During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, urbanization led to the development of new architectural styles in major US cities like Chicago and New York. In Chicago, architects like Jenney, Sullivan, and Burnham pioneered the modern skyscraper and helped establish the Chicago School of Architecture. Their steel-framed buildings featured new uses of space and reflected the diversity and energy of urban life. In New York, while less innovative than Chicago, the architecture emphasized tall skyscrapers that served as logos for major companies headquartered in the city. However, urbanization also brought overcrowded and squalid tenement housing for immigrants in cities.

1. Urbanization As Seen Through Late 19c - Early 20c Architecture

2. Characteristics of Urbanization During the Gilded Age Megalopolis. Mass Transit. Magnet for economic and social opportunities. Pronounced class distinctions. - Inner & outer core New frontier of opportunity for women. Squalid living conditions for many. Political machines. Ethnic neighborhoods.

3. New Architectural Style New Use of Space New Class Diversity New Energy New Culture (“Melting Pot”) New Form of Classic “Rugged Individualism” New Levels of Crime, Violence, & Corruption Make a New Start New Symbols of Change & Progress The City as a New “Frontier?”

4. CHICAGO: "The Windy City"

5. William Le Baron Jenney 1832 – 1907 “ Father of the Modern Skyscraper”

6. W. Le Baron Jenney: Central Y.M.C.A., Chicago, 1891

7. Louis Sullivan 1856 – 1924 The Chicago School of Architecture Form follows function!

8. Louis Sullivan: Bayard Bldg., NYC, 1897

9. Louis Sullivan: Carson, Pirie, Scott Dept. Store, Chicago, 1899

10. D. H. Burnham 1846 – 1912 Use of steel as a super structure.

11. DH Burnham: Fisher [Apt.] Bldg, Chicago, 1896

12. D. H. Burnham: Marshall Fields Dept. Store, 1902

13. DH Burnham: Railway Exchange, Chicago, 1904

14. Frank Lloyd Wright 1869 – 1959 “ Prairie House” School of Architecture “ Organic Architecture” Function follows form!

15. Frank Lloyd Wright: Allen-Lamb House, 1915

16. Frank Lloyd Wright: Hollyhock House [Los Angeles], 1917

17. Frank Lloyd Wright: “Falling Waters”, 1936

18. Interior of “Falling Waters”

19. F. L. Wright Furniture

20. F. L. Wright Glass Screens Prairie wheat patterns.

21. Frank Lloyd Wright: Susan Lawrence Dana House, Springfield, IL - 1902

22. Frank Lloyd Wright: Johnson Wax Bldg. – Racine, WI, 1936

23. Frank Lloyd Wright: Guggenheim Museum, NYC - 1959

24. NEW YORK CITY: "Gotham"

25. New York City Architectural Style: 1870s-1910s The style was less innovative than in Chicago. NYC was the source of the capital for Chicago. Most major business firms had their headquarters in NYC  their bldgs. became “logos” for their companies. NYC buildings and skyscrapers were taller than in Chicago.

26. Western Union Bldg,. NYC - 1875

27. Manhattan Life Insurance Bldg. NYC - 1893

28. Singer Building NYC - 1902

29. Woolworth Bldg. NYC - 1911

30. Flatiron Building NYC – 1902 D. H. Burnham

31. Grand Central Station, 1913

32. John A. Roebling: The Brooklyn Bridge, 1883

33. John A. Roebling: The Brooklyn Bridge, 1913

34. “ Dumbell “ Tenement

35. “ Dumbell “ Tenement, NYC

36. Jacob Riis: How the Other Half Lived (1890)

37. Tenement Slum Living

38. Lodgers Huddled Together

39. Tenement Slum Living

40. Struggling Immigrant Families

41. Mulberry Street – “Little Italy”

42. St. Patrick’s Cathedral

43. Hester Street – Jewish Section

44. 1900 Rosh Hashanah Greeting Card

45. Pell St. - Chinatown, NYC

46. Urban Growth: 1870 - 1900