presence of the ovarian fluid
does not favor it in particular. If paternity were based on male type, then there would be a significant
increase in paternity of nesting males as the proportion of nesting male sperm increased. This was
not seen and found not to be significant. The sperm number was only found to be significant in the
absence of ovarian fluid, indicating that ovarian fluid reduces the importance of sperm number on
paternity. The researchers also found significance in sperm curvilinear velocity on paternity, in
which nesting males have the advantage over sneaker

Endangered Species Act Commentary Paper
Mo Yi Lam
BISC_102
Professor Kiefer
Nov 30th, 2010
Final Paper (Summary of Endangered Species Act)
Endangered Species Act "What is an endangered species?" is a question that needs to be addressed
before getting known of endangered species act. An endangered species is a population of organisms
which is at risk of becoming extinct due to three possible reasons: it is few in numbers. According to
the theory of Exponential Growth Curve proposed by Malthus, a lower population tends to have a
lower reproductive rate and thus a higher risk of going extinct; or a species is threatened by
changing environment. A species which fail to adapt a new environment by means such as mutation
which creates new "fitting" genes tends to have a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the second category, there are three conservation statuses which are "critically endangered",
"endangered" and "vulnerable". They differ in the risk of extinction; "critically endangered" species
has the highest risk of extinction, followed by the remaining two. The third category consists of 3
conservation statuses: "conservation dependent", "near threatened" and "least concern", which differ
from one another in terms of their needs to be included into conservation programs. By
understanding the risk of going extinct of each species according to the Red List, international
organizations and state governments can develop appropriate conservation program corresponding
to each of them. Different graph and statistics about the situation of endangered species in the world
have been collected:
Graph 1(IUCN Red List, 2007) Graph 1 above shows the percentage species in several groups
which are list in the second category: either critically endangered, endangered or vulnerable. As
shown in the graph, amphibians have the relatively largest proportion (around 30%) in second
category compared to other animal kingdoms, followed by mammals (around 20%) and birds
(around 12.5%).
Graph 2(Prof. Kiefer, 2010) Graph 2 is different from the first one in that it calculates the number
but not the proportion. Mammals (around 400) have the highest

The Report On The Uss Guardian Ran
Introduction In January 2013, the USS Guardian ran aground on the Tubbataha Reefs in the Palawan
province of the Philippines, harming over 2,000 square meters of the protected environment (The
Philippine Star 2014). As a result, the US Navy minesweeper had to be disassembled into several
pieces in order to safely remove it from the reef without further damaging the corals. It is unclear of
how the ship sailed off track and ended up in the shallow waters of the marine sanctuary. After over
a year of litigation, in October 2014, the US government agreed to pay 87 million pesos ($1.9
million) to the Philippines as compensation for the extensive damage. Unfortunately, this event is
only one of the more recent incidents that severely damaged ... Show more content on
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These atolls, along with the nearby Jessie Beazley Reef, compose the Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park
(TRNP), as shown in the map. It lies in the center of the Sulu Sea and encompasses nearly 100,000
hectares of reefs and deep sea. The TRNP is known internationally for supporting a grand marine
biodiversity. According to Dygico (2006), the ecosystem contains 396 species of coral, which is
about 85% of the coral population in the Philippines, as well as 479 species of fish. Some common
pelagic species include barracuda, tuna, white tip reef sharks, and many more (UNESCO c. 2014).
The park is also home to several endangered marine species, such as the Napoleon wrasse and
hawksbill turtles. As one of the Philippines' oldest ecosystems, Tubbataha is crucial to the
reproduction and distribution of aquatic organisms throughout the Sulu Sea. Not to mention, the
reefs are important in supplying nearby fisheries, ultimately providing food and livelihoods for
millions of Filipinos (TRNP c. 2012).
Since the Tubbataha Reefs play a key role in the marine ecosystem, President Corazon Aquino
signed the Presidential Proclamation 306 in 1988, which created the TRNP as the first marine
protected area (MPA) of the Philippines (Dygico 2006). This meant that the national government,
rather than the municipal government of the nearby island, Cagayancillo, held management
jurisdiction over the park. The legislation also prohibited the gathering of any corals and marine life
within the

