1.
Technology as
the key to future

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/ Repsol Technology Lab
1.GREENHOUSEGASEMISSIONS
Volume and segmentation in Europe and Spain
1 EEA (2019). Annual European Union greenhouse gas inventory 1990–2017 and inventory report 2019.
EU-28
(2017)1
SPAIN
(2017)1
Public Electricity and Heat Road Transport Energy Industry & Construction
Refining Energy Residential & Commercial Energy others
Petrochemical Industry Industry others Agriculture
Waste Indirect CO2 emissions
4333 Mt 340 Mt

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1.CO2POTENTIALABATEMENTPATHWAYS:SCHEMATICVIEW
Facing future climate scenarios through a comprehensive multi-field technology strategy.
2 EEA (2019). Annual European Union greenhouse gas inventory 1990–2017 and inventory report 2019.
Petrochemical Materials
Fuels
Generation ServicesProcesses Products
DE-CARBONIZATION TECHNOLOGY OPPORTUNITIES
Heat H2
CO2 to storage
CU products
LOW CARBON PROCESSES
1
2
3Crude Oil
Alternative
feedstock
- Waste
- Biofeeds
Biofuels/Biomaterials
Waste to fuels
Waste to materials
Thermal energy
MATERIALS
ENERGY FOR
MOBILITY AND
THERMAL APPS
ENABLER FOR
EFFICIENCY
IMPROVEMENT
1
1
2
3
3
4
0
0
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
CO2 CAPTURE
Electricity
ELECTRICITY
VIRTUAL ASSET
MANAGEMENT (VAM)
ENERGY MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM (EMS)
5
OUTPUTS PRODUCTS
WIND SOLAR
STORAGE
H2
H24
5
CO2 to utilization
POWER
ELECTRONICS
RENEWABLE GENERATION
(Grid-scale and Distributed)
Bio crude
0
1
1.1 Wind power
1.2 Solar PV
1.3 Storage
1.4 Power electronics
1.1 Energy efficiency
2.2 Low carbon processes
2.3 Carbon capture & storage
3.1 Materials
3.2 Energy for mobility and thermal apps
3.3 Enabler for efficiency improvement
3.4 Electricity
4.1 EMS
4.2 VAM
SCHEMATIC OVERVIEW

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1.STRATEGYTOWARDSLOWCARBONINDUSTRIALSITES
CO2 reduction
Scopes 1+2+3

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/ Repsol Technology Lab
TECHNOLOGIES

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/ Repsol Technology Lab
2.RENEWABLEGENERATION
Compulsory to meet the GHG European goals by 2030
3 IEA-Energy Technology Perspectives 2017- 2DS Scenario
4 Solar Power Europe Global Market Outlook for Solar Power 2018-2022
Renewable generation will increase its share in the global power generation
mix reaching 46% in 2030 vs 22% in 2014 3.
Wind and solar PV will lead renewables for the next 10-15 years.
Solar PV will be rapidly deployed at both grid and distributed scale due to
cell efficiency gains and cost reductions through economies of scale in
manufacturing.
Wind power will focus on CAPEX reductions, turbine size increases
and capacity factor improvements.
CAPEX Forecast,
Wind power / Solar PV, 2018-2030
$/W
0
0,5
1
2018 2025 2030
Solar PV Wind power
Rooftop solar expected installed
capacity , 2018-2030
0
20
40
60
80
100
2018 2020 2022 2030
Low Scen. High Scen.
GW/y
Market share of different c-Si solar cells
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2016 2017 2018e 2019e 2020e 2021e
P-type-multi-AI-BSF
N-type-mono-IBC
P-type-mono-PERC/ PERL
N-type-mono-HIT
N-type-mono-PERT
P-type-mono-AI-BSF
P-type-multi-PERC
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016
Rotor diameter evolution
40
Averagerotordiameter(m)
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
Key Insight
Renewable generation is a must to ensure a clean and decarbonized future
although they are intermitted and non-dispatchable…
…they need key technology enablers to increase the penetration…

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/ Repsol Technology Lab
3.WASTETOINDUSTRY
Transforming the industry

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/ Repsol Technology Lab
3.WASTETOINDUSTRY
Why Waste to Industry?
The World tends to
a Circular Economy
system.
As little waste in
landfill as possible.
REPSOL could be
part of the solution.
We need to
reduce the CO2
emissions of our
global activity.
Using waste from plastic
and biological origin as a
raw material we contribute
to reduce CO2 emissions
in our productive processes
and the carbon footprint
of our final products.

