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Green Ammonia: A Carbon-Free Flexible Asset
1. .
Green Ammonia
September 2015
Tim Hughes1, Ian Wilkinson1, Edman Tsang2, Ian McPherson2, Tim Sudmeier2, Josh Fellowes 2
Fenglin Liao2, Simson Wu2, ,Augustin Valera-Medina3, Sebastian Metz4
1 Siemens Corporate Technology, 2University of Oxford, 3 University of Cardiff ,4 STFC
2. March 2016Page 2
I Strategic Direction
II Green Ammonia Economy
III Carbon Free Ammonia Synthesis
IV Carbon Free Energy Conversion
V Ammonia Energy Systems
3. March 2016Page 3
The changing Energy Landscape
Different solutions for different market stages
Past Today Mid-term Long-term
<10% 20+% 40+% 60+% 80+%
– Efficiency
– LCC reduction
– Availability / reliability /
security
– Decreasing spot market
prices
– Subsidized economy
– Increasing redispatch1)
operation
– Power2Heat, CHP
increasing
– Demand side
management
– First storage solutions
– HVDC/AC overlay
– Regional plants, cellular
grids
– HVDC overlay and
meshed AC/DC systems
– Power2Chem /
– Stability challenge
– Complete integration of
decentralized power
generation
– Storage systems/
– Return of gas power
plants?
– Fossil (coal, gas, oil)
– Nuclear
– Renewables (mainly hydro)
– Fossil (coal, gas, oil)
– Renewables (wind, PV,
hydro)
– Capacity markets etc. – Predictable regional “area
generation” (topological
plants)
– Interaction of all energy
carriers
Traditional mix System integration Market integration Regional
autonomous system
Decoupled generation
and consumption
Fierce competition in traditional businesses, need to set benchmark in new or changed markets
Profitable business for new technologies cannot be shown yet – today’s use cases are mainly niche or pilot applications
Energiewende 2.0
1) Corrective action to avoid bottlenecks in power grid
5. March 2016Page 5
Energy storage indispensible in future ecosystem –
enables customers to cope with arising challenges
Future power ecosystem and customer challenges and storage opportunities
Supply side
management
• On – off shore wind
• Photo-voltaics
Renewables
Generation
Supply side
management
• Distributed generation
<5MW
• Multi-fuel capability –
biogas, ethanol
CHP
Demand side
management
• High temperature heat
pumps
Power – to – heat
storage
Demand side
management
• Chemical feedstock
• Green Fuel
Power – to –
chemicals
Power – to – power
Supply & demand
side management
• Batteries
• Fuel cells
• Green Fuel
6. March 2016Page 6
I Strategic Direction
II Green Ammonia Economy
III Carbon Free Ammonia Synthesis
IV Carbon Free Energy Conversion
V Ammonia Energy Systems
7. March 2016Page 7
The chemical industry faces significant challenges
§ Growing carbon emissions
§ Finite resources
§ Security of supply for both energy and raw materials
The chemical industry therefore faces significant challenges:
These large challenges represent an opportunity through
electrification of the chemical industry.
It is dependent on hydrocarbons for raw materials and energy for production.
The chemicals industry is a vital part of modern life –
e.g. Fertilisers for food, steel processing, plastics and so on.
8. March 2016Page 8
The existing chemical industry emissions conflict
with initiatives to avoid climate change
1) Chemical and Petrochemical Sector – IEA2009 2) Key World Energy Statistics – IEA2014
Chemical Industry Emissions
1255 MT/yr CO2
1
è 4% world total2
1.1TW 1
è 8.2% world total2
UK target of 80% cut in
emissions by 2050
EU wide target of 40% cut in
emissions by 2030
Climate Act Requirements
≠
Top 10 Chemicals / Processes:
1) Steam cracking
2) Ammonia
3) Aromatics extraction
4) Methanol
5) Butylene
6) Propylene FCC
7) Ethanol
8) Butadiene (C4 sep.)
9) Soda ash
10) Carbon black
Ammonia: 1.8% of the world consumption of fossil energy goes into the
production of ammonia. 90% of ammonia production is based on natural gas.