The Biodiversity Of Fiji And Coral Reefs
Fiji is an Island Nation in located in the South Pacific Ocean at one corner of the Coral Triangle,
which is home to the most marine biodiversity on Earth. In fact, Fiji's world renowned, spectacular
color, coral reefs entice the naked eye, while many other coral reef sites globally have degraded. The
reefs of Fiji seem to remain vibrant and diverse, making them a high priority for marine
conservation in the Pacific Ocean. Fiji is home to many wetland ecosystems on the mainland that
flow into the coastal mangrove wetlands and coral reefs. The conservation efforts of the land and sea
ecosystems relationship depend on all the inhabitants of the Fiji Islands. Some recent research
contends that community and government partnerships have the potential to support a healthy,
sustainable environment, while reaping the benefits of protecting biodiversity of species in the Fiji
wetlands with noted evidence in Fiji's coral reefs.
Fijians choices greatly impact the biodiversity of Fiji's mangroves and coral reefs. The importance
of the already highly valued mangrove wetland function, which invariably protects Fiji coral reefs
health, stimulates ongoing research. This research maintains that community and government
partnerships have the potential to support a healthy, sustainable environment, while reaping the
benefits of protecting biodiversity of species in Fiji in conjunction with additional continuing
research.
The relationship between the upland waters, mangroves, sea grasses

Modern Threats And Coral Reefs
Modern Threats to Coral Reefs and the Efforts to Restore and Rehabilitate Them
Anthony Hernandez
OCE4930
12/2/2015
Abstract
Worldwide, coral reefs are suffering due to both natural and human induced causes. Nature will take
its course, but humans must do all they can to help restore and rehabilitate coral reefs to a healthy
state. Between invasive species, temperature change, and overfishing, it has become evident that if
we do not do something, all coral reefs will be destroyed. This study focuses on some of these
issues, and discusses actions that are being taken to reverse the damages being caused by people.
Coral fragmentation and gardening, invasive species control, marine protected areas (MPAs), and
heightened restrictions on fishing are just a few of these. With enough urgency, we may just be able
to save our reefs from the imminent destruction they now face.
Introduction The health of coral reefs is declining worldwide. Such an important ecosystem must
survive in order to protect countless species from going extinct, ensure continued protection to
shorelines from weather, and provide economic and sustainable food income for humans. As it
stands, about 75% of the world's reefs are at risk due to many stressors, and if nothing is done, those
reefs will be at an extremely high threat level of dying out (Chavanich et al., 2015). Some of these
stressors are overfishing, destructive fishing, invasive
species, and temperature change due to global warming

Amazon Rainforest Sea Level
In these next couple paragraphs I am going to tell you how Global Warming affects Sea Levels,
Coral Reefs, and Tropical Rain Forest. The Sea levels have been rising majorly. The Coral Reefs
have been decreasing. The Amazon Rain Forest have been having droughts.
The Sea Level has increased over the past 200 years as average global temperatures have increased.
The rise is due to two factors, the freshwater being added to the oceans from ice melt in the
cryosphere, and the thermal expansion of the oceans due to rises in sea temperature. The sea level
has risen 6 to 8 inches in the past 100 years. It is predicted to rise another 50 to 90 centimeters in the
next century. As the sea level rises it's jeopardizing rapidly growing coastal communities, which
causes evacuation in some areas causing people to lose their homes. Sea level is the effect ... Show
This plays a crucial role in the precipitation cycle of South America and pumps oxygen into the
atmosphere.Thousands of square miles of rainforest are cut down each year, releasing global
warming pollution in the form of carbon dioxide and methane from burning and decaying
vegetation. Deforestation disrupts the water cycle by allowing water to runoff directly to rivers
rather than being trapped in soil and vegetation and slowly released throughout the year. This makes
the forest more vulnerable to drought and the further loss of trees and release of global warming
pollution. As of the results the researchers predict it will be a dessert by 2050. This causes the
animals and plant their to die or extinct forever which may affect us in long terms.This shrinking of
the Amazon rainforest is a major reason why scientists predict that vegetation will shift from its
current state as a carbon sink to a carbon source by the middle of the

