6/10/2016 1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 3 Molecules Of Life 3.1 Building Big Molecules  Carbon can share electrons with as many as FOUR other atoms  Organisms consist mainly of oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon 3-2 Macromolecules  Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are called macromolecules because of their large size  The largest macromolecules are polymers because they contain many subunits called monomers that are connected to each other. 3-3 6/10/2016 2 3.2 Proteins  Important for structure and function  50% of dry weight of most cells  Several functions  Some proteins are enzymes  all enzymes are proteins  enzymes increase the rate of a reaction  Support  Keratin, collagen 3-4 Proteins cont.  Contractile  muscle cells use protein to contract  Transport  channels, carriers, hemoglobin  Defense  antibodies and clotting proteins  Some hormones are proteins  insulin, growth hormone 3-5 Amino Acids  Proteins are macromolecules with amino acid subunits  20 different amino acids  Identical backbones  Different side chains (R group)  Peptide bonds (covalent bonds) hold the amino acids together 3-6 6/10/2016 3 Amino acid diversity.  Variety is due to the R group 3-7 Protein Structure & Shape  Primary structure  order of amino acids  Secondary structure  coiled or folded shape  hydrogen bonds between negative C=O and positive N-H groups Protein Shape 2  Tertiary structure  further folding and bending into globular and fibrous shapes  Quaternary structure  associations of two or more separate polypeptide chains  only some proteins have a quaternary structure such as hemoglobin 6/10/2016 4 Denaturation  Denaturation - the irreversible change of protein shape caused by heat or pH  causes the loss of 2o and 3o structure  enzyme can no longer function 3-10 Protein Structure Determines Function  Proteins must have the correct shape for them to function.  Enzymes have a shape that is specific for a given molecule.  They must fit each other like a key in a lock.  The protein must be made right for it to take its final shape correctly. 13-11 3.3 Nucleic Acids  These are long chains of nucleotides  Nucleotides are made of a sugar, a nitrogen- containing base, and a phosphate  DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid  The genetic material  RNA – ribonucleic acid  A copy of DNA used to make proteins 3-12 6/10/2016 5 5.6 ATP: The Energy Currency of the Cell, pg 100  Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)  A nucleotide with the base adenine and the sugar ribose making a compound adenosine  Is broken down to release energy and form adenosine diphosphate (ADP) 3-13 3.4 Carbohydrates 3-14  Used as an immediate energy source  Hydrophilic molecules  Simple sugars  Major monosaccharides  gluco.

1. 6/10/2016
1
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission
required for reproduction or display.
Chapter 3
Molecules
Of Life
3.1 Building Big Molecules
many as FOUR other atoms
hydrogen, and carbon
3-2
Macromolecules
are called macromolecules because of their large
size
because they contain many subunits called
monomers that are connected to each other.

2. 3-3
6/10/2016
2
3.2 Proteins
function
cells
enzymes
of a reaction
3-4
Proteins cont.

3. contract
proteins
hormones are proteins
3-5
Amino Acids
subunits
no acids
together
3-6
6/10/2016

4. 3
Amino acid diversity.
is due to
the R
group
3-7
Protein Structure
& Shape
between negative
C=O and positive N-H
groups
bending into globular
and fibrous shapes

5. or more separate
polypeptide chains
have a quaternary
structure such as
hemoglobin
6/10/2016
4
-
the irreversible
change of
protein shape
caused by heat
or pH
of 2o and 3o
structure
longer function
3-10
Protein Structure
Determines Function

6. correct shape for them to
function.
is specific for a given
molecule.
like a key in a lock.
right for it to take its final
shape correctly. 13-11
3.3 Nucleic Acids
nucleotides
a sugar, a nitrogen-
containing base, and a
phosphate
– deoxyribonucleic acid
– ribonucleic acid
make proteins
3-12

7. 6/10/2016
5
5.6 ATP: The Energy
Currency of the Cell, pg 100
Triphosphate (ATP)
base adenine and the
sugar ribose making a
compound adenosine
n to
release energy and
form adenosine
diphosphate (ADP)
3-13
3.4 Carbohydrates
3-14
energy source

8. is blood sugar
Disaccharides
composed of 2
monosaccharides
6/10/2016
6
Complex Carbohydrates

9. monosaccharides
-term or
long-term energy storage
starch
glycogen
water associated with it
3-16
Complex carbohydrates
provide structural support
structure
– tree trunk
is mostly cellulose
can digest

10. animals
and fungi
3-17
3.5 Lipids
water stored, hydrophobic)
3-18
6/10/2016
7
Triglyceride

11. oils.
of
glycerol (orange balls) and 3
fatty acids (long chains).
double bonds
hydrogens
bonds
hydrogens
3-19
Saturated Fat
d at room
temperature
animals
oil
make more cholesterol
Unsaturated Fat

12. temperature
kinks in the structure
y acids
from each other
fats from plants
6/10/2016
8
Other lipids
in plasma membranes
from cholesterol
3-22
Anabolic Steroids in Sports

13. testosterone
13-23
Type Intramolecular e- polar Example
of bond Intermolecular
Ionic NaCl
shared
unequally
no C-
C-
Intermolecular water

14. Types of Bonds
6/10/2016
9
Organic Molecules
Organic Building Examples Function
Molecule Blocks
Carbohydrates Sugars
Lipids Store
energy
Hormones
Cell membrane
Amino Structural
Acids Enzymes
DNA
ATP
Worksheet 3: Bacteria and Viruses Name
Objectives for Week 3.
1. You will list the similarities and differences of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells.
2. You will list the similarities and differences of organisms
belonging to the domains bacteria and archaea.
3. You will describe the characteristics of bacteria and

15. viruses.
Reading Assignment: Read 16.2 through 16.5 from the textbook
Essentials of the Living World.
There is also a power point of this material.
A - List 2 differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
B - List an example of each of the following Domains and
kingdoms.
ArchaeabacteriaEukaryaProtista
Fungi Plantae Animalia
C - Explain why scientists put methanogens into a separate
domain than Bacteria.
D - Using the internet, find information about the following
bacteria. Insert an unlabeled photograph of a microscope slide
(not a line drawing) of each bacterium (include where you
copied the picture from, i.e. the web site), identify the shape
(cocci, bacilli, or spirilla) and describe the diseases they cause.
Campylobacter jejuni
Escherichia coli
Helicobacter pylori
Salmonella enterica
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus pneurmoniae
E - Do bacteria have organelles?
F - Explain why scientists have not placed viruses into a domain
or kingdom.
G - Describe the process that viruses use to reproduce. Contrast
this with the process that bacteria use to reproduce.

16. H - List 4 diseases that viruses cause.
I - Explain why antibiotics aren’t useful in treating viral
infections.
J - Explain how our body fights off a viral infection.
Once you have completed this worksheet you need to submit it
using Blackboard.
Take Lab Quiz 3. This quiz covers the information from
sections 16.2 – 16.5.