Essay On Plant Genetics Labpaq

Essay on Plant Genetics Labpaq
Plant Genetics JANICE NALBONE Abstract This experiment is being done to show Mendel's rule
of dominance that says certain alleles are dominant and others are recessive. To show this, we are
using tobacco seeds, a monohybrid cross comparing only one trait color. We are also showing
Mendel's law of segregation with a Dihybrid cross comparing two traits of color and texture.
Introduction Three purposes: 1. To predict the genetic frequency off offspring. 2. To predict the
outcomes of genetic crosses using punnett squares. 3. Statistically analyze the results of a genetic
cross. Hypothesis: 1. Monohybrid cross–Predict that 75% ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Results as follows: Data Table 4: Corn kernel data. | | Number of Kernels | Kernel
Percentage(Divide count by total, thenmultiply by 100) | Kernel Coloration | | | Purple | 152 | 71.7% |
Yellow | 60 | 28.3% | Total | 212 | 100% | | Kernel Texture | | | Smooth | 178 | 84.4% | Wrinkled | 33 |
15.6% | Total | 211 | 100% | Data Table 5: Punnet square for dihybrid cross. Parent Gametes PS Ps
pS ps Parent PS PPSS PPSs PpSS PsSs Gametes Ps PPSs PPss PpSs Ppss pS PpSS PpSs ppSS ppSs
ps PpSs Ppss ppSs ppss 9 different genotypes in the table. PPSS(1) PPSs(2) PpSS(2) PpSs(4)
PPss(1) Ppss(2) ppSS(1) ppSs(2) ppss(1) Number of phenotypes =4 Number of genotypes =9 Data
Table 6: Data from corn kernels. | | Number Counted | Ratio: Number counted /total | Purple and
smooth | 112 | 53% | Purple and wrinkled | 40 | 19% | Yellow and smooth | 40 | 19% | Yellow and
wrinkled | 20 | 9% | TOTAL | 212 | 100% | Exercise 1: Observing a Monohybrid Cross Questions A.
What are the predicted ratios of
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Generation Gummy Bear : An Experimental Lab
Generation Gummy Bear:
An Experimental Lab in Gummy Bear Breeding
Katherine Valcin, CST
Keiser University
October 10, 2015
Authors Note:
This paper was prepared by Katherine Valcin for Biology 1, taught by Dr. Frank Sommerhage at
Keiser University.
This research is supported by materials from Dr. Sommerhage in affiliation with Keiser University.
Special thanks to Mr. Kenney from his help in preparation for the scientific article.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Katherine Valcin, Keiser University
Biomedical Sciences Student, 5600 Lake Underhill Rd, Orlando, FL 32807. Email:
K.valcin@student.keiseruniversity.edu
Abstract
Genetics is a captivating but difficult subject for students. Lab experiments like 'Gummy Bear
Genetics' can aid in needed areas of genetics. Student can often observe the phenotypes in gummy
bears, but when trying to visualize which parental genes that are represented in a cross–bred first
(F1) generation can be challenging. In this experiment, students worked in small groups to
determine the parental (P) generations of 196 gummy bears. The gummy bear candy appealed to
student appetites and the chosen phenotypic characteristic were easy to choose because gummy
bears come in numerous colors (red, green, orange, yellow and colorless). Students will be able to
establish which genetic information, including genotype, phenotype, dominant traits, and recessive
traits, were passed from the P generation to the F1 generation

Examples Of Gregor Mendel Theory Of Genetics
I. Introduction In this lab we considered Gregor Mendel theory of genetics. Mendel was a botanist
and statistician. Mendel worked with garden peas to figure out their genetic pattern. The peas were
also true–breed.1 The three principles that Mendel had for inheritance pattern are the principle of
segregation, principle of dominance, and principle of independent assortment.2 The first principle of
segregation means that the individual gets part of the trait from each parent that makes their traits.2
The second principle of dominance is that a trait may be present during the first generation, but
doesn't not mean it could be present in future generations and that the dominant allele is showed.
The third principle of independent assortment is that it depends on the different units that are passed
on that can decide your traits based on other traits that are given.2 This now goes into showing that
variation of a gene is called an allele. This is now shown in a phenotype and genotype. A phenotype
is showing he physical trait that we can see. A genotype is the showing of the genetic form that
made that trait.3 Another term we used in this lab was homozygous which means you have two of
the same alleles. The next term that was used is heterozygous which means that two different alleles
were used. The term that was important that we used was a Punnett square. A Punnett square is way
to be able to calculate the different potential outcomes of the genotypes graphically.3

Drosophila Melanogaster Lab Experiment
Extended Experimental Investigation | May 28
2013
|
Drosophila melanogaster lab experiment
Question: How do the dominant or recessive genes in particular traits in a cross between a male and
female Drosophila determine the traits of its offspring?
Aim: to establish whether characteristics produced from the offspring of a drosophila cross are
recessive or dominant traits.
Hypothesis: If certain phenotypes are expressed in the offspring from the cross of certain
Drosophila, then the determination or justification of recessive or dominant phenotypes can be
found.
Theory review and justification of the hypothesis:
Drosophila Melanogaster are simply now generally referred as the common term "fruit fly" or
"vinegar fly". These fruit ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The chance of it being a heterozygous Wildtype male is 50%.
Genotypes= X–W X–v, X–W X–v, X–W Y, X–W Y
= 1:1:
= ½:1/2
Phenotypes= Wildtype female, Wildtype male 50% 50%
Therefore the chance of the offspring being a heterozygous Wildtype drosophila is 100%. The
chance of it being a heterozygous Wildtype male is 50%.
Vile 3 consisted of one Vestigial (male) and one Wild type (female).vial 4 consisted of one Wild
type (female) and an Ebony (male). If both of these vial's flies are homozygous the offspring for
botch will end up 100% heterozygous wild type as it is the dominant characteristic. This is also
evident through punnet squares:
Vial 3
W – Wildtype v– Vestigial
Genotypes= X–W X–e, X–W X–e, X–W Y, X–W Y
= 1:1:
= ½:1/2
chances of it being a heterozygous Wildtype male is 50%,

Genotypes= X–W X–e, X–W X–e, X–W Y, X–W Y
= 1:1:
= ½:1/2
chances of it being a heterozygous Wildtype male is 50%,
Vail 4
W– Wildtype e– Ebony
Materials:
The materials used in this prac are as follows: * 2.5 grams of powder culture (8ml loose packed) +
5–7 ml of water and 4–6 grains of yeast * Necessary amount of Petri dishes to examine

Should Parents Use Genetic Engineering Be Select The...
Essay topic: Should parents be able to use genetic engineering to select the characteristics they want
for their children?
With the development of medical studies within genetic engineering, our planet has transformed
more than ever in our society, with development are major transformations of diseases, studies and
having privileges to change their future child's genetics before they are even born using a type of
engineering called genetic engineering. Genetic engineering is the direct manipulation of an
organism's genome using biotechnology to deliberately modify the characteristics of a being and to
modify and add one or more traits to an organism that are not already found in that organism.
Genetic engineering has been publicised in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the human body genes are located on rodlike structures called chromosomes that are found in the
nucleus of every cell in the body and each gene is assigned a specific position on a chromosome as
genes provide the instructions for making proteins, and proteins determine the structure and function
of each cell in the body, it follows that genes are responsible for all the characteristics you inherit
from your parents.
DNA is able to replicate as cells divide, ensuring that each new cell has identical genes. The human
genome is made up of about 3 billion chemical bases that are arranged in patterns like individual
letters that are arranged into sentences. More than 99% of these patterns are the same in all humans
and are continually passed down from parent generations to progeny generations.
Furthermore, each human has an individual genetic identity based on many factors such as their
abilities which are passed on to us through our inherited genes. It is apparent that each individual
has a specific genotype and phenotype, but each of the two types has their own properties and
functions around how an individual is created such as the genotype of a human refers to the
information contained on two alleles in the cell, which is the genetic makeup of an individual. The
genotype contains the hereditary information that was given to an individual by