Itq Fishing
Applying this way of thinking to historical events can prove how a shift in attitude, from short–term
to long–term selfishness, is necessary. One example of how this mindset was successful would be
sustainable fisheries and the use of ITQ's. The implementation of ITQ's, or "individual tradable
quotas" has impacted fisheries in a very positive way. "Introducing ITQs gives exclusive access to
fishermen who work a fishery. A total allowable catch (TAC) is set and an ITQ entitles the owner to
a fraction of this, so the TAC translates into a catch limit for each boat. ITQs can be traded, and their
value of course depends on the productivity of the fishery." By creating incentives to conserve, the
fishermen working in a fishery are encouraged to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Save the Whales Movement proves to be a counter–argument to the claim being presented. The
Save the Whales Movement was a global effort to terminate the killing of whales that was most
prominent in the 1960s and 70s as people were exposed to knowledge about the unique and
intelligent marine giants. During the movement, rather than appealing to the selfishness of humans,
it was enough to take advantage of empathy and ethical characteristics of some people: "people in
the Save the Whales movement found that emphasizing morality was their best card." In other
words, by increasing awareness about these creatures and their endangerment, activists were able to
gain enough sympathy and compassion to make a difference. In this case, the benefit to an
individual was not considered, nor did it matter whether a person wanted to maximize gain or
conserve for the long–run. People felt sorry for the whales and were moved enough to ignite change.
In this example, appealing to the selfishness of a person wouldn't be of any use. Nonetheless, there
are still vast amounts of marine species who are in danger of extinction. A movement to "save the
krill" or "save the humphead wrasse" wouldn't be nearly as successful despite the fact that each
endangered species is extremely important to its environment. "One can see a fundamental problem
in the Save the Whales

The Effects Of Coral Reef Ecosystem On Coral Reefs...
The present study consistent with previous finding by Casey et al. (2016) and Jennings et al. (1995)
regarding bottom up processes in coral reef ecosystem. Also show a profound contrast to widely
accepted top–down processes in coral reef ecosystem, indicated by weak relationship on prey–
predator interaction and strong positive relationship between hard coral cover and fish biomass.
Despite there are more studies confirm cascading effect in coral reefs such as indirect effect on
mesopredator and herbivore density( (Friedlandler and DeMartini 2002; Ruppert et al. 2013; Ritchie
and Johnson 2009), algal cover sponge cover (Rasher et al 2013; Loh et al. 2015) resulting decline
in coral cover and juvenile coral (Rasher et al 2013; Casey et al 2015). However, most of those
research were conducted in region where confounding factors persists such as fishing pressure
across many trophic levels (predator, herbivore, planktivore), pollution, and terrestrial run–off.
Eventhough some research were conducted in the nearly pristine area, such as Dulvy (2004) in Lau
Island Fiji with human population densities ranging between two and 42 people km–2. However,
this area may not be pristine in a historical context and non exclusive predator fishing still occurs.
Hence, recent unambiguous empirical evidence of trophical cascade in coral reef ecosystem with the
absent of confounding factors was scarce (Ferretti et al 2010).
Our results largerly consistent with Casey (2016) that found no

Evolutionary Theory : Climate Change On Evolution
Evolutionary Theory: Climate Change on Evolution Evolution is the process of change that occurs
in the traits of a population of a species over many years. At the molecular level, dissimilarities of an
individual's genes, known as the genotype, result in the change of their physical characteristics, or
phenotype. There are three main driving forces that trigger evolution in a population. Those three
include: natural selection, change in the gene pool through mating, and genetic variation between
individual species. In this work, I will be explaining how environmental factors, such as climate
change, causes individual species to experience these three factors and eventually result in evolution
and the development of traits that will help them adapt to their habitat. Zhenhua Lou, Mian Zhao,
and several other anthropologists conducted a study of the effects of climate change on the Sichuan
snub–nosed monkeys of the Shennongjia area, China. These species, classified as Rhinopithecus
roxellana, were examined at the Shennongjia National Nature Reserve because it represented the
most eastern population region for this specie. In order to estimate the presumed future distribution
of this species, the scientists examined eco–geographic factors including bio–climate habitat
(vegetation type, land cover, etc.) and topography of the natural reserved land. These experts used a
maximum entropy approach to predict the location distribution of habitats suitable for R. roxella in
the

