Case Study On Credit Risk Management

Case Study On Credit Risk Management
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. To what extent is the performance of commercial bank affected by credit risk management?
2. What are the key things that are put in place when curbing risks by commercial banks?
3. Do commercial banks get assistance from central bank of Nigeria when curbing credit risk?
4. Do collateral securities ensure the repayment of loans?
5. How effective is the credit risk management system in Nigerian banking system?
6. What are the tactics that can be used by Nigerian banks' to curb and recover toxic loans?
7. What are the important things the bank check upon a customers' application for loan?
1.6 STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESES
In order to give the study focus, the following hypotheses have been established to ensure the study is carried out very efficiently. ... Show more content
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The focus of the study is to study the credit risk management of Nigerian commercial banks, with our focus on First Bank of Nigeria. At the same time
it reviews the methods and procedures that facilitate effective credit risk management in the banking industry of Nigeria. Furthermore it suggests
measures that can be used to correct and increase the success rate of credit risk management in Nigerian banks.
1.7.1 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
Below are constraints which impede the development of the research work. They
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Literature Review Of Literature On Banking
Literature Review According to (Agboola 2001) literature which I reviewed shows that it studied the impact of computer automation on the banking
services in Lagos and discovered that Electronic Banking has been extremely enhanced over the year and this was ascertained through the services of
some banks to their customers in Lagos and how technological advancement has made their banking experience much easy and faster. The study was
however limited to the commercial banks centered in Nigeria and only focused on only six banks. He also made a comparative analysis which was
between the old and new generation banks and he also discovered some variation in the rate of adoption of information technology in the banking sector.
Secondly, Aragba–Akpore (1998) wrote on the application of information technology in Nigerian banks and pointed out how Information Technology is
becoming the backbone and bedrock of banking services in this generation. He cited the Diamond Integrated Banking Services (DIBS) of Diamond
Bank Limited and Electronic Smart Card Account (ESCA) of All States Bank Limited as labors geared in the direction of making complexity in the
banking sector. Ovia (2000) revealed that the Nigeria banking industry has progressively depended on the distribution of Information Technology and
that the IT budget for banking industry is to an extent on a larger scale of any other industry in Nigeria. He opposed that On–line system banking has
helped in facilitating the Internet

Disadvantages Of Leapfrogging Technology Innovation In...
Fall 2017
Advantages of leapfrogging technology innovation in Nigeria
. Effects on Small medium enterprise (SME's)
Grace Chimezie for PPOL 786
Abstract
This paper views the effects of innovative technologies to spur ideas, using hack ways to find useful alternatives to compete in the fast paced driven
technological world.
Introduction
Mobile technologies and PC devices have played a key role in innovation and the business growth of small scale businesses in Nigeria. In 2016 over
68% of the nation's population had access to mobile phones and 93.75 million connected to the internet (Quartz Africa). Even as lower smart–phone
prices drive a digital revolution in Nigeria, Nigerians still pay a significant amount of their income to make phone calls or surf the internet.
There often remains a persistent and troubling gap between the inherent value of the technology they develop and their ability to put it to work
effectively. Successive Nigerian governments have missed the mark as well as the thrust in the application of her potential for progress and poverty
alleviation except for few cases where implementation of policies by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) to reduce movement with physical cash and
enforcing the adoption of Mobile banks called (POS) machines.
Statement of the Problem
Nigeria suffers from high unemployment and a large portion of the population lives below the poverty line. A significant number of the small and
medium enterprises, which constitute over 80

Banking Industry in Nigeria
THE BANKING INDUSTRY AND THE NIGERIAN ECONOMY POST–CONSOLIDATION
By B. B. EBONG GROUP MANAGING DIRECTOR/CHIEF EXECUTIVE UNION BANK OF NIGERIA PLC ABSTRACT Against the backdrop
of the role of banks as financial intermediaries and their function as the engine of growth of the economy, this paper examines the extent to which the
banking industry has helped to stimulate economic activities in Nigeria and what the prognosis looks like in the post–consolidation era. The paper
notes that the banking industry in Nigeria witnessed a remarkable growth in terms of deposit base, number of branches, total asset and volume of loans
and advances, especially since the de–regulation of the financial services sector in the last quarter of 1986. However, ... Show more content on
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Furthermore, banks act as a conduit for the transmission of monetary policy. They provide a veritable platform when it comes to the implementation of
monetary, credit, foreign exchange, and other financial sector policies of the government. Among other things, monetary policy is designed to
influence the cost and availability of loanable funds with a view to promoting non–inflationary growth. The instruments available to the Central Bank to
achieve this include open market operations (OMO), the cash reserve ratio (CRR), liquidity ratio (LR) and of course, moral suasion. The capacity of
the banking industry to perform these functions effectively is, to a large extent, determined by the financial health of the individual institutions
themselves and soundness and viability of the industry as a whole. For instance, where the majority of banks are adjudged to be weak and unhealthy,
that will impair the ability of the industry to lubricate economic growth and vice versa. Against this background, the objective of this presentation is to
examine the extent to which the banking industry has helped to stimulate economic activities in Nigeria and what the prognosis looks like in the
post–consolidation era, come January 2006.
To achieve its objective, this paper is organised into five parts. Following this introduction, we review the performance of the