Gregor Mendel's Fruit Flies Essay
Gregor Mendel's Fruit Flies
Introduction From simple heredity experiments with garden peas, to cloning sheep, the field of
genetics has come a long way. Now we are closer to mapping out the human genetic map due to
advances in technology, and years and years of research. Perhaps the most influential and
groundbreaking scientist, Gregor Mendel, he was responsible to provide a path to where genetics is
now today with his experiments of garden peas.
In lab, fruit flies were crossed to observe inheritance patterns in their offspring. The motivation for
this was to further understand how genes and characteristics are inherited. To use fruit flies would
be much more effective and easier because of a couple of reasons. The ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The F1?s were then observed and then crossed to form the F2 generation.
Genetic Hypothesis The F1 generation hypothesis is that with the Line A, B cross, the F1 for our
group will be expected to be heterozygous dominant (VvBb) at both loci. This is because of the
cross of Line A, which was consisting of Males with the genotype of vvBB, and of line B that were
females with the genotype VVbb. As far as the F2 generations go, the phenotypes are expected to
have a 9:3:3:1 ratio. There should be 9 brown, normal fruit flies, and 3 of each the brown, vestigial
fly and the white, long fly. Finally, there is expected to be only one white, vestigial fly that
possesses homozygous recessive alleles in both loci. There is a chance that there may be different
outcomes to the F2 generation due to the possibility that the Line A and the Line B generation were
not all homozygous dominant in wing type for females and eye color in males. Such a genotype in
the males, vvBb, and such in females, Vvbb, may lead to a different ratio in the F2 offspring.
Methods In the lab section, we observed two vials containing the Line A and B species. In order for
us to further examine the flies, we ?knocked out? the flies with a chemical anesthetic known as Fly
Nap. Placing the wand covered in Fly Nap into the vial, we ?knocked out? the flies. We then spilled
the flies onto a piece of paper and examined them under a light microscope. What were examined
were

Case Study – a Sickeningly Sweet Baby Boy Essay
Case Study – A Sickeningly Sweet Baby Boy Part I Questions 1. What additional information would
you want to know to understand Emma and Jacob's panic? To understand the cause of the panic that
was brought to Jacob and Emma, you would need to know more about the state of the baby. This
article just describes that the boy was having difficulty feeding, and after seven days he stopped
feeding. This isn't a situation that brings upon panic right away, but for Emma and Jacob it did. The
panic was partly because they had already had a child that died from unknown reasons in the first
nine days of his life, and didn't want to lose another. The state of the current baby, such as if it was
premature, or if it was very sick looking and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Part II Questions Pedigree charts are useful tools used by genetic counselors to look for the
incidence of disease within multiple generation families. Each generation is shown on a separate
row. 1. Label the pedigree chart below to explain the relationships and the disease incidence within
this family. Be sure to include Emma, Jacob, Samuel, Matthew, Emma's father, Emma's mother,
Emma's aunts, Jacob's mother, Jacob's father, and Jacob's aunt. Please see Pedigree sheet: Case
Study: A Sickeningly Sweet Baby Boy 2. Indicate on your pedigree chart the individuals who are
carriers by shading half of each circle or square. Please see Pedigree sheet: Case Study: A
Sickeningly Sweet Baby Boy 3. Define the terms genotype, phenotype, homozygous and
heterozygous. Genotype: The make–up of alleles for a particular trait in an organism. For example,
if black was a recessive trait in chickens, coded for by b, and there was a black chicken, its genotype
would be bb. Phenotype: The physical appearance of a trait in an organism. The phenotype of the
above chicken is that it is black. A phenotype could be that a person has blue eyes, or curly hair.
Homozygous: Refers to expressing the same alleles for a particular trait. If black was dominant for
the above chicken, and the alleles were coded for by B, if it was homozygous, the chicken's
genotype would be BB. Heterozygous: Refers

Drososophila Test
This table shows the test cross between the F1 generation and the Drosophila showing both mutant
traits. The F1 phenotype was wild type phenotype but was heterozygous for both mutant traits. This
table is for the entire section's test cross. The expected ratio was 1:1:1:1 for the phenotypes listed
above. Male Chi Squared WT dp se dp se TOTAL Observed 42 39 46 39 166 Expected 41.5 41.5
41.5 41.5 166 (o–e)2/e 0.006 0.151 0.488 0.151 0.796 x^2= 0.796 n=3 P= 0.80 This table shows
how the section's male Drosophila test cross Chi Square was found. The expected data was
subtracted from the observed then squared. That value was divided by the expected. The section's
Chi squared was 0.796 with 3 degrees of freedom because of the 4 phenotypes. This ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The section's Chi squared was 1.54 with 3 degrees of freedom. The probability was 0.70 which
indicates a very good data set. The data is sufficiently accurate and fits the ratio from the above
table very closely. The expected ratios for male and female Drosophila were the same so there is no
difference in gender ratios. Discussion: The experiment tested Mendel's Laws of Inheritance using
two mutant recessive traits, dumpy wings and sepia eyes. The Laws of Inheritance state that: alleles
from an organism will separate during the formation of gametes and genes that are different will
assort independently from each other when gametes are formed. According to these laws,
Drosophila mutant traits should assort independently and segregate. The parental cross was a true
breeding dumpy female and a sepia male and the reciprocal cross with a true breeding sepia female
and dumpy male. P= dp dp se+ se+ x dp+dp+ se se (female dumpy x male sepia) dp+ se dp se+ dp
dp+ se se+ Or P= dp+dp+ se se x dp dp se+ se+ (female sepia x male dumpy) dp se+ dp+ se dp dp+
se

PS2 Semi Finished Essay
Bios 101, Problem Set 2
These questions are due at the beginning of discussion. The due date is indicated on the syllabus.
Please type or print neatly on separate sheets of paper. It is imperative that no portion of your
answers be copied directly from another student or from an online source.
1. A man with normal vision marries a woman with normal vision. Their first child, a boy, is color–
blind.
i) (one point) Diagram the cross above.
colorblindness: (XxXx= females; XxY=males)
mom:X dad: Y
Xx
XxX
XxY
Since its sex–linked, then you know the father has normal vision, then he has a dominant allele on
his X chromosome. Since the color blind child in question is a son, then he inherited a Y from the
father. So, the colorblindness ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What type of allelic interactions are these? How many loci are involved? Are there multiple
possibilities? Diagram a cross consistent with the data.
ii) List and discuss several traits, in domestic plants of your choosing, that have a similar genetic
basis.
3. A line of Drosophila melanogaster with ebony body and sepia eyes (line A) is crossed to a line
with tan body and red eyes (line B). The F1 are all tan–bodied, red–eyed.
i) (one point) What proportion of gametes produced by the F1 have the dominant allele for both
loci? What proportion of the gametes produced by line B have the d ominant allele for both loci?
Next, imagine that An F1 female is crossed to a male from line A.
If 1000 offspring were scored for both characters, what number of offspring would be expected to

have each of the four phenotypes (assuming no linkage)? List them below.
Now imagine that the following data were actually collected from the cross above:
Body Eyes
Tan normal 271
Tan sepia 229
Ebony normal 220
Ebony sepia 280
ii) (one point) Are the loci linked? If so, how many map units are they apart ? Do a χ2 test and show
your work below. Diagram this cross.
4. (two points) Go online, and look up two hereditary illnesses that are caused by having two copies
of an autosomal recessive allele.