Biodiversity And Conservation Of Marine Biodiversity
The world's oceans cover 70 percent of the earth's surface (Allsopp, Page, Johnston, & Santillo,
2009). The oceans biodiversity is increasingly becoming more threatened each year by
anthropogenic activities such as pollution, destructive fishing methods, overfishing and commercial
agriculture (Tyus, 2012). Marine conservation has improved over the years to protect and preserve
ecosystems in oceans and seas. To limit the anthropogenic damage, restore habitats, species and
preserve vulnerable marine life (Norse & Crowder, 2005). The term marine biodiversity discusses
the abundance of species in a geographical area. (Allsopp et al., 2009). The biodiversity and
conservation of marine systems can include a range of different types of habitats, the habitat that
will be discussed in this study will be tropical coral reefs of Madagascar (Dobson & Frid, 2009).
Coral reefs are the most biologically diverse ecosystem within the oceans (Hill, 2005). At a global
scale, they tend to have high species diversity to care and support a large number of fish
communities (Tyus, 2012). Coral reefs are recognised as the most pristine marine ecosystem of
Madagascar; it is species rich but are also very fragile and threatened (Ahamada, Bijoux, Cauvin,
Kooonjul, Maharavo, & Pierre–Louis, 2004). Endemic species inhabit this region such as
butterflyfish (Chaetodontidae) and wrasses (Labridae), which show reliable indicators for the reefs
health (Nadon, Griffiths, & Doherty, 2005). Velondriake marine

Coral Reefs: Bright And Showy Color Patterns
1) When breeding, many male reef fishes display bright and showy color patterns. Discuss the
potential advantages and disadvantages of this strategy.
Coral reefs are very beautiful places. One of the key aspects of this beauty is all of the bright and
colorful fish. But these bright colors are not just for show, they actually have an important function.
Fish use changes in color to communicate with other residents on the reef. These messages include
warning of a threat, expressing a desire to be cleaned, and also mating rituals. For example, the
parrotfish are born as either a male or female. But this is not set in stone, because in some species
the females can change and become males. When this happens these new sex changed fish are called
super–males. The text states "being able to change sex gives the species the ability to adjust male to
female ratios to maximize each individual's production of young. Since eggs are expensive and
sperm is cheap, it is easier for a few males to fertilize a greater number of eggs" (Murphy 121).
Parrot fish are "close relatives of the wrasse, parrot fish are abundant in and around the tropical reefs
of all the world's oceans. There are about 80 identified species, ranging in size from less than 1 to 4
feet in length" (Parrot Fish). In parrotfish the supercharged male often looks completely different
that either the initial phase males or the females. One way this is achieved is through the use of
bright showy colors. One disadvantage to change colors is the cost. Some speculate that it takes
energy to maintain ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Mar. 2016.
Murphy, Richard C. Coral Reefs: Cities under the Sea. Princeton, NJ: Darwin, 2002. Print.
2) As you know, various types of gender change are found among parrotfish, clownfish, and
basslets. Do you think that one of these tactics is more successful than the other? Why or why

Atlantic Lumpfish
The Atlantic lumpfish is a small marine fish found throughout the eastern Atlantic Ocean, North
Sea, Baltic Sea and Barents Sea. The species shows promise as a biological delousing agent for
maintaining low levels of sea lice in Atlantic salmon sea cages, similar to several species of wrasse
that have been used since the 1990s. They are collectively termed "cleaner fish", and feed on a wide
range of marine invertebrates, including sea lice. The majority of wrasse are sourced from wild
fishery, while almost all lumpfish are produced in land–based farming facilities. The demand for
cleaner fish in Norwegian aquaculture is high, and almost 25 million individuals were put to sea in
the year 2014. Infectious diseases have become a significant challenge

