- The two Koreas, North and South, have developed different standardized versions of the Korean language since their division after World War 2. - North Korea uses Munhwae (cultured language) as its standard, based on the Pyongyang dialect. South Korea uses Phyocwune (standard language), based on the Seoul dialect. - Both countries have government institutions responsible for language planning and standardization, promoting their own standardized versions over time through education and publications. - The historic use and roles of hanja (Chinese characters), hangul (Korean alphabet), and other languages like Japanese have influenced and continue to shape the development of standard Korean in both North and South.

1. Language Policy of “Two-sister”
Countries
by Ulkar Gahramanli

2. Versions of Korean
Language
• Phyocwune-Standart
Language-South Korea
• Munhwae-Cultured
language-North Korea
 North Korea - Kim Il Sung
(1912-1994)
 South Korea – national
Institute of Korean
Language

3. • A major motivation for the
introduction of Chinese characters
into Korea was the spread of
Buddhism
• 1440s King Sejong The Great-
Hangul
• January 1999- The status of Hanja
were highlighted
• Parallel use of Hanja and Hangul
• Hangul-only proponents aspect

4. • Japanese Colonial Era
• 1910-1945
Japanese was imposed as an official language
Nissen Ittai, Japan and Korea as One
• Reasons for lack of language policy
• Korean Language Society was disbanded
• Worship at Shinto shrines

5. “To eradicate consciousness of Korean
national identity, roots and all, and thus to
obliterate the very existence of the Korean
people from the face of the earth“
Ki-Baik Lee (1984)

6. “The people of the entire country should value,
love, and use our language and script as the
basic and primary language of our country”
Si Gyeong Ju

7. o Replacement of Japanese word-1947 MOE –Language
Purification
o Committee-Wulimal tolo chacki “Reclaiming our
language”
o English has already begun to replace Chinese characters
o 1976 ,President Park Chung Hee-an instruction for
further lexical purification
o 1990s-Ministry of culture

8. Production of Korean
Dictionaries
• Korean Language Society’s Khun Sacen
“The Great Dictionary”-1929-1957
• Contains 164,125 entries in total
• Wulimal Khun Sacen ‘The Great
Dictionary of Our Language’-1992
• 1992-National Institute of Korean
Language , “Phyocwun Kwuke Tay Sacen-
The Great Dictionary”,published in 1999
Standart South Korean
North Korean
Old Korean
Non-standart Korean words

9. Gugeo & Hangugeo
• With the 2007 national curriculum, the
Guidelines5 were published by MEHRD in
August, 2007.
• Hunminjeongeum Haerye [訓民正音 解例,
Explanations and Examples of the
Correct/Proper Sounds for the Instruction of
the People]
• Joseoneo [朝鮮語, the language of Joseon]
• gugeo often refers to Korean as a native
language, in contrast with hangugeo
[韓國語, Korean language] (originally a
linguistic term for the Korean language)
referring to Korean learned as a foreign or
second language.

10. Multicultural education
In the educational sector, the
Ministry of Education and Human
Resources Development (MEHRD,
but currently known as the Ministry
of Education, Science, and
Technology (MEST)) first addressed
the needs of multicultural children
through the announcement of the
Educational Support Plan for
Children from Multicultural
Backgrounds (ESP) in 2006.

11. Entities Responsible
for South Korean's
Language Planning
and Policy
1. Department of National Language
Planning
2. National Institute of the Korean
Language
3. National Language Advisory
Committee

12. South Korea Reforms
• A Draft for Discussion of
Korean Language Research,
1909
• Hangul Orthography for
Schools, 1912
• In 1930, Hangul Orthography
• 1949 South Korea president
Lee Seung Man -1909 version
of orthography
• Hangul Orthography 1988-
2014

13. North Korea
‘If the rate of literacy could be increased, the
regime would be better able to exert control
over the population’
Hanja ‘property of only a few’ & ‘feudalistic’
Sengin Hakkyo-Adult schools
Hangul Hakkyo-Korean language schools
Language-’a powerful weapon for
revolutionary strife and construction’

14. Juche idealogy
‘a political shibboleth to
evoke a fiercely nationalistic
drive for North Korean
Independence’
‘ to legitimize Kim Il-Sung’s
Koreanization of ‘Marxism-
Leninism’

15. Pyongyang speech as a
Standard North Korean
North Korea’s de facto capital
Phyoncwu
ne
(Standard
Korean)
Munhwa
e (
Cultured

16. Hanja Education and Use
• 1949 restriction on the use
of Hanja in North Korea
• Banned Hanja in
publications and School
education
• North Korean students learn
more Chinese characters
than South Korean students

17. Orthograph
y
Cosenmal Kyupemcip “Compendium Of
Korean Language Norms” 1966
Orthographic revision of 1987
• Abolition of apostrophe
• Phonetic and conventionalized spelling
• Intrusive “s”
• Standard Pronunciation was changed to Cultured Pronunciation
• Perpendicular direction of writing was allowed in addition to the
predominantly used horizontal one

18. Thanks for Attention
감사합니다(kamsahamnida)