Bio & Anthro
1.) In a plant having two carried alleles for the color of a flower in a gene, with P for purple and p
for white, the three possible combinations which might exist in any one plant are PP making a
purple plant, pp to make a white plant, or Pp resulting in a 'hybrid' plant. 2.) Out of the genotypes
PP, Pp, pp, the resultant flower colors are (as described above in exercise 1) are purple (for PP,)
purple or purplish–white (for Pp– likely purple as it is dominant, or a mixture of the colors,) or
white (for the case of pp.) PP and pp, the purple and white flowers, are referred to as homozygous.
In the case of PP this is homozygous dominant, and in the case of pp this is homozygous recessive.
The case of Pp must be considered different, and is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Answering the second question, there is a 50 percent chance of a colorblind son; answering the third
question, there is a 25 percent change of colorblind daughter. (Fourth:) There is a change of normal
vision: a 25 percent of a carrier. (Fifth:) According to the square, there is no chance of a normal son.
7.) A: The genotypes are TTCC, TTCc, TtCC, and TtCc. B: The genotypes are ttCC and ttCC. C:
The genotypes are TTcc and Ttcc. D: This genotype would be ttcc. E: This genotype would be TtCc.
F: Such a person could produce TT, Tt, tt, CC, Cc, and cc gametes. Critical questions 1.) The
difference between incomplete dominance and codominance is the level of sharing. In codominance
the dominant trait is shared, while in incomplete dominance the dominant is not completely
expressed in the genotype. Though the result may be similar in the phenotype, the cause of this is
different, which is a reason that this concept is so important to understand. 2.) When a trait is sex
linked, this means that it is linked to the chromosome of the gender. This does not mean the trait is
passed through sex (however it is,) but rather refers to the X and Y chromosomes. Some traits are
only specific to Y chromosomes or a combination of X and Y (or not be expressed when only on

Symptoms And Treatment Of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
In the current world population there is a large increase in people diagnosed with inflammatory
bowel diseases (IBDs), lactose intolerance and/or a combination of the two. Theories suggest that
the delayed onset of lactose intolerance, in patients who already have IBD's, may arise as secondary
lactose intolerance but only as a byproduct of the IBD. This begs the question of if the prevalence of
an IBD predisposes that same person to lactose intolerance and if so, what are the drivers that allow
this to happen? Inflammatory bowel diseases are categorized into two subset categories, ulcerative
colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease. IBD's are defined as a chronic inflammation of all or part of a
digestive tract. The inflammation takes place ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Those who are lactose intolerant also have diminishes levels of lactase, the small intestinal enzyme
responsible for the catalysis of lactose. Dietary supplementation of the lactase enzyme has, in some
cases, proven to rectify the symptoms of lactose intolerance.
During infancy the vast majority of humans have the ability to digest and catabolize lactose into
glucose and galactose via the lactase enzyme. This catabolic capability is vital for newborn
mammals, given that their primary source of nutrition comes from their mother's milk. During the
weaning period, when children cease to use milk as a primary source of nutrition, the production of
the lactase enzyme severely deteriorates and eventually leads to the inability to catabolize lactose.
While this may be the natural progression of the expression of the lactase enzyme, there remains a
large, predominantly western population that maintains a steady production of lactase, those
individuals are known as lactase persistent (Baumgart, et al.).
Lactase Persistence– Causes: Lactase persistence has been strongly suggested to be a function of
genetic causes and its inheritance occurs in an autosomal recessive manner. Individuals that exhibit
the highest lactase activity are genotypically homozygous recessive for lactase persistence; where as
individuals who show lower lactase activities are heterozygous or homozygous

A Study On Genes And Function Of Complex Eukaryotic...
Drosophila melanogaster Cross Report
Brianna Wells
TA: Manuel Ruiz
Section 511
March 3, 2017 Table of Contents
Title Page
Table of Contents
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Methods Continued
Results & Discussion
References Abstract The particular experiment completed was in an effort to understand how the
genetic genome works and understand the great breakthroughs that genetics can uncover when
focused on the right area. Drosophila melanogaster was the star focus in this experiment for it's
similarity to the structure and function of complex eukaryotic genomes like humans. If the genes
can first be studied and experimented on in good model organisms then they can progress to helping
solve human's genome mysteries. The specific gene in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It started with Thomas Morgan in 1910, discovering the function, location, and connection of genes
like white–eyes, yellow–body, and small wings. One of the first things Morgan found out was that
the white–eyed trait is sex–linked on the X chromosome and not sex–limited, meaning females can
have the white–eyed trait expressed as well. Usually, males express the white–eyed trait more often
though due to only one X chromosome. This relates to this experiment in that the white–eyed sex–
linked trait is the recessive gene being traced back to the parent generation. The objective is to
identify the parent generation's genotype from only knowing the F1 generation's phenotype and
conducting a cross between sixteen of the F1 generation to produce an F2 generation. The F2
generation should be able to solve the P0's phenotype. It should also be supported by statistics,
punnett squares, and a low probability value. Based on the phenotypes in both F1 and F2, the parent
generation's genotype should be homozygous white–eyed females and dominate red–eyed males.
Methods The exact instruments involved were provided accordingly for the experiment. The
procedure was taken from the steps in UNT's Biology 3452 spring Manual. To start, the most
important instrument was the first vial containing the F1 generation. When received, the vial was
filled with all adult flies and the proper tools were given to safely

Genetic Engineering Is Responsible And Manipulating The...
A couple, a man and a woman, sit in front of a screen. The woman said, "Let's choose brown hair
and grey eyes for him." "Oh! He needs to be tall and smart," replied the man. What the couple is
doing is designing their future baby. It might sound crazy to be able to engineer one's children
genetically, but technological advancements in the medical and scientific fields have allowed this as
a possible option for potential parents. Genetic engineering is controlling and manipulating the
genes of an organism. Genetic engineering is usually used to improve the organism's functions;
these organisms are known as genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Genetic engineering is
commonly used for the food industry. One benefit that results from genetically modified foods is the
lowered prices for the products. However, there can be hazardous side effects such as the creation of
new toxins (Goldbas, 2014, p. 22). Likewise, mutations in the DNA can occur from genetically
engineering a baby. In spite of the threatening effects to the baby's health from genetic engineer, I
believe giving people to the option to design their "perfect" babies allows for the genetic tree of
infertile parents to continue; however, I believe the range of genes that future parents can select for
their fetus has to be restricted to the genes the parents already carried in their DNA. Before the
concept of designing one's "perfect" baby can be grasp, one must understand the events in science
building up to the

