1. Chlorine Production and Uses

5. Chlorine Production Hydro Power Major petrochemical users Adapted from Kirk-Othmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 5 th ed, Vol. 6, p. 191

9. Chlorine Properties

14. Properties of Chlorine – Vapor Pressure

15. Properties of Chlorine – Liquid Density

17. Health Effects of Chlorine Exposure Death within a few minutes 1,000 ppm Death within 30 minutes 430 ppm Inflammation of lung tissues (toxic pneumonitis) and fluid accumulation (pulmonary edema) 40-60 ppm Immediate chest pain, vomiting, shortness of breath (dyspnea) and cough 30 ppm Upper respiratory tract irritation 5-15 ppm Mild mucous membrane irritation 1-3 ppm Health Effects Concentration (ppm in air)

18. Exposure Limits for Chlorine Emergency Response Planning Guideline Level 3 20 AIHA Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH) 10 NIOSH Emergency Response Planning Guideline Level 2 3 AIHA Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL) 1 NIOSH Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) 1 OSHA Recommended Exposure Limit (REL) 0.5 NIOSH Description Permissible Exposure ppm Standard Setting Body

19. Chlorine Transfer Operations

21. Chlorine Transfer Operations

22. Chlorine Re-packagers Data from Chlorine Institute Pamphlet 10 - 2005 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

23. Chlorine Transfer Operations From CSB DPC-Glendale Report Dry air or N 2 Chocked rail car Scrubbing solution (usually caustic) Container being filled (on scale)

29. Water Disinfection with Chlorine

32. Chlorine in Water Treatment To injection point Vacuum Chlorinator Cabinet Chlorine Ton Containers in Water Treatment System (usually in separate building / room, with independent ventilation. May exhaust to scrubber)

33. Chlorine in Water Treatment 1-Ton Cl 2 Container Spare Container(s) Trap HTR Eductor To Water System Vapor PSL PE PY Chlorinator Loss of Vacuum Shut-off Clean Water Source Storage Shed Ventilation Out (may go to scrubber) Ventilation In Drain AAH Heater Chlorine Sensor / Alarm

34. Chlorine Incident History

42. Chlorine Specific PSM Issues

81. Closing