Proposed Amendments to Chapter 15, Article X: Wetland Conservation Areas
Β
Chlorine Use & Safety Precaution Guide
1. Chlorine Use & Safety
Precaution
Prepared By : -
Umar Farooq
Chemist βAβ Chemical Section
107301@se.com.sa
umar7325@yahoo.com
SEC Shuaibah Jeddah
Saudi Arabia 1
2. Chlorine Usage
1. Chlorine is used in power plant for kill
microorganism in Cooling Water System .
2.Residual chlorine of 0.3-0.5 ppm is to be
maintained in the system just before the
TBS Intake and Outfall Water .
3.Chlorine existing in water as hypochlorus
and hypochlorus acid ion ( Hypochlorite )
Define as free available chlorine.
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3. Chlorination
ο HOCl <7 8> H + OCl
Hypochlorous Acid
ο At the higher pH range as the ratio of Ocl
increase as the sterilization effect of chlorine
compound decrease.
ο It is practically observed that the sterilization
force of Ocl is approximately 20 time less as that
of HOCl
ο HOCl has significantly higher effect than Ocl
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4. Chlorine compound
ο Chlorine compound used for sterilization of
microorganism
ο Chlorine gas Cl2
ο Calcium hypochlorite Ca ( Ocl )2
ο Sodium hypochlorite Naocl
ο Cl2 + H2O HOCl +HCl
ο Ca (Ocl )2+ H2O HOCl +Ca ( OH )2
ο NaOcl + H2O HOCl + NaOH
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5. Chlorine dioxide
ο 5Naclo2 + 4Hcl 4Clo2 +5Nacl +2H2o
ο Chlorine dioxide use for potable water
disinfection
ο To protect drinking water from disease causing
organisms, or pathogens
ο Chlorine has been hailed as the savior against
cholera an acute infectious disease of the small intestine ,and
various other water-borne diseases
Chlorine dioxide
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6. Immediately Dangerous To Life or Health Concentrations (IDLHs)
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ( NIOSH )
Substance
Original IDLH Value
ppm
Revised IDLH Value
ppm
Carbon Mono Oxide 1500 1200
Chlorine 30 10
Chlorine dioxide 10 05
Chloroform 1000 500
Hydrazine 80 50
Iodine 10 2
Ammonia 500 300
Bromine 10 3
Nitrogen dioxide
50 20
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7. Chlorine Health Effects Table
Bulletin work safe Alberta CH 067-Chemical Hazards
Chlorine Concentration ppm Health Effect
0.03-0.04 Range of odor threshold
1-3 Mid irritation of the eyes, nose and throat
3-6
Stinging or burring in the eyes, nose and
throat, headache, watering eyes, sneezing,
coughing, breathing difficulty, bloody nose.
5-10
Severe irritation of the eyes, nose and
respiratory tract
10
Immediately dangerous to life and health
( IDLH ) Concentration
10-25 May be fatal after 30 minutes of exposure.
>25
Immediate breathing difficulty, build up of fluid
in the lungs ( pulmonary edema)possibly
causing suffocation and death. Pulmonary
edema may be immediate or delayed
>1000 Fatal after a few breaths
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8. Safety Precaution of Chlorine
ο It is a very corrosive chemical
ο It causes burns to skin and eyes
ο It is harmful if ingested, inhaled
ο it may cause skin irritation
ο If it comes in contact with skin, immediately
wash the skin with plenty of water
ο Flush the eyes if it comes in contact with the
eyes
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9. Chlorine Effect On Respiratory System
External Effect
1. Directly attack to cilia
2. Na & K pump damage
3. Surfactant damage
Internal Effect
1. GHS activate nephritic factor
2. Capillary damage
3. Sensory nerve
4. Interstitium
Abbreviation
Alveoli
ASC Ascorbate
Surfactant defensive system to
prevent shrinking
X Secondary Intermediate
IL8 To digest to kill
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10. ο If inhaled, the person should be
immediately removed to fresh air and
medical attention should be sought if signs
of suffocation
ο Eyes should be protected
ο Chlorine is corrosive to metallic material
ο To avoid corrosion should be maintain
proper dosing
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11. Acute Effects of Chlorine
ο Tickling of the nose at 0.014 to 0.054(ppm);
ο Tickling of the throat at 0.04 to 0.097 ppm;
ο Tickling of the nose and cough, stinging, or
dryness of the nose and throat at 0.06 to 0.3
ppm;
ο Burning of the conjunctiva and pain after 15
minutes at 0.35 to 0.72 ppm;
ο Discomfort ranging from ocular and respiratory
irritation to coughing, shortness of breath, and
headaches above 1.0 ppm.
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12. Materials Causing Immediate and
Serious Toxic Effects
Characteristics
May cause immediate
death or serious injury if
inhaled, swallowed, or
absorbed through the skin
12
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13. Chlorine Advantages
ο Economical
ο Traditional technology
ο Chlorine kill microorganism by destroying
cell wall of the microorganism with there
oxidizing forces
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16. Chlorine Disadvantages
ο Slower kill at high pH
ο Consumed by ammonia, sulfides, iron, manganese, &
hydrocarbons
ο Volatile and easily stripped, thus high usage rates
ο High feed rates and residuals can cause higher
corrosion rates
ο Poor control (or slug treatment) leads to degradation of
water treatment compounds -- e.g. organic phosphate
and tolyltriazole
ο Chlorinated organics, e.g., THMβs, are toxic, regulated,
and persistent in the environment
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