Christmas Island Gender Roles
As a remote island country of only 2,205 inhabitants, it makes sense that most people have never
heard of the country. Christmas Island, considered a part of Southeast Asia, is located in the Indian
Ocean off the southern coast of Indonesia. To get an idea on the size of this minuscule island in
comparison to Washington DC, the 138.9 km long coastline is roughly three quarters the size of the
U.S. capital city. There are two seasons that this tropical island experiences throughout the year: a
wet season with monsoons all throughout the months of December to April, and a dry season the
remainder of the year with trade winds that cool down the island. Most of Christmas Island's
coastline is made up of sharp, steep cliffs, making it difficult ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The nearest two schools are the University of South Pacific located in Suva, Fiji and South Tarawa
technical college.
The people of Christmas Island live what I would call a modernized Victorian lifestyle in that
woman are allotted the right to work, but gender roles are still very much prominent. There is no law
against discrimination in the workplace and that causes difficulty for women when they are looking
for work. In this country, men complete all the work while women stay home, tending to the family
and their home.
Marriage is still arranged in Christmas Island, although in the more urban areas of the island, "love
matches" are becoming more accepted. Virginity tests are still performed on brides, although the
church frowns down upon them. The people of Christmas Island hold high importance in family, so
divorce is not a very common practice in this country.
It is uncommon on the island to make direct eye contact with another person, as well as it is for one
to look at a person of high status or "cut between the gaze of talking individuals." Making direct eye
contact in this country, oddly enough, is a sign of disrespect. Parents also do not allow their children
to cry or have temper

Einstein Of The Sea Summary
The article that I read is called "Einstein of the Sea" written by Balcombe, Jonathan in Scientific
American. I choose this topic because I think fish are amazing creatures that have different ways of
interacting with the environment and with their own species. This article is about the unique
cognitive and physical changes to certain fish that help them to survive. There was a video that
showed how a certain fish proved this statement. A professor at the University of California,
Giacomo Bernardi, recorded a video, while diving, of a wrasse using its' tool of shooting pressurized
water to open a clam. This article shows the forms of tools of fish and what scientists think of them.
Fish like the archerfish and wrasse have shown signs of advanced learning and cognitive ability. The
archerfish for example can shoot precise water jets at bugs above the surface by seeing their
trajectory direction, speed, and sometimes even mass.
Giacomo Bernardi is thought to be the first to record a wrasse using its unique ability to shoot water
on clams underwater. He is part of the reason why this topic is being reported in this popular science
magazine. The other part is that scientists have just now pieced out ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
They can find even more data by tracking the wrasse, tuskfish, and archer fishes interactions with
their own species and with the environment. This topic is definitely an interest to me as well as the
marine biologists. Previously, I knew that certain fish had unique abilities to get food but the
technique of the archerfish has me surprised. They can shoot a strong burst of water or in a machine
like fashion to bring down a bug from above water. This amazes me because they rely on a food
source that does not even live in the water. "Archers may even aim just below their prey on a
vertical surface to knock it straight down into the water" (page 68 paragraph

The Green Mooray Eel Skin
A green moray eel is a type of eel that tends to usually find its home in either collections of rocks or
coral reefs. Here, it is able to find all that it needs to stay alive an thrive in the angelic ocean world.
Despite being referred to as the green moray eel, this eel's skin is actually a shade of darker brown,
almost grey. However, due to the thick coat of yellow mucus surrounding the bland skin, the eel
itself appears a bright green and yellow color. While simultaneously giving the eel this unnaturally
bright color, the mucus also protects the eels from either harmful bacteria or parasites. Their bodies
are laterally compressed which gives the appearance of then being fattened on their sides (Dewey,
Wilson, Fraser, "Animal Diversity Web").