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/ Repsol Technology Lab
3.WASTETOINDUSTRY
Value chain
The products from these process technologies can, in some cases, be used directly as final products, while others require further processing in
upgrading units.
The integration of these products with our sites require as well a technical development.
Raw
materials
Process
technologies
Final
Products
The raw materials for the production of low-emission products are lipids, plastic wastes, end-of-life tyres, textile wastes, municipal solid wastes,
residual gases and biomass.
The availability of this waste is limited in the case of end-of-life tyres, plastic wastes, textile wastes and lipids, being higher for municipal solid waste,
residual gases and biomass.
Not all raw materials have the same facility for processing, due to their composition, heterogeneity and pollutants.
Currently, the most mature technologies are: the fermentation of biomass, transesterification and the hydrogenation of waste lipids.
Other technologies that can process other wastes (like plastic, municipal solid wastes or biomass) have to reach higher level of technological
development.
Some of these raw materials, like biomass or organic fraction from MSW, can be valorized to biogas instead of bioliquids.
Technological challenges are articulated over raw materials, process technologies and final products.

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/ Repsol Technology Lab
3.WASTETOINDUSTRY
Raw materials
Biosmass
Residual biomass of
different possible origins:
• Forestry residues
• Agricultural residues
High humidity content,
Requires pre-treatment
Origin and type of
residues varies with
location.
Refuse derived
fuel (RDF)
Alternative fossil fuel
from non-hazardous
commercial waste in
compliance with the
European standard
EN 15359.
Includes variable %
of plastic waste and
biodegradable organic
fraction (including organic
waste, paper, carton,
textile).
Higher potential of
production
(now sent to landfill).
Organic fraction
of MSW
Organic fraction obtained
from municipal solid
waste.
High variability of
composition
High humidity content,
Waste lipids
Quality of waste lipids
varies depending on the
origin and process where
they come from.
Important source for
biofuel production.
For biofuel production it
must be validated for
each kind of waste (for
example: UCO, PFAD,
corn oil, etc.)
Plastic Waste
Plastic waste of high
quality from Plastic Mix
and Plastic film fraction:
• Agricultural waste
plastic
• Industrial waste
plastic
• MSW Plastic
Low biomass content
Low contaminant content
(compare to RDF)
Could be competition with
mechanical recycling
End of life
tires (ELT)
End of life tires use
to be send to landfill.
25% of the tire has a
biological origin (natural
Rubber).

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4.HYDROGEN

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4.HYDROGEN
Production technologies
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
4,5
5
2020 2030 2040
€/kgH2
LCOH 20205
SMR SMR + CCS Biomass Gasification Alkaline PEM SOEC
Light hydrocarbons
High temperature catalytic
conversion of hydrocarbons
or methane splitting
Renewable
electricity and water
Splitting water into
hydrogen and oxygen
Sun irradation
and water
Splitting water into hydrogen
and oxygen w/o electricity
Biomass
and biogas
Paths to bio-hydrogen
TECHNOLOGY
Steam reforming with CCUS 8-9
Methane pyrolysis 5
Alkaline water electrolysis 9
PEM water electrolysis 8
SOEC water electrolysis 6-7
Water
Photoelectrocatalysis 5
Biochemical conversión 8
Biomass gasification 7-8
FEEDSTOCK TRL
5Self elaborated graphic from estimated values.

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4.HYDROGENAPPLICATIONS
Industrial application: hydrogen as a feedstock
Fossil fuels
Biofuels
E-fuels
Refinery
H2
Feedstock for refineries Feedstock for other industries
Industrial sector
Ammonia
Methanol
Iron & steel
Highly-refined fossil fuels and penetration of advanced
biofuels and synthetic fuels will lead to an increase in
hydrogen demand.
No other decarbonization route for basic industries that either use
hydrogen as a feedstock or need a source of high-level heat.