Blood Testing Of Mr. Johnsons
A married couple of 8 years, the Johnsons, have three children. The thing is, even though the
Johnsons are married, Mrs. Johnson has been having an affair with a certain Mr. Wilson for the
entirety of the marriage, which leads us to this question; are Mr. Johnson's children actually his, or
are they related to Mr. Wilson? A simple blood test can figure this out for us. By using samples of
everyone's blood, it can be determined if the children are not related to Mr. Johnson by seeing if
their blood types match. The test involves gathering blood samples of both Mr. Wilson and Mr.
Johnson, along with the children and Mrs. Johnson. Antigens in blood can be detected by Anti–
serums and if picked up, can tell different blood types apart. For example, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
We claimed that Mr. Johnson could possibly be related to one of his children, and this could be
shown in a Punnett square with his blood type as one allele and Mrs. Johnson's as the other. Same
for Mrs. Johnson and Mr. Wilson. The father of child #1 cannot be determined because with either
father the child could have type O blood. Child #2 can in no way be related to Mr. Johnson, because
it has either type BB or BO blood, and Mr. Johnson has no B alleles in his blood type. Child #3
could possibly be related to Mr. Johnson because they have the same blood type possibilities, AA or
AO. Therefore, our claim of Mr. Johnson possibly being related to at least one child is true, and our
essential question, (Are Mr. Johnson's children his biological offspring?) has been sufficiently

Explaining The Mendelian Theory On Genetics
This lab report serves the purpose of explaining the Mendelian theory on genetics. An experiment
done on the common fruit fly shows how the dominant and recessive traits appear in the generation
tested. The data collected and found by using a chi–square and Punnett square that allowed a
hypothesis to be made and the decision to be accepted or rejected. Drosophila Melanogaster, the
common fruit fly is an essential organism to use for genetic research because of its simple living
requirements and choice of diet. The fly can also be easily sedated and obtains many hereditary
features that can be seen with the naked eye. The fly has a few chromosomes. Another plus in using
the Drosophila is its short life cycle. The average life cycle is about 12 days. The eggs are small and
after a day are hatched into the larva. While the Drosophila is in the larval stage, it is constantly
eating. As it grows, the larva will shed its skin. Then in the last few stages, the chromosomes will be
visible. While in the pupal stage, the larva will crawl to the side of the container to begin forming
the pupal case, which is darker and harder. After a few weeks, the adult fly crawls out of the casing
and begins mating to restart the cycle (Vijayalakshmi 5). During this fly lab, the investigation was
based on genetics and gave ratios when the crosses were performed. The first objective was to find
the dominant allele. The dominant allele is the more powerful gene in the crossing. There is also a

Chapter 10 Study Guide Answers
Name: ______________________________________________________ Period:_____ Chapter
Review: 10 Mendel & Meiosis College Biology 1. An organism that is true breeding for a trait is
said to be (a) homozygous (b) heterozygous (c) a monohybrid (d) a dihybrid 2. At the end of
meiosis, how many haploid cells have been formed from the original cell? (a) one (b) two (c) three
(d) four 3. When Mendel transferred pollen from one pea plant to another, he was ___ the plants. (a)
self pollinating (b) cross pollinating (c) self fertilizing (d) cross fertilizing 4. A short pea plant is (a)
homozygous recessive (b) homozygous dominant (c) heterozygous (d) a dihybrid 5. Which
describes a dominant trait in garden peas? (a) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The likelihood of close relatives sharing the same recessive alleles is greater than in the general
population, raising the risks that a child would be homozygous recessive for a trait. 21. Assume that
a couple has four children who are all boys. What are the chances their next child will also be a boy?
Explain your answer. 50% because previous births do not affect any children that will follow. 22.
How does separation of

How To Write A Bingo Observation
Reflection: Sequence of Events 1. Hunter introduced the lesson by briefly explaining the
introduction activity. 2. Hunter and I did an example of what we were looking for in the students'
interactions during the bingo game. 3. Students worked on getting bingo on their card discussing the
characteristic was dominant or recessive in their families. We were setting up the next part while
listening to their interactions. 4. As students got a bingo, they sat back down in their seats. 5.
Lindsey used 2 cups of red crystal light and 2 cups of water to illustrate homozygous. Students
identified which two pairs were the same. Lindsey mixed the two cups of water and two cups of red
crystal light. The two pairs stayed the same when mixing to illustrate ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It was also interesting to just listen to how students interact. #5 – Lindsey used 2 cups of red crystal
light and 2 cups of water to illustrate homozygous. Students identified which two pairs were the
same. Lindsey mixed the two cups of water and two cups of red crystal light. The two pairs stayed
the same when mixing to illustrate homozygous. There were four cups placed on the table in front of
the class. From left to right, it went clear, red, red, and clear. Two volunteers said the clear ones
were the same and red ones were the same, so I mixed the ones that are the same together. Neither
of them changed in their appearance. It is the same for when genes are together. When you get a
dominant gene from both parents, you express the dominant trait. #9 – Lindsey asked for 4 student
volunteers to act as the 4 genes associated with crossing 2 parents to illustrate how to create a
Punnett Square with offspring gene combinations. Student 1 placed their sticky notes across the
chart. Student 2 placed their sticky notes across the chart. Student 3 placed their sticky notes down
the chart. Student 4 placed their sticky notes down the chart. This illustrated the different genotypes
the offspring could

Genetics Unit In Mr Bowen Essay
During the course of our Genetics Unit I have been taught many things and has affected me
importantly as well. In the first body paragraph it's gonna be about on what Mr. Bowen taught me
about Mutations. Then the other body paragraphs are about Homozygous and Heterozygous
Genotypes. After the body paragraphs are done I will be writing 2 other paragraphs about two GMO
companies named Artic Apples and OKFruits. Then the conclusion will wrap up my essay about
what I learned during our Genetics Unit in Mr. Bowen's class.
Body Paragraph 1: This paragraph will be about your first selected genetics subject, and how it
relates to you.
A Mutation is a permanent alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism,
virus, or extrachromosomal DNA or other genetic elements. The DNA gets changed which changes
the hereditary material of life. Some mutations don't have any noticeable on the phenotype of an
organism. Mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful for the organism but mutations do not try
to supply what the organism needs. A single mutation can have a strong negative effect for the
organism. I don't think that I have any mutations. But I had a retarded dog so I guess that is some
sort of brain mutation with it or something.
Body Paragraph 2: This paragraph will be about your second selected genetics subject, and how it
relates to you. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The phenotype is that dominant trait that is shown in the offspring. You can inherit a Homozygous
or Heterozygous gene. Punnett Squares help predict the possible outcome of the offspring. The
Punnett square is named after Reginald C. Punnett. My cousins on my dad as of the family have all
inherited my grandpas tall height but I have gotten my grandmas height and grandpas because I am
shorter than mostly all of my

Hereditary Hemochromatosis : An Essential Mineral
Hereditary Hemochromatosis Iron is an essential mineral in the human body. It is involved in the
transport of oxygen in the blood together with the haem group. However an overload of this crucial
mineral causes a chaos in the human body. This overload of iron known as a haemochromatosis is
defined by Dr. Griffiths (Griffiths, 2011) as "...an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by
toxic accumulation of iron". The hereditary type was first described in 1865. But it is until 1966 that
scientist were able to spot the exact gene mutation of haemochromatosis: HFE gene. The main cause
of iron–overload disease is the mutation in the gene that is located in the sixth chromosome, exactly
in the short arm. The mutation is called C282Y. Moreover, ferritin is a protein and"...most of the
iron stored in the body is bound to ferritin. Ferritin is found in the liver, spleen, skeletal muscles,
and bone marrow. Only a small amount of ferritin is found in the blood" (WebMD, 2014). The
amount of ferritin in the blood shows how much iron is stored in the body. Therefor accumulation of
iron that is associated with ferritin protein provoke what is called Iron overload or
haemochromatosis. On the molecular stage, disruption of the HFE gene as a result of mutations
associated with hereditary haemochromatosis may impair homeostatic mechanisms controlling iron
absorption within the small–intestine epithelium by a direct interaction with transferrin receptor
(Griffiths, Kelly Smith & Cox.