Manly Beach Research Report
Cammeraygal High School Sam Babus HOW TO SAVE THE COAST – research report Term Two |
Geography | Due Date: 4th June, 2018 CONTENTS PAGE Introduction
............................................................................................Page 1 1.1 Impacts and causes on Manly
Beach 1.2 1.1.2 Physical impacts on Manly Beach.......................................................Page 1 – 2 1.3
Environmental impacts on Manly Beach.......................................................Page 2 1.4 Social and
economic impact on Manly Beach..............................................Page 2 1.2 Solutions to solve the
problems that is occurring on Manly.....................Page 3 1.2.1 Sand nourishment
projects.............................................................................Page 3 1.2.2 Pollution problem solution
.............................................................................Page 3 Conclusion
...............................................................................................................Page ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Jude Furniss, president of the Surf Rider Foundation Manly, states that "it is raising awareness of
plastic pollution." Conclusion: Climate change is proving to have a severe negative impact on our
coastlines. Manly Beach is a very precious beach to Australians because of its physical,
environmental, cultural, social and economic values. The NSW government and the local council
are now acting to protect Manly Beach from further coastal erosion. If no action is taken, we may
lose our beach totally and that would be disastrous to the people, the land and the ecosystem. Beach
nourishment is one way of replenishing our beach. However, more need to be done, such as habitat
protection and refurbishment projects to restore the health of our coastal ecosystems. This requires
planning, funding and time. Bibliography Legislation.nsw.gov.au. (2018). NSW Legislation. [online]
Available at: https://www.legislation.nsw.gov.au/#/view/act/2016/20 [Accessed 22 May 2018]. NSW
Environment & Heritage. (2018). Coastal management framework. [online] Available at:
http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/topics/water/coasts/coastal–management/coastal–management–
framework [Accessed 22 May

The Hawaiian Cleaner Wrasse?
Labroides phthirophagus Randall 1958, otherwise commonly known as the Hawaiian cleaner
wrasse, Royal cleaner wrasse or Louse–eating wrasse. The Hawaiian cleaner wrasse is a small fish
with an elongated, slender, compressiform body type. It has a tapered head and pointed snout with
large lips, used for aiding in feeding. It is a labriform median paired fin swimmer and has a
homocercal caudal fin. The Hawaiian Cleaner Wrasse swims with quick and flowing dance like
movements. According to Spencer Wilkie Tinker, author of "Fishes of Hawaii" the average length of
an adult Hawaiian Cleaner Wrasse is 3.5 inches, with the maximum length being from 4–5 inches.
(S.W. Tinker 1978).
The Hawaiian Cleaner Wrasse are similar to other cleaner wrasse species. One characteristic that
sets the Hawaiian Cleaner Wrasse apart from other species is its vibrant coloration. Adults have a
bright neon yellow color along the anterior portion of their body, and neon purple/indigo on the
posterior end. A black stripe runs horizontally through their eye from head to tail. The coloration of
juveniles are slightly different. Juveniles are black with a neon purple stripe along the dorsal portion
of the body. Its bright neon coloration is a poster color to advertise its cleaning services to other fish
species.
L. phthirophagus is endemic to Hawaii which means it can only be found exclusively in the waters
near Hawaii. Although the population distribution of L. phthirophagus is only found near Hawaii, it
is