Opportunity: carbon – free synthesis of chemicals powered by renewable
energy
9. March 2016Page 9
Ammonia is an important chemical with a commodity
market value of EUR100bn/year
Source: World Fertilizer Trends and Outlook to 2018, Food and Agriculture Organization
of the United Nations
Global fertilizer nutrient consumption
161.829
161.659
170.845
176.784
180.079
183.175
186.895
190.732
193.882
197.19
200.522
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
MillionMT
§ A gas, produced by the chemical industry. Over 80% of ammonia is
used in the fertiliser industry.
§ Demand for fertiliser, as shown in the graph (including projected
growth to 2018), is growing at +3%pa1.
§ Current production levels of Ammonia are about 180m t/year. The
commodity value is €600-€700/t, leading to a commodity market value
of over €100bn/year
§ Production today uses the Haber-Bosch process and relies on natural
gas as a feedstock.
Ammonia
11. March 2016Page 11
With renewable energy, the ammonia cycle is carbon
free
Electrochemically
Produced Ammonia
++
WaterN2 from air Renewable Electricity
=
12. March 2016Page 12
Opportunity exists in technology for ammonia
synthesis and power conversion
Ammonia
Synthesizer
Technology
Ammonia
Power
Conversion
Technology
Ammonia Storage
Technology
Electrochemically
Produced Ammonia
++
WaterN2 from air Renewable Electricity
13. March 2016Page 13
Ammonia Innovation Landscape
Innovation Landscape Map Source: Harvard Business Review, June 2015
Leverages Existing Technologies Requires New Technologies
LeveragesExisting
BusinessModels
LeveragesNew
BusinessModels
DISRUPTIVE
ROUTINE RADICAL
ARCHITECTURAL
Develops Flexible Ammonia System
based on membrane technology
Flexible bi-directional Ammonia Systems
supply energy, fuel or chemical on demand
Develops Electrochemical Ammonia
product
All electric membrane based electrochemical
technology for the direct production of
ammonia for the existing fertilizer and
chemical industries
Develops Ammonia Energy System
based on gas turbines
Ammonia used as an energy storage medium for
grid scale chemical energy storage over long time
periods
Ammonia used as a fuel for Mobility
Develop
Agile Haber Bosch
based product:
Electrification of thermochemical production
route to service the existing fertilizer and
chemical industries
1
2
3
4
14. March 2016Page 14
Green Ammonia – Carbon Free Flexible Asset
Ammonia
Synthesizer NH3
Distributed Chemical
Industry
Grid Scale Energy Storage
Ammonia
Synthesizer NH3
Emission Free Transportation
Ammonia
Synthesizer NH3
Turbine
15. March 2016Page 15
Chemical Industry:
Ammonia as a commodity; for
instance, use in fertiliser
Energy Storage at Grid
level
Ammonia as a
Transport Fuel
Business potential for 3 markets, based on common
technology platform
16. March 2016Page 16
I Strategic Direction
II Green Ammonia Economy
III Carbon Free Ammonia Synthesis
IV Carbon Free Energy Conversion
V Ammonia Energy Systems
17. March 2016Page 17
Typical ammonia plant today1
Ammonia Production Today
Ammonia conversion
and separation here!
Gas preparation: significant portion
of plant exists to produce H2
1) Courtesy of Johnson Matthey
N2 + 3H2 à 2NH3
18. March 2016Page 18
Typical ammonia plant in near future
Ammonia Production 2020
Ammonia conversion
and separation here!