Differences Between Dominant And Recessive Genes Essay
Introduction: People are made up of many different characteristics and traits that have been passed
on from generation to generation. These could range from everything including the color of your
hair and eyes, to whether or not you can roll your tongue. The type of traits that you possess are
determined by whether or not the trait is dominant or recessive in its genetic makeup. Another factor
that plays a part in which traits you possess, is whether or not the gene or trait is homozygous or
heterozygous. Homozygous means that you received two copies of the same gene from your
parents. It could be homozygous dominant (DD) or homozygous recessive (dd). Heterozygous
means that you received one copy of each from your parents (Dd). During the experiment, we will
talked about the differences between dominant and recessive genes and which one is more present in
a small group of people. We also talked about the phenotype and genotypes of the traits we
discussed. Phenotype being the physical characteristics of the trait and genotype being the genetic
makeup of the trait (i.e. heterozygous, homozygous, dominant, recessive, etc.). During the
experiment we did today, we wanted to test a various group of people and study the genetic
differences between this group of people by testing a certain set of traits. The first step of the
experiment was to test the genetic traits seen in our laboratory 's population. We wanted to see if
there would be a higher frequency of recessive versus

Gene Encoding Of Six Traits From The Pure Bred Garden Pea
The purpose of this lab was to focus on the gene encoding of six traits from the pure bred garden
pea (Pisum sativum). The six traits observed were Seed color, Seed texture, Tendrils, Leaflets,
Stipules, and Height. The purpose of each experiment was to analyze morphological traits and then
Finding the statistical analysis by using the chi–squared test. The chi–squared test is when we
collected the data of the garden pea and compared it to see if the variation in the data was due to
chance or to a variable that was actually tested. This test helps us determine if our data is significant
or non significant. In this lab the plant being used was the common garden pea (Pisum sativum), the
first thing done was to scan the phenotypes of each parental and first generation offspring; which
was homozygous dominant ( P1), homozygous recessive (P2) for parental types, and heterozygous
(F1) for first generation offspring. Next step is to indicate the F2 sample by using a "+" for
dominant and "–" for recessive phenotype. This was done by making a chi chart that expressed all
the phenotype characteristics for Parental traits to 60 generations of offspring traits. Afterward data
was combined with class data to determine the statistical analysis for all the samples. In addition to
analyzing the morphological traits, statistical data was determined by determining the expected
number of plants for seed color, Seed texture, Stipules, leaflets, Height, and Tendrils. That was
calculated by

The Theory Of Genetics Within The World Of Health Science...
When I was first introduced into the world of health science and biology as a 6th grader I loved it.
The idea of traits being passed on from generation to generation fascinated me. When we began the
simplistic practice of Mendelian genetics and punnett squares it gave me a broader understanding of
the concept of genetics. Since this topic is so fascinating to me, I want to explore genetics in greater
depth. Specifically population genetics; why does the frequency of alleles change over time and
how can the concept be illustrated?
To begin with, the definition of population genetics is as follows: the study of the distribution and
change in frequency of alleles within populations. Genes being passed down from parent to
offspring is a great ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although this may seem like a wonderful mutation to combat such a terrible disease, that is not
necessarily the case. The mutation is only beneficial to people who have the genotype (Ss) because
they have the ability to combat malaria, but they don't have sickle cell anemia. Sickle cell is only
possible when an organism exhibits the genotype (ss) since it is not a dominant disease. On the other
hand, those who have the genotype (SS) have no way to combat malaria.
Sickle cell disease causes the uniquely shaped red blood cells to obstruct the path for blood flow in
the arteries. This happens due to the crescent moon shape of the red blood cells causing immense
pain in the abdomen and joints and eventually, once the body can no longer transport blood
effectively, death.
Although sickle cell anemia is a terrible disease, it's extremely interesting for me to see how, a
mutation that developed to combat a disease, has now turned into a disease itself that could cause
death. Now, wouldn't it be wonderful to predict what child would get the disease in order to seek
treatment immediately? With that being said, I want to introduce the Hardy–Weinberg Theorem,
which is derived as follows:
p2 pq pq q2
p^2+2pq+q^2=1

Genetic Diversity and Survival of the Fittest
Heterozygosity is the measure of the genetic variation in a population at a particular gene locus.
Genetic variation within a population is important in maintaining or increasing the fitness of
members in the population and ultimately the survival of the species. Fitness is the ability for a
species of a certain genotype to reproduce and is often times equal to the proportion of the
individual's genes in all the genes of the next generation. Positive correlations have been made
between the heterozygosity at the loci and fitness of the Lake Trout, which suggests that
heterozygosity may be advantageous to the species (Pujolar et al. 2005). A heterozygote advantage
describes the case in which the heterozygote genotype has a higher relative fitness than either the
homozygous dominant or homozygous recessive genotype. The fitness of an individual can be
exhibited by its phenotype. The environment can contribute to the phenotype as well as both genes
on the locus. An experiment conducted by Rowe et al. analyzed the correlation between
heterozygosity, fitness, and geography in Natterjack Toads (Bufo calamita). The experiment
involved taking samples of populations of the Natterjack Toad from different parts of Great Britain.
These populations all varied in census size, degree of isolation and distance from the distributional
range edge. The fitness was measured, notably larval survival and growth rates, for the toads under
standardized conditions. The results of the experiment

The Wizarding Gene
The wizarding gene is not passed down in blood like how it is explained in the books. It is a gene,
copied in families that carry the recessive code. A gene is informally defined as a unit of heredity
that is transferred from a parent to offspring and determines some characteristics of the offspring
(CITE). An Allele is one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are
found at the same place on a chromosome. To be a wizard, a person must be born Homozygous
Recessive, meaning their DNA must have two copies of the same gne, but not a dominant alelle. If
the gene for magic was an "M", their code would appear as mm. A real–life example of this would
be eye color. A blue–eyed person is homozygous recessive, and if they were to inherit one dominant,
brown ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because one can be a wizard with only one gene expression, the trait could be sex–linked, passed
down through the X and Y chromosomes that determine our gender. In modern science, it wasa
determined that sex lined genes passed through the X chromosome were not recessive nor dominant;
just sex linked. (Dobyns 11). Because there were previous studies on sex linked traits, like how two
parents with color blindnesss (recessive) have a daughter or son, they could also inherit color
blindess (CITE). Because of new studies showing that the x linked traits to not follow the same rules
as normal inheritance, the original theory presented in this paper holds true. The number of female
and male wizards is proportional, but if the trait was sex linked, then every family with any
wizarding genes would have all boys born become wizards, while only females who were born to
two wizard parents could have magic. Because this is not true in the book, as seen with the number
of half blood and muggle born female witches, readers can know that the trait is not sex