The Operations, Problems and Prospect of Pos Adoption in...
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
1.1 Background to the Study
The recent cashless policy of the Central Bank of Nigeria CBN has generated mixed reactions, controversies and public debates over the citizens'
preparedness and relevance of the policy. For1 instance, public argument on the one hand is that banking services in Nigeria are faced with low
penetration, financial exclusion and poor infrastructure. Notwithstanding, the CBN has made it known that there is no going back on the policy
because of the enormous challenges and cost associated with the cash based system, Clearly, according to the CBN governor, the policy is aimed at
reducing the cost of cash management which was estimated at N114.5 billion in 2009 and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To examine the relative advantage of electronic payment system at the points of sale on customer service by banks in Nigeria;
2. To examine the problems facing the implementation of electronic payment system at the point of sale terminals in Nigeria;
3. To examine the prospect of electronic payment system at the point of sale for Nigerian economy.
1.5Justification for the Study
This research study would enlighten the stakeholders in the banking sector that is, the public, respective bank customers, banks' regulatory authorities,
the academia and interested persons and organizations on the adoption of electronic payment system. The research shall basically examine the
operations, problems and prospects of the newly adopted electronic payment system by the Central bank of Nigeria which include the use of debit and
/or credit cards for making purchases, settling debts and exchange through the use of point of Sale in Nigerian business environment and suggests ways
by which they could be tackled.
Scope of the Study

The study shall examine the operations, problems and prospects of electronic payment system at the point of sale terminals in Nigeria. The study shall
rely on empirical evaluation of the adoption of electronic payment system at the point of Sale terminal in Nigeria. The study population shall comprise
users of point of Sale terminal in 2 local governments in Lagos state.
Methodology
The study shall rely on cross

Interest Rate And Interest Rates
1.1 Background of the Study Interest rate is the amount of interest due per period, as a proportion of the amount lent, deposited or borrowed (called the
principal sum). The total interest on an amount lent or borrowed depends on the principal sum, the interest rate, the compounding frequency, and the
length of time over which it is lent, deposited or borrowed (Wikipedia). Interest rate as policy instrument can be used to foster meaningful
macroeconomic stability,the rate of interest exacts its influence on the macro economy by transmitting through savings, investment, output,
employment, money supply and balance of payment. As a return on investment in financial assets, interest rate serves as... Show more content on
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The country 's agricultural products is divided into two main groups: food crops and cash crops produced for home consumption and exports. The
special interest of Government in the Agricultural sector is due to its relevance in the provision of raw materials for industries and most importantly
the provision of food for the teaming population of Nigeria. (Akiri and Adofu 2007). Basically,agriculture provides 65% employment opportunities for
the population to reduce poverty and contributes to the growth of the economy (Okoro, 2011). The development of agriculture in Nigeria has been
slow despite the various agricultural policies. In fact, the government recognized the unhealthy condition(such as lack of access to technology, lack of
access to farm inputs, lack of financial empowerment, high risk etc.) of Nigerian agricultural sector since 1970, and has formulated and introduced a
number of programmes and strategies aimed at resolving this situation. These measures includes, introduction of scheme such as the River Basin
Development Authority (1979), National Accelerated Food Production (NAFP) was introduced in 1972, Operation Feed the Nation (OFN) was
inaugurated

Private Equity in Nigeria
An Overview of Nigerian Venture Capital and Private Equity
Page 2
CONTENT
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3
NIGERIA COUNTRY ANALYSIS 5
TABLES AND EXHIBITS 7
Page 3
Executive Summary1
Nigeria is facing an uncertain future as outbreaks of ethnic and religious violence continue to place strains on Africa's most populated country. With the
2003 elections approaching, the continuing battle amongst incumbent politicians and between competing ethnic and regional groups is likely to
intensify. Such an environment will test Nigeria's fragile democracy, which has never witnessed a hand over from one civilian government to another.
The Nigerian government ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are currently no buyout firms in Nigeria at this time.
Sources of funds
About 42% of Nigeria's independent funds are sourced mainly from US and European government and aid agencies, 17% from local banks, 25% from
local pension funds, and