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5.CCUS

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5.CCUS
Decarbonization mechanisms6, 7
SHARE OF TOTAL
CO2 EMISSIONS
ESTIMATED COST RANGE
FOR CAPTURED CO2
CONCENTRATED
STREAMS
DILUTED
STREAMS
H2
production
Ammonia
Refining
Methanol
NG
processing
Petro -
Chemistry
Ethanol
Petrochem
Refining
H2 excl.
Metals
production
Cement Gas to
power
EXAMPLE FACILITIES
THAT EMIT CO2
<10%
Emitters of concentrated
CO2 streams exist across
+100 potential sites
>90%
Largest emitters, include
electricity generation facilities
across +1000 potential sites
~ 20-50 €/ton
Lower cost due to
direct compression
of CO2 stream
~ 45-200+ €/ton
Additional step to separate
CO2 from in diluted gas
streams prior to compression
DIRECT AIR
CAPTURE (DAC)
Advantages
High
removal
potential
Small footprint
compared with
natural CO2
removal pathways
Lower water
requirements than
natural CO2 removal
pathways
Disadvantages
High capture costs
€270-550/tCO2
High energy intensity
compared with
concentrated streams
capture (x3 ambient air)
Early
development
stage
6 Carbon Engineering, Climeworks and Global Thermostat: Their reflected costs are estimations based on their future technology advancements by 2025 (for nth-of-a-kind plants).
7 Global CCS Institute (GCCSI), National Energy Technology Lab (NETL), Repsol research.

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/ Repsol Technology Lab
5.CCUS
Value chain7
CAPTURE
~20-200+ €/ton CO2
Pre
combustion
Post
combustion
Oxy
combustion
Chemical
looping
combustion
Solvent
/ sorbent
Membrane
separation
Cryogenic
separation
CO2 SEPARATION
35-72 €/ton CO2 20-200+ €/ton CO2 55-65 €/ton CO2 40-60 €/ton CO2
High Temperature DAC
~270-550 €/ton CO2
Low temperature DAC
Ambient air
Industrial
CO2 sources
CO2
DIRECT AIR CAPTURE
TRANSPORT STORAGE
Onshore Offshore
Pipeline
LPG
tankers
Other ship
carriers
4-25 €/ton CO2
4-25 €/ton CO2 10-16 €/ton CO2
Enhanced
oil recovery
(EOR)
Depleted
oil/gas
fields
CO2
mineralization
Saline
formations
2-22 €/ton CO2
Unconventional
formations
Unmineable
coal
2-13 €/ton CO2 9-15 €/ton CO2 14 €/ton CO2 22 €/ton CO2 n/a €/ton CO2 n/a €/ton CO2
Storage site types
UTILIZATION
E-Fuels Aggregates PolymersConcrete
Abatement cost
Methanol
-30/60 €/ton 110/350 €/ton -10/80 €/ton -160/-40 €/ton 100/250 €/ton
Products & final use
7 Global CCS Institute (GCCSI), National Energy Technology Lab (NETL), Repsol research.

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6.E-FUELS
Conventional process description

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8.WRAP-UP
In order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions different low carbon alternative technologies must be developed and applied.
Renewable generation and energy storage
• Renewable generation is a key player to ensure decarbonization. Its rapidly growth must be accompanied by other technologies to overcome intermittency and
non-dispatchable issues.
• Renewable energy storage will allow balancing generation and demand to maximize a sustainable electricity system.
Waste to industry
• New technologies allow the use of several raw materials, such as waste from plastic and biological origin, in modified refineries to produce biofuels.
• This can be doubly beneficial as it uses raw materials that have absorbed CO2 and eliminates garbage.
Hydrogen
• Hydrogen can help decarbonize several sectors such as industry, mobility and heat. As well, as an energy vector, it can be use to store renewable electricity.
• Advantages in green hydrogen production are being developed, while, blue hydrogen technologies can be applied to decarbonize this sectors.
CCUS
• CCUS technologies enable the possibility to capture CO2 from the air and from industry off-gas to avoid emissions to the atmosphere.
• Several hubs are being developed to facilitate carbon storage.
E-Fuels
• E-fuels combine green hydrogen and carbon capture technologies to create fuels for mobility, industry and lubricants.

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/ Repsol Technology Lab
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