Analysis Of Gregor Mendel 's The Mid 1800 ' S
Before Gregor Mendel's discoveries in the mid 1800's, most people had no clear idea as to why their
children, and grandchildren, looked like them! Most people assumed that because the child was in
their family, and created by them, that familiar looking offspring just simply happened. Gregor
Mendel put all that guessing to rest. Mendel did experiments on two different colored pea plants. In
the first test, he mixed a purple flowered pea plant, and a white flowered pea plant. He let these
plants fertilize and have off spring. These two plants were known as the Parent generation (P
Generation). The offspring they produced were known as the F1 Generation. The P Generation
created an F1 Generation that was all purple pea plants. Mendel then bred a new generation of pea
plants ONLY breeding plants with themselves. This new generation was known as the F2
Generation. Within the F2 Generation, the white flowered pea plants began to show back up. The
ratio of purple flowered pea plants, to white flowered pea plants was a 3:1 ratio. Mendel also noted
that the purple and white color had not been blended; the white color was just purely masked by the
purple color in the F1 Generation. Mendel was then able to make conclusions about simple
breeding. He called the purple flowers dominant, because they were more frequent than the white
flowers. He called the white flowers recessive, because they were less frequent than the purple
flowers. Therefore he concluded that the purple flowers were

worksheet Essay
AP Biology: Unit 3: Cell Division & Genetics: Virtual Lab #4: Punnett Squares
Instructions
1. Open the Virtual Lab: Punnett Squares:
http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/virtual_labs_2K8/labs/BL_05/index.html
2. The virtual lab simulation will be on the right side of the screen, and the "Question" column will
be on the left side of the screen.
3. Click on the TV/VCR and watch the video.
4. Read the background information in the Question Column under "How can Punnett Squares help
predict the traits of offspring?"
5. Read the background information provided in the virtual lab by clicking on the "Information" bar
in the lab simulation area.
6. Answer the questions below in your notebook.
a. Which of the following is most ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, when recording genotypic ratios:
i. If your offspring genotypes include 1 GG, 2 Gg, and 1 gg, the ratio would be: 1 GG : 2 Gg : 1 gg
ii. If your offspring genotypes include 2 GG and 2 Gg, the ratio would be: 2 GG : 2 gg (or 1:1 in the
reduced form) iii. If your offspring genotypes are 4 gg, then the ratio would be written as: 4 gg
b. When you record phenotypic ratios for a monohybrid cross, there are only two possible
phenotypes – either the dominant phenotype or the recessive phenotype. So you do not need to
indicate the phenotype, simply put the dominant # first, followed by the recessive #:
i. If your offspring phenotypes are 3 dominant and 1 recessive, the ratio is: 3:1 ii. If your offspring
phenotypes are 4 dominant and 0 recessive, the ratio is: 4:0 iii. If your offspring phenotypes are 0
dominant and 4 recessive, the ratio is: 0:4 Table 1:
Scenario # Genotype of
Parent I Genotype of
Parent II Genotypic Ratio of Offspring Phenotypic Ratio of Offspring
1
2
3

4
5
6
7
8
9
10
8. Answer the following questions in your notebook.
a. For one of the monohybrid crosses you performed in this Investigation, describe how to use the
phenotype ratios to determine

The Hardy Weinberg Principle, No Natural Selection
Design
Research Question:
If all five conditions mentioned within the Hardy–Weinberg Principle are met (random mating, large
populations, no mutations, no migration, no natural selection), will the population remain in genetic
equilibrium?
Background Information:
The Hardy–Weinberg Principle or the Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium Model states that "allele and
genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the
absence of other evolutionary influences" (Version, T.). In order for genetic equilibrium to be
maintained, five conditions must be met:
– Random Mating: all individuals within a population must have an equal opportunity to pass on
their alleles
– Large Populations: random changes in allele ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
– p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 ; where 'p2' represents the homozygous dominant genotype, '2pq' represents the
heterozygous genotype, and 'q2' represents the homozygous recessive genotype
This equation is used to calculate the genotype frequency, so 1 = 100% of the population.
Hypothesis:
In a large, randomly mating population where mutations, migration, and natural selection are no
longer viable, the allele and genotypic frequencies will remain at equilibrium. If any of these
conditions are changed, then the allele and genotype frequencies will be unable to maintain genetic
equilibrium.
Variables:
Independent Variable(s) – Alleles (only 2 options)
Dependent Variable(s) – Allele Frequency, Genotype Frequency
Controlled Variable(s) – The control group is the first group of data taken with the cheerios where
there is random mating, large population (100 alleles), no mutations, no migration, and no natural
selection.
Control of Variables:
In this experiment, in order to conform to the requirements of the Hardy–Weinberg Principle, it is
necessary to control five differing factors:
1. Random Mating
2. Large Populations
3. Absence of Mutations
4. Absence of Migration
5. Absence of Natural Selection

In order to control all of these factors throughout the experiment, one must randomly select the
alleles (cheerios), must have a larger population size

What Are Some Inheritable Traits Passed On To Offspring...
My lesson was highly effective in meeting my instructional outcomes. The objective was read by a
student at the beginning of class, as it always is. Today's lesson objective was "Today we will
participate in a small and large group Socratic so we can provide reasoning for or against using
genetic technology for genetic engineering on humans, Wooly Mammoth, rice and/or mosquitos."
We know we have it when we are able to fill out the Exit Ticket which involved critiquing our
peers". This was the final product for the 8th grade first project. The students participated in a
Socratic Discussion using the research of their chosen topic on genetically modified organisms.
They had to write down 3 arguments for and 3 arguments against genetically modifying their
organism before the Socratic discussion. They also prepared notes on their chromebook that they
could use during the seminar if they felt they needed to refer back to them. Following up to this
lesson, I have shown examples of a good Socratic seminar utilizing a video from YouTube. This
gave the students' a clear perspective on the expectations set for them. The "Do Now" "What are
some inheritable traits passed on to offspring from parents?" was to stimulate thinking and elicit
enthusiasm. They knew a lot of the inherited traits such as eye color, dimples, hair color, earlobes,
widow's peak and rolling of the tongue. I then moved into a review on dominant and recessive traits.
I asked the students "If you have a

Pros And Cons Of Consanguineous
Consanguineous means related by blood. As a working definition, unions contracted between
persons biologically related as second cousins or closer are categorized as Consanguineous, having
one or more ancestors in common no more remote than a great–grandparent (consag.net; WHO
document 1997, EUROCAT). Major populations in Middle East, North Africa, South Asia (20 –
60% of all marriages are consanguineous) (El Hazmi et al., 1995 ;) Major populations in Latin
America, Japan, China (1 – 10% of all marriages are consanguineous) Recent migrants from
Pakistan, India, the Middle East, North Africa and South Asia, becoming permanent residents in
Europe, USA and Canada (e.g. 2 million Maghrebians in France, 1.5 million Turks in Germany, 0.5
million Pakistanis in the U.K.) Small population ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Available data suggest that stillborn rates are either similar or slightly higher among consanguineous
couples than the non–related couples. Consanguinity and postnatal mortality. There is a positive
association between parental. Consanguinity and increased infant and childhood mortality.
Compiled data from 38 populations (600000 pregnancies) gave a 4.4% increased prereproductive
mortality above background risk for offspring of first cousin unions. (Bittles and Neel,
1994).Generally speaking, frequency of congenital malformations among newborns of first cousin
unions is about 2 times the frequency among the general population, i.e. about 4–6%. Another
estimate puts the offspring of first cousin unions at a 1.7–2.8% increased risk above the population
background risk (Bennett et al., 2002). Many studies have shown a positive association between
parental consanguinity and congenital heart defects. The association of consanguinity with cleft lip
and palate, and neural tube defects is not clear. In our study, we have seen a unexpected higher rate
of sudden infant death, which is