Chaumapsipho Brunnea And Sirens Rock Research Paper
Distribution of Chamapsipho brunneas and Lepsiella Scobina at Sirens' Rock
In Order to analyse the Distribution of C.brunneas and L.scobina, Year twelve Biology classes had
to go down to the " Sirens' Rock" on the south coast of wellington. The Habitat is mainly rock but
there are rock pools from when the high tide went down the water couldn't get out. Chamapsipho
brunnea or Brown Barnacle are a type of barnacle found in the mid–high tides parts of rocky shores.
Brown Barnacle are also known as filter feeders so they feed off of algae and plankton. Brown
Barnacle are not found in the low tide zones for this reason their shells can close off meaning that
they can survive out of water longer by keeping water locked in their shells. Lepsiella Scobina or
oyster borer are a predatory sea snail species. they feed off of barnacle and other prey they are found
in the mid–high tide zones of rocky shores and not low tide. Oyster borer are frequently hidding in
crevices to hide from predators. Oyster borer are not found in high tide but mid–low tides as they
can not close their shells off completely
Abiotic Factors affecting the Distribution of Chamapsipho brunneas and Lepsiella scobina ... Show
Competition can be intraspecific meaning between members of the same species or interspecific
meaning members of others species. If a brown barnacle is in a competition between members of its
own species or with a member of another species it will try to not stick its bottom by anything else
so it will be able to get enough food to survive. Brown barnacle has a hard shell so when predators
like the oyster borer come up at high tide and mid tide to kill and eat it, the brown barnacle will try
and fight it off but it does not always win. The brown barnacle feed off of algae that is on the same
rock as them by scooping water and any food into the opening of its shell. The brown barnacle also
feed of off

Bleaching Away the Beauty of Coral Reefs
Bleaching Away the Beauty of Coral Reefs Pretend you are about to go scuba diving in the ocean.
You jump in the water and begin to sink down. As you start surveying the coral reefs around you,
something catches your eye. The coral has turned white, and no longer moves with life. This
whiteness seems to have spread over a large area of the reef. You no longer see the colorful branches
swaying in the current, or the schools of tropical fish swimming through the leaves. This death–
ridden reef will never have the same life it once had. This phenomenon is known as coral reef
bleaching. This makes corals unattractive and lifeless. The biodiversity of a reef is important to the
ecosystem. There are different organizations that have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lastly, the loss of coral will affect the successional stages of algae, which is important to the
ecology of reef fishes. The loss will open up space, reduce the intensity of herbivory and, therefore,
lead to colonization of the reef benthos by late–successional frondose algae. A dominance of
frondose algae lowers benthic production and increases covers of the less palatable algae. The result
is the reduced abundance of fish diversity (Rosenberg 165). These three effects all impact the
biodiversity that thrives among reefs. It is very important to protect the reefs from dangers. In 1998,
there were some experiments conducted to test these three ideas to see which one is the biggest
factor is the problems with fish and fisheries. An increase in surgeonfish which supports the
increased organic production idea. There was also a loss of damselfish, butterflyfish, and wrasse
which supports the loss of fish hypothesis. The decrease in damselfish numbers in fished reefs
exhibited both positively and negatively to increased algae. The bleaching phenomena can be used
as a sentinel for the environment. It serves as an indicator of environmental stress. There still is no
single cause for bleaching. Damage is already come and gone before bleaching is noticed. Observers
must do retrospective analysis based on limited environmental data ( Rosenberg 402). Other effects
of coral reef bleaching are its effect on tourism (Ray 214). There

The Effects Of Global Warming On Our Environment
Global warming is already having significant and harmful effects on our communities, our health,
and our climate. Sea level rise is accelerating. The number of large wildfires is growing. Dangerous
heat waves are becoming more common. Extreme storm events are increasing in many areas. More
severe droughts are occurring in others We must take immediate action to address global warming or
these consequences will continue to intensify, grow ever more costly, and increasingly affect the
entire planet–including you, your community, and your family.The good news is that we have the
practical solutions at hand to dramatically reduce our carbon emissions, slow the pace of global
warming, and pass on a healthier, safer world to future generations.Global warming is happening
now. The planet 's temperature is rising. The trend is clear and unmistakable. Every one of the past
38 years has been warmer than the 20th century average. The 12 warmest years on record have all
occurred since 1998. The hottest year ever recorded for the contiguous United States occurred in
2012. Globally, the average surface temperature has increased The scientific evidence is clear.
Within the scientific community, there is no debate. An overwhelming majority of climate scientists
agree that global warming is happening and that human activity is the primary cause.
Global warming is already having significant and costly effects Accelerating Sea Level Rise Global
warming is accelerating the rate of sea level

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