15% from partners and other sources. In Nigeria, institutional investors are reluctant to invest in private equity. A large reason for this is might be lack
of familiarity with the private equity asset class. In the short term, Nigeria may see increased commitments from US and European government and aid
agencies is most likely, however foreign pension funds are not likely to be significant source of commitments.
Investments
Private equity investments in CAPE portfolio companies grew from approximately $5 million in 5 companies in 1999 to approximately $12 million in
4 companies in 2000.
The average deal size has increased from approximately $1 million to approximately $3 million for new investments reflecting the later–stage of the
investments.
The fund has made 65% of its investments in telecommunications and information technologies sectors and 35% of its investments in the media and
outsourcing sectors.
Approximately 60% of the funds investments are expansion and development capital and
40% are venture capital.
Exits
The fund has not exited any of its investments, but is currently in negotiations for the sale of one of its portfolio companies.
Confidential Page 5
Nigeria

Importance Of Birth Registration In Nigeria
The vital registration system of birth registration in Nigeria is weak. Although birth registration is required under Nigerian law, only about 30% of all
children in Nigeria are officially registered. Birth registration is recognized as a human right and is greatly associated with the social determinants of
health. A child who does not get registered at birth faces threats to their safety, health and welfare.
The health workforce and information system building blocks of Nigeria's health system pose challenges to ensuring universal birth registration. There
is currently a health workforce crisis in Nigeria and there are not enough human or financial resources to register Nigeria's large youth population. In
addition, the information system is inefficient and unnecessarily bureaucratic. Currently, the NPC uses a paper–based multi–step system that is highly
inefficient. There is also a general lack of awareness of the birth registration requirement, importance and benefits in Nigeria.
The program presented in this grant proposal aims to address these bottle necks by implementing a nationwide mobile vitals registration system in
conjunction with training CHWs in rural areas to educate community members about birth registration and forming village registries that can be used
to register births with the NPC. Mobile vital registration systems have been successfully implemented in Uganda and Tanzania. Furthermore, birth
registration rates were significantly increased in Ghana

Nigerian Economy: Macroeconomic Analysis
sisNigeria – Country Report 2012 61310039 Indian School of Business 7/6/2012 Contents Economic Overview3 Gross Domestic Product (GDP)3
GDP Composition4 Inflation4 Shadow Economy5 Trade Overview5 Foreign Debt7 Labor Market & Human Capital7 Population and Income
Inequality8 Unemployment9 Currency10 Money Supply and Monetary Control10 Fiscal policy12 Exchange rates12 Interest Rates13 Foreign Direct
Investment14 Globalization and Comparative Advantage14 Conclusion15 References16 Economic Overview Nigeria's economy is estimated to be
worth about $262bn, making it one of the largest economies in Africa. The estimates and analysis of various indicators is discussed in the later
sections. The country has... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nigeria figures 133rd on the Doing Business in Index among 183 world economies and 15th among the 46 sub Saharan African economies. The trade
balance of Nigeria for period 2007 to 2011 and forecasted data for 2012 and 2013 is given below. | 2007| 2008| 2009| 2010| 2011| 2012(F)| 2013(F)|
Trade balance| 37,748| 45,885| 25,342| 20,237| 34,528| 34,131| 28,778| Goods: exports fob| 66,040| 85,729| 56,121| 73,698| 103,847| 114,068| 111,836|
Goods: imports fob| –28,291| –39,844| –30,779| –53,461| –69,319| –79,937| –83,058| Services balance| –16,902| –22,113| –16,479| –19,231| –24,761|
–24,278| –25,914| Income balance| –11,747| –15,059| –14,404| –18,623| –22,905| –20,913| –24,624| Current transfers balance| 18,545| 19,366| 18,694|
20,092| 25,004| 27,387| 28,562| Current–account balance| 27,643| 28,079| 13,153| 2,476| 11,867| 16,327| 6,802| Source: Economic Intelligence Unit|
Nigeria and its neighboring African nations have imposed strong continental Trade Barriers which is depriving the continent of new sources of
economic growth, new jobs and leading to a sharp fall in poverty and other factors. However, many African countries are losing several billions of
dollars in potential trade earnings every year, because of high trade barriers with neighboring countries. It is easier for Africa to trade with the rest of
the world than with itself. The Policy

Impact of Monetary Policy on Nigeria Commercial Banks
THE IMPACT OF MONETARY POLICIES ON NIGERIA COMMERCIAL BