The document summarizes architectural styles and movements between 1910-1920. It describes the impact of industrialization on architecture, including the use of new building materials like steel and glass. Modern styles like Prairie Style, Bungalows, and Modernism emerged during this period. Significant architects included Frank Lloyd Wright, Louis Sullivan, and Walter Gropius. New building types arose to meet the needs of urbanization, like apartments, offices, and cinemas. The period was also influenced by World Wars, immigration, and social reforms of the Progressive Era.

1. CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE
Part of Progressive Era to New Era (1910 – 1920)
• The quickening pace of industrialisation and urbanisation opened
up new challenges and horizon for architects.
• At the same time, new building materials allowed innovative
architectural style.
M.Arch (Building Services)
Semester –I
Group:
Mohd. Zaid Khan
Anas Hasan Khan

2. Political, Socio-Economic and Cultural Condition:
Pre World War:
• The energy of the new progressive politics was most intense at the
state and local levels were civic reform associations of all sorts
sprang up to thrust the new economic and social issues into
politics.
• Between 1900 and outbreak of first world war in Europe, more
than 13 million immigrants arrived in United States, pouring into
industrial cities largely from the rural regions of Central and
Southern Europe.

3. • The assassination of the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne in
Sarajevo, Bosnia, set in motion a flurry of military mobilizations and
failed diplomatic exchanges that led to Germany’s attack on
Belgium and France in August 1914.
• Industrialization, urbanization, and immigration intensified the
inequalities between industrialist and worker, white and non-
white, man and woman to such an extent that Americans believed
government itself should become an instrument of reform.

4. • With ambition to escape the turbulence of late 19th century
economy and society, progressive reformers undertook to expand
the capacities of governments to deal with the worst effects of
barely regulated capitalism.
• The immigrant filled cities were a focal point for the progressive
mix feelings about mass democracy.
• Public utility commissions endeavoured to pull the pricing of rail
road shipping, city gas and water supplies etc.
• Changing society demanded new buildings such as Apartment,
Office block, Cinemas and Airports.

5. Post World War:
• White racism combined with an economic recession, high
unemployment, and insufficient housing rose tensions to a
breaking point. Riots and Lynching increased after 1918.
• After the war the WIB( war industry base) was closed down
without a transition put into place. The result was high
unemployment and inflation. Employers were able to roll back
labour union gains as the demand for work outstripped the need
for quality working conditions and rights.
• Raids were organized to target unions, radical organizations, and
even invaded meeting halls and private homes in an attempt to
root out communists and prevent revolution

6. Industrial revolution and it’s Impact on architecture
• The Industrial Revolution, which began in England about 1760, led
to radical changes at every level of civilization throughout the
world.
• The growth of heavy industry brought a flood of new building
materials—such as cast iron, steel, and glass.
• Forged iron and milled steel began to replace wood, brick and
stone as primary materials for large buildings.
Impacts-
• Building close to the factories.
• Exponential growth.
• Rapid Urbanization.
• Need of space.
• Taxes against glass, windows and bricks
were repealed which saw a new interest in
using these building materials.

7. • Progression in metallurgy for stronger purer and clearer metal for
building industry.
• For construction iron was available in three forms-wrought iron,
cast iron and steel.
• Explosion in the production of iron industry leads to the advances
of rail roads which ultimately increases transportation and
enhances the connectivity.
• The new materials would be used for structural materials,
decorative elements and building facades.

8. Modern House Styles from 1905 to 1920
• The two most prominent modern styles during this period were the
bungalow and the Prairie Style that is most closely associated with
Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright.
• The Prairie Style had the open floor plan with long interior views
unbroken by walls and doors, and an easy flow between interior
and exterior spaces.
• Lots of light and cross ventilation were considered essential to
healthy living for both styles.
Famous Architects and Buildings:
• Frank Lloyd Wright- Prairie Style
• Louis Sullivan- Bungalow Style

9. Modernism (1880-1940)
• It was based upon new technologies of construction.
• The use of glass, steel and reinforced concrete.
• Functionality was a key aspect of the modernist style.
• The format was later fully realized in the United States.
Famous Architects and Buildings:
• Frank Lloyd Wright- Designed Robie House, Chicago (1910)
• Walter Gropius- Designed Fagus Factory, (1911).