hardy
Population Genetics / Hardy–Weinberg Problems
Directions: Work out the following problems on a separate piece of paper. Show ALL work and
circle your answers.
1) If the frequency of a recessive allele is 30% in a population of 100 people, how many would you
predict would be carriers of this allele, but would not express the recessive phenotype? q= 0.30 p=
0.70
Carriers = 2pq = 2(.3)(.7) = .42
#= (.42)(100) = 42 individuals
2) From a sample of 278 American Indians, the following MN blood types were obtained: MM =
78, MN = 139, NN = 61. Calculate the allele frequency of M and N.
M= 0.53
N= 0.47
MM = 78/278 = 0.281 = p2 p = 0.530 = 53%
MN = 139/278 = 0.50 = 2pq q = 0.468 = 46.8%
NN = 61/139 = 0.219 = q2
3) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Complete the following chart based on this information.
The frequency of the (H) allele =
0.7
The total number of homozygous nonallergic Pago Fuagens =
2450
(5000 x 0.49)
The frequency of the (h) allele =
0.3
The total number of Pago Fuagans that are carriers of the (g) allele and phenotypically normal =
2100
(5000 x 0.42)
The total number of (h) alleles on Pago Fuago =
3000

(10,000 x 0.3)
The total number of Pago Fuagens that suffer from this

Homozygous Alleles
Problem To analyze the gene frequencies and see how natural selection, in addition to the cold
winter, impact this statistic as each generation passes.
Background
In England, a population of bunnies thrives with dominant and recessive traits. Some of these
bunnies possess a recessive allele that makes them have no fur. This is dangerous because England
has very cold winters which would cause the hairless bunnies to die by freezing to death.
Nevertheless, those who have heterozygous alleles or homozygous dominant alleles have a greater
possibility of survival. Breeders of bunnie have long been familiar with this variety of genetic traits
that affect their survivability in the wild, as well as in breeding populations.The ... Show more
However, there were a little amount of f alleles left behind.
The number of alleles for the dominant characteristic remains constant throughout the ten
generations while the the alleles for the recessive characteristic decreases after almost each
generation.
Emigration and immigration can affect the gene frequency of F and f in this population of rabbits by
which immigration can introduce new traits to the environment which may be better than the F
allele causing the species to evolve once again. The researcher would stimulate this effect by either
taking a trait from one the the emigrated bunnies and adding it into the situation or trying the keep
the bunnies from emigrating.
The results of this simulation are a demonstration of natural selection since the data showed that as
each generation passed, hairless bunnies which have have the recessive allele trait started to become
extinct. This proves that the environment easily triggered natural selection into making sure the
bunnies have fur in order to

Hypercholesterolemia: A Genetic Disorder
Human genetics can play a major role in determining ones physical condition. One slight change in
a genetic sequence can cause a disorder that can be life threating to the organism. Most of the
genetic disorders are caused by recessive allele. In most cases this recessive allele is undetectable
due to the disorder not being presented in the physical appearance. Hypercholesterolemia is an
example of a human disorder controlled by a single gene. This human disorder causes high levels of
cholesterol in an individual due to the absence of the low–density lipoproteins.
Hypercholesterolemia is both a dominant and recessive disorder. The genotypes for the dominant
disorder would be heterozygous and for the recessive disorder the genotype would be a
Homozygous recessive. The two genotypes in the hypercholesterolemia disorder represent the
severity of its affects will be. Both of heterozygous and homozygous version of
hypercholesterolemia cause a loss of low density lipoproteins. Low density Lipoproteins are
receptors in the liver cell that breaks down cholesterol carried in the blood, the loss of lipoproteins
can cause severe consequences in an individual. In a heterozygous version of hypercholesterolemia
an individual would have blood levels that are twice than normal due to the loss of lipoproteins.
This would cause an individual to have an increase in cholesterol build up in the artery walls which
can lead to serious heart problems. Homozygous recessive version is the worst

Difference Between Dominate And Recessive Genes
What is the difference between dominate and recessive genes?
Genes help determine the characteristics and traits consisting of: eye, skin, hair color, etc. Each gene
contains two alleles one coming from the mother and the other from the father, one being dominant
and the other recessive. The dominant allele is typically expressed, while the recessive are not
generally expressed. A dominant allele makes a pair with a recessive allele. The dominant allele
determines the traits visibly expressed as phenotypes the genetic code working behind a trait in
known as the genotype (Your Genome, 2016).
What is the difference between heterozygous and homozygous expression of genes?
The genetic material that determines the trait is known as the genotype, which at times it is said to
be homozygous (a person containing two recessive/two dominant alleles coming from both parents)
or heterozygous (a person having one recessive/one dominant allele from both parents). It is
typically common for a child to have brown eyes when one parent has a recessive allele and the
other a dominant allele allowing it to override the other. However, if both parents have brown eyes,
but contribute the recessive allele the child will have blue eyes. This is not always the case as
genetic inheritance is not always simple as we see some people having eyes that are green, one
brown, and one blue (CCCOE, 2016).
Using Activity 2 found in your Laboratory Manual, create a Punnett square and complete the
exercise

Factors Affecting Human Development During Phases Of...
The process of nondisjunction can occur in human development during phases in meiosis and
mitosis. The irregularity results in an abnormal amount of chromosomes in the produced cells and
causes alterations in those who are affected. Nondisjunctional consequences can be seen in these
five examples of genetic inheritance conditions discussed in this paper: Down syndrome, Patau's
syndrome, Edward's syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and Turner's syndrome. The Mendelian
principles of genetics developed by Gregor Mendel include the patterns of autosomal recessive and
autosomal dominant. Autosomal dominant and recessive inheritance patterns can cause disorders
such as: Marfan syndrome and Huntington disease from the inheritance of dominant ... Show more
As a result, there are an extra amount or not enough sets of chromosomes in the cells created which
causes disorders in those affected. The effects of nondisjunction include the following diseases:
Down syndrome, Patau's syndrome, Edward's syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and Turner's
syndrome. Mendelian and non–Mendelian inheritance patterns determine how certain traits are
passed on to the next generation. Mendelian patterns are autosomal dominant inheritance, which
causes Marfan syndrome and Huntington disease, and autosomal recessive inheritance, which
causes cystic fibrosis and sickle–cell disease. Non–Mendelian patterns of inheritance include
polygenic and mitochondrial inheritance. Polygenic inheritance is seen in the inheritance of traits
like skin color and height and can cause heart diseases and cancer. In mitochondrial inheritance, also
known as maternal inheritance, DNA in the mitochondria is passed down primarily from the mother.
This form of inheritance causes some disorders like Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy and
Kearns–Sayre syndrome may occur. Epigenetic inheritance is an unusual process in which
epigenetic tags created by a parent's experience can be passed on to their offspring.
Nondisjunction describes the process in which the chromosomes of a cell do not divide in the
correct manner during meiosis and mitosis. The abnormality occur in one of three ways due to the
incorrect division of