Gas preparation: ultra pure Syngas
from water electrolysis and air
separation unit
Hydrogen
Electrolyser
Air Separation
Unit
H2O
H2
air N2
N2 + 3H2 à 2NH3
19. March 2016Page 19
Ammonia Production 2030
Direct electrochemical synthesis of
Ammonia from water and nitrogen
Ammonia
Electrolyser
Air Separation
Unit
H2O
NH3
air
N2
N2 + 3H2O à 2NH3+3/2O2
21. March 2016Page 21
Molten Salt Approach
Stability of N3- in metal halide salts allows
direct reduction of N2 to N3- at ambient
pressure
Applied voltage causes migration of N3- from
surface of negative electrode to surface of
positive electrode
Facile dissociation of H2 occurs on positive
electrode to generate surface H
Surface N and H combine to produce
ammonia
Equivalent to high pressures used in thermal
route
22. March 2016Page 22
Challenges for molten salt approach
Providing correct ratio of N and H at the surface of the positive electrode to ensure:
• N,H combination outcompetes N,N recombination
• Formation rate is not slowed down waiting for H
• High energy barrier for N2 reduction to N3-
• Excess voltage over thermodynamic value required for appreciable rates
• Solubility of NH3 in molten salt/stability of LiNH2
23. March 2016Page 23
Molten Salt Experimental Program
Temperature and
Gas Flow Control
Furnace
Outlet gas analysed
by gas
chromatography
Reactor
Gas supplied to
porous electrodes
(orange and green
tubes) 100 mL molten salt
held in crucible
25. March 2016Page 25
In order to be a viable product – Green Ammonia
must be cost effective vs Conventional Ammonia
Green
Ammonia
26. March 2016Page 26
I Strategic Direction
II Green Ammonia Economy
III Carbon Free Ammonia Synthesis
IV Carbon Free Energy Conversion
V Ammonia Energy Systems
27. March 2016Page 27
Ammonia as a fuel possible due to key properties of
energy density and logistics
Ammonia has a power density similar to
fossil fuels, with zero carbon in it.
NH3 can be transported easily at low
pressures.
Ammonia is a good energy vector
28. March 2016Page 28
There exist several routes for Ammonia as an energy
vector
Ammonia
Ammonia
Combustion
Ammonia
SOFC
Ammonia
Electrochemical
Ammonia
PEM Fuel cell
Ammonia
Internal
Combustion
Ammonia
Gas Turbines
29. March 2016Page 29
Ammonia as a Fuel
Ammonia combustion has the following challenges
• Slow chemical kinetics
• Unstable regimes when burned
• High NOx emissions
• High toxicity for humans and living organisms
A new program of research has been started to use ammonia as fuel for
power generation at large scale. The aim is to develop a highly efficient – ultra
low emissions gas turbine combustor fuelled by ammonia.
30. March 2016Page 30
• Evaluation of current reaction
models to determine accuracy
and restrictions.
• Modelling of generic swirl
burners through CFD studies to
study combustion and emission
patterns.
• Recommendation of first ideas
for technology improvement:
stratified injection.
Comparison between models
and trials.
Generic burner, high pressure.
Ammonia Gas Turbine Development
Lab combustor. Thermoacoustics. CFD model using NH3-CH4
with GRI-Mech
31. March 2016Page 31
• Retrofitting of gas turbine
combustion facilities for
ammonia tests.
• Experimental evaluation of
methane-ammonia blends
to understand NH3
injection challenges.
• Recognition of unstable
combustion with ammonia
blends.
• Recognition of low NOx
emissions from high
equivalence ratio
conditions.A) OH* chemiluminescence, mean values out of 200 images.
B) Normalized intensity of mean values using results at 0.8
E.R.-1 Bar.
Ammonia Gas Turbine Development
32. March 2016Page 32
• Development of new stratified
injection techniques for H2-NH3
injection.
• Development of new reaction
models for H2-NH3 blends at high
temperature/high pressure.
• Thermoacoustic studies for flame
stability (OSCILOS – FFT).
• Thermodynamic characterisation of
GT cycle using H2-NH3 blends.
• Gas turbine combustor development
using 3D Printing.GT Cycle comparative (CH4)
Ammonia Gas Turbine Development – Future Work
Thermoacoustic analysis
(OSCILOS –CH4)
33. March 2016Page 33
I Strategic Direction
II Green Ammonia Economy
III Carbon Free Ammonia Synthesis
IV Carbon Free Energy Conversion
V Ammonia Energy Systems
34. March 2016Page 34
• Being built at Rutherford Appleton
Laboratory, near Oxford, UK.
• Project 50% supported by Innovate UK
(UK government funding agency).
Decoupling Green Energy: “green” ammonia
synthesis and energy storage system demonstrator
• Evaluation of all-electric
synthesis and energy
storage demonstration
system by Dec 2017.
35. March 2016Page 35
Site layout
Nitrogen
generator
Hydrogen electrolysis
and ammonia synthesis
Combustion
and energy
export
Gas store, including
ammonia tank
Control roomWind turbine and
grid connection
37. March 2016Page 37
System demonstrator technology development
Ammonia combustion studiesHaber-Bosch synthesis catalyst
Energy management
system
Control system