10. Expressionist Architecture (1910-25)
• This architectural style emerged in Germany
• Expressionist architects rebelled against the functionalist industrial-
style structures of modernist architecture.
• These included curves, spirals and non-symmetrical elements, as
well as structures in which the expressive values of certain
materials are emphasized.
Famous Architects and Buildings:
• Rudolf Steiner- Goetheanum, Dornach (1914).
• Bruno Taut- Glass Pavilion (1914).

11. De Stijl-Avant-Garde Architecture (1917-1930)
• This movement was started by the Dutch-based group known as De
Stijl, in 1917 by Theo van Doesburg.
• Influenced by Concrete art and Cubism.
• De Stijl designs are characterized by austere geometrical shapes,
right-angles, and primary colours.
Famous Architects and Buildings:
• Robert van 't Hoff- Prefabricated mass housing for migrants and
displaced people.
• Gerrit Rietveld- Red and Blue Chair (1917).

12. New York School of Skyscraper Architecture (1900-30)
• Steel-frame high-rise architecture was pioneered in the 19th
century by American architects in New York and Chicago: two cities
which were experiencing rapid development but whose available
space was limited..
• Also the sheer size of the new world-famous Woolworth Building
would spark and architectural race to see how high we could build.
Famous Architects and Buildings:
• Cass gilbert-
Woolworth Building
(57 stories 241 mts.)

13. Social Housing Architecture (1918-30)
• One response to the European post-war housing crisis in the 1920s
was a series of minimal cost social housing projects developed in
several major urban centres. On the Continent, these took the
form of large-scale apartment blocks.
Famous Architects and Buildings:
• Michel de Klerk - Eigen Haard Estate, Amsterdam (1920).
• Bruno Taut- Britz Horseshoe Estate, Berlin (1925-33).

14. Bauhaus Design School (1919-1933)
• The Bauhaus design school was a hugely influential centre of inter-
war modernist architecture.
• Combining ideas from Russian Constructivism movement, the
Dutch De Stijl group, and the American architect Frank Lloyd
Wright (1867-1959), as well as an attitude to crafts modelled on
the Arts & Crafts movement.
• Bauhaus design - with its clean lines and deliberate absence of
ornamentation - eventually developed into the International Style
of modern architecture, and later spread to the United States,
where it was developed by Walter Gropius, Mies van der Rohe etc.
Famous Architects and Buildings:
• Walter Gropius- Bauhaus Complex, Desau (1925)
MetLife Building, NYC (1963).
• Ludwig Mies van der Rohe- Director of the Bauhaus in 1930.

15. References:
• http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/architecture/twentieth-century.htm
• http://architecturethroughdecades.weebly.com/1910-1920.html
• http://www.antiquehomestyle.com/styles/stylehistory.htm
• https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Oc89xY4SXzIC&pg=PA90&lpg=PA90&dq=1
910+to+1920+architectural+movements&source=bl&ots=sBrmvyUDwR&sig=xq
WE9E8M2KmK5ngtNrVoMNIONCQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjF6bGNi67WAh
UJrY8KHZsEAu4Q6AEIbDAN#v=onepage&q=1910%20to%201920%20architectur
al%20movements&f=false
• https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/progressive-era-new-era-1900-
1929
• https://thearchiblog.wordpress.com/2011/06/02/impact-of-industrial-
revolution-on-architecture/
• https://prezi.com/1_nlygb_k54m/changes-in-architecture-during-the-industrial-
revolution/
• http://sits.sjsu.edu/context/historical/hist_context_1910s/index.html