4. VERIFYING COMPOSITION OF AIR:
PROCEDURE
100 cm3 of dry air (air is dried by passing over
anhydrous calcium chloride) filled in a graduated
gas syringe
This air is passed back-and-forth over heated
copper using two syringes, attached on each side
of a hard glass (silica) tube (containing copper)
On culmination of the experiment, 79 cm3 of dry gas
remains, indicating that 21 cm3 has been used by
copper
On analysis, the remaining gas is found to be
mainly nitrogen and pink copper metal turns to
black copper (II) oxide
5. LIQUEFACTION OF AIR
Air is mainly comprised to two diatomic
gases, namely nitrogen, N2, and oxygen O2
By principle, the liquefaction point of air should lie
between those of pure N2 (77K) and pure O2
(90.6K)
The liquefaction process begins at 81.6K (9K below
the liquefaction point of O2) and completes at 79K
(2K above the liquefaction point of N2), at one
atmospheric pressure
Industrially, however, 200 atm. is used, so
aforementioned conditions do not necessarily
apply
8. FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION OF LIQUID AIR
Pale blue liquid air passed
in a fractionating column
heat
Nitrogen starts to boil off
first, at 77K
87K
Argon boils off, at 87K
then
Oxygen boils off, at 90K
9. BOILING POINTS OF COMPONENTS OF AIR
Gas
Boiling Point/K
Xenon
165
Krypton
121
Oxygen
90
Argon
87
Nitrogen
77
Neon
27
Helium
4
11. CARBON CYCLE
Earth’s crust contains carbon compounds
(carbonates, fuels)
Atmosphere contains carbon in form of carbon
dioxide, mainly released by respiration:
C6H12O6 + 6O2
6CO2 + 6H2O (ΔH = -ve)
Also released when fuels combust:
C + O2
CO2
CO2 used by plants to manufacture sugars, in
photosynthesis:
6CO2 + 6H2O
C6H12O6 + 6O2 (ΔH = +ve)
Decomposition and fossilization return carbon
compounds of living things to soil
13. CARBON MONOXIDE
Naturally produced by photochemical reactions in
the troposphere (5×1012 kg/year), during
breakdown of haemoglobin and in fires
Also produced due to incomplete combustion of
hydrocarbons
Greenhouse gas
Toxic gas, which is the main source of air poisoning
in most countries
headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, fatigue
disorientation, visual disturbance, syncope and seizures
14. METHANE
Produced naturally in rice paddies, decomposition
of biological matter, digestion, coalmines, sea beds
(methane hydrates)
Main constituent of natural gas
If CH4 > O2 in blood, displacement can occur (but
rarely), leading to slight emotional, psychological
distress, and fatigue
Non-carcinogenic and generally not harmful to
health
Contributes in ozone depletion
Displaces air, i.e., acts as an asphyxiant:
CH4 + 2O2
CO2 + 2H2O
2CH4 + 3O2
2CO + 4H2O
CH4 + O2
C + 2H2O
15. NITROGEN OXIDES
Collectively known as NOx
Naturally produced during lightning bolts:
Also produced during combustion of fuels in
automobiles (especially high-speed vehicles) and in
electric power plants
Leads to increased smog, acid rain and water
quality deterioration
Significant as an irritant of mucus membranes
16. OZONE
Found naturally in stratosphere & troposphere
Formed by photochemical reactions between
volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides
Associated with increased mortality, especially in
warm season
Affect plant mechanisms
Affects health by:
decrements in lung function (like aggravating astma)
chest-related problems (coughing, tightness, burning)
decreasing phagocytic activity of alveolar macrophages
17. SULFUR DIOXIDE
73% of SO2 is released through fossil fuel
combustion
20% of SO2 is released through other industrial
processes (like smelting of ores)
Volcanic eruptions lead to increased emissions
Leads to respiratory problems, like asthma
Reacts with water vapour to form sulphurous acid:
SO2 (g) + H2O (g)
H2SO3 (l)
This causes acid rain, that result in decomposition
of important stonework & poisoning
18. UNBURNT HYDROCARBONS
Formed by low-temperature combustion of fossil
fuels, and from fuel ‘avoiding’ the flame zones in
combustion engines
Evaporation of petroleum also leads increased
emissions
Hydrocarbons like benzene are carcinogenic and
prevent normal cell metamorphosis
React with UV light and combine with other
pollutants, especially NOx to form photochemical
smog
20. EFFECTS OF GREENHOUSE GASES
CH4 and CO2 are the main greenhouse gases.
They maintain warmth on the earth that makes life
possible on the plant.
Excess release of these gases causes them to be
trapped in the atmosphere, thus they help the
atmosphere retain more heat.
This leads to a phenomena called ‘global
warming’, consequently leading to climate change.
Will lead to melting of ice caps and widespread
flooding.
Desertification and loss of biodiversity may occur.
21. THE OZONE LAYER
30,000 metres above the mean altitude of the earth;
lies in the stratosphere
Very warm, as absorbs UV light
Stops clouds & water vapour from escaping
Ozone depletion occurs due to CFCs (very stable):
Cl + O3
ClO + O2
ClO + O
Cl + O2
O 3+ O 2
2O2 (overall)
This is an autocatalysed reaction (chlorine)
Ozone hole aver Antarctica
Increased UV rays reach earth—skin cancers
22. REMEDIES FOR AIR POLLUTION
Flue gas desulphurisation stops SO2 emissions:
SO2 + CaCO3 → CaSO3 + CO2
Use of catalytic converters to render CO and NOx
harmless:
2NO + 2CO → 2CO2 + N2
2NO2 + 4CO → 4CO2 + N2
Using low-temperature combustion engines with
catalytic converters reduces NOx and unburnt
hydrocarbons
Alternatives to CFCs be introduced
Strict implementation of Montreal and Kyoto
Protocols be ensured
23. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chemistry—A Course for O-Level by Christopher N.
Prescott
http://hyperphysics.phyastr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/liqair.html
GCSE Biology by D.G. Mackean
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxide
http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/chemicals/chem_profil
es/methane.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Acids_
and_Bases/Case_Studies/Acid_Rain/Sources_of_Nitrog
en_Oxides
http://www.epa.gov/iaq/no2.html
http://www.a2gov.org/government/publicservices/system
s_planning/Environment/soe07/cleanair/Pages/nox.aspx
http://www.epa.gov/apti/ozonehealth/population.html
http://www.epa.gov/region07/air/quality/o3health.htm