Allele and Dd
Name: Date: 03.05.13
Student Exploration: Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium
Vocabulary: allele, genotype, Hardy–Weinberg equation, Hardy–Weinberg principle, heterozygous,
homozygous, Punnett square
Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.)
Suppose the feather color of a bird is controlled by two alleles, D and d. The D allele results in dark
feathers, while the d allele results in lighter feathers.
1. Suppose two Dd birds mate. What percentages of DD, Dd, and dd offspring would you predict?
Use the Punnett square at right to help determine your answer.
DD ___25___ Dd _____50___ dd _____25_____
2. In this situation, what ratio of heterozygous (Dd) to homozygous (DD and ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Interpret: Select the GENOTYPE GRAPH tab. What does this graph show? For Dd genotypes, it's
was the lowest but then it started going up. All of those results, Dd genotype have the highest
average.
(Activity A continued on next page)
Activity A (continued from previous page)
6. Gather data: On the DESCRIPTION tab, click Reset. Set DD and dd to any values you like. Fill
in the initial values in the table below, and then run the Gizmo for five generations. Record the allele
and genotype percentages for each generation in the table below.
| |Initial values |Generation |
| | |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 |
|% D alleles |74.0 |73.6 |74.3 |73.9 |75.5 |75.3 |
|% d alleles |26.0 |26.4 |25.7 |26.1 |24.5 |24.7 |
|% of DD genotype |68.0 |52.4 |55.6 |53.0 |58.0 |57.6 |

|% of Dd genotype |12.0 |42.4 |37.4 |41.8 |35.0 |35.4 |
|% of dd genotype |20.0 |5.2 |70. |5.2

Essay on Introduction to Drosophila Genetics
INTRODUCTION TO DROSOPHILA GENETICS
DROSOPHILA CULTURE We will study basic principles of Mendelian inheritance with the use of
the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster [the name means "black–bodied fruit–lover"]. Drosophila was
one of the first organisms to be studied genetically: its small size, short life cycle (10 ~14 days at
25oC), high reproductive rate (an adult female can lay 400–500 eggs in 10 days), and ease of culture
and genetic manipulation have made it perhaps the best understood animal genetic system. Many
different species, and a large number and wide variety of naturally–occurring and artificially–
induced genetic variants are available. The partial genetic map in Appendix B describes the location
of all the mutations used in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, the genotype of a wild–type homozygote would be designated e +e + (or ++), a mutant
homozygote ee, and a heterozygote e +e or e+ [Use of the term "wild–type" derives from an early
assumption that most flies are homozygous for a 'standard', usually dominant, allele. As we will see,
this is not the case, but the terminology is still used]. It is important to remember that not all mutants
are recessive. A mutation that is dominant to the wild–type is symbolized by a capital letter. For
example, the typical eye shape is round. One mutant produces a narrow "bar eye": the allele is
dominant, symbolized by a capital letter B, and the wild–type (round) eye is B+.
2
GENETIC CROSSES An "X" is used to indicate that two individuals have been mated together.
The parents are designated as P (for parental) and the offspring as F (for filial). When several
generations are involved, subscripts are added to designate the generations. P1 give rise to F1 (first
filial) progeny. If the F1 are crossed together they become P2 and their progeny F2. A cross between
members of the F1 and members of the P1 is a backcross. A cross between members of the F1 and
the true breeding recessive P1 is a test cross. MONOHYBRID CROSS The simplest form of a cross
is a monohybrid cross, which analyses a single trait and its associated variations. The diagram below
shows the

Gregor Mendel's Laws Of Inheritance
Gregor Mendel's Laws of Inheritance Gregor Mendel, also know as the Father of genetics, was a
monk who studied pea plants and discovered the laws of heredity. Heredity is the passing of traits
from one generation to another. There are three laws and they are known as; the law of dominance,
law of segregation, and the law of independent assortment.
The law of dominance states that the dominant alleles always show and the recessive alleles can be
hidden because of that. For example, if brown eyes are dominant in a family, their genotype would
be AA or Aa. In a heterozygous pair, like Aa, the dominant allele would appear in the phenotype
because dominant will always show even though there a

Mendelian Genetics, Scientific Paper
Examining Mendel's "First Law": Observing Anthocyanin in Brassica rapa
Abstract
The foundation of genetics lies with the principles that Gregor Mendel outlined after his
experiments with pea plants where he discovered the relationship between physical characteristics,
or phenotype, and genetic traits, or genotype. This experiment aimed to reproduce Mendel's results
with the Brassica rapa plant, noted for it's fast generation time, and anthocyanin, a purple pigment
that can be visually tracked through subsequent generations. It is important for experiments
resulting in scientific discovery to be replicable and peer reviewed. Since Mendelian genetics are
the foundation of scientific education, including answering questions about ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Other forms of the genotype, (ygr/ YGR) and (YGR/YGR) will result in green leaves. A third gene
in Brassica rapa is the rosette mutant, homozygous recessive. The genotype needed for the short,
rosette plant form is (ros/ros). The other two genotypes (ros/ROS) and wild type (ROS/ROS) will
result in the normal form of the plant. The phenotypes and genotypes are related in that the
phenotypes provide a visible indication of the genotype. This is true in an individual with a
homozygous recessive gene. However, in the case of dominant genes, since only one copy is needed
for the phenotype to be present, then the second copy is not indicated. The second copy can be
identified process where two individuals (P1 and P2) with the same dominant phenotype, called the
parental generation, are bred. This produces an F1 or first generation of offspring. The F1 generation
can also be bred and produce an F2 generation. Each individual in the F1 and F2 generations
receives one copy from each parent of the 3–letter genotype code, called an allele.
Gregor Mendel theorized that certain combinations of alleles in a genotype would result in a
specific ratio of phenotypes expressed in each generation. For example, in the case of the dominant
heterozygous anthocyanin genotype, the P1 with (ANL/anl) crossed with the P2 (ANL/anl) would
result in a 1:2:1 ratio for genotypes (ANL/ANL), (ANL/anl) and (anl/anl). However,

The Fruit Fly By Drosophila Melanogaster
Drosophila melanogaster, often referred to as the fruit fly, is an interesting and dynamic insect that
provides humanity with important information in the study of genetics. The biological community is
extremely devoted to acquiring more information about the genetic process in order to improve the
health and existence of humans. The fruit fly may seem like an insignificant specimen; however, it
has a surprising number of parallels to the human genome. Humans have 46 chromosomes in which
23 are gametes involved in the reproduction process. Although, the fruit fly has only 4
chromosomes they behave very similarly to humans. This insight has led to new research and
development that is continuously explored by scientists all over the globe. The fruit fly has an
optimal life cycle which makes it convenient and efficient when studying its genetic information. A
fruit fly incurs a life cycle that last approximately one and a half to two weeks. Its life cycle
manifests in four phases respectively: egg, larva, pupal, and adult stage. Due to the short amount of
time it takes a fruit fly to be reproduced and developed, a plethora of information can be learned in a
very short period of time (Lewis 1998). Other benefits of using fruit flies are due to: low cost,
production in large numbers, and easy production (Lewis 1998). In laboratory, a dihybrid cross was
performed in order to determine the traits exhibited by the F2 generation. Fruit flies have a few
physical

Essay On Plant Genetics Labpaq

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Essay On Plant Genetics Labpaq

Similar to Essay On Plant Genetics Labpaq (10)

More from Trina Jackson

More from Trina Jackson (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Essay On Plant Genetics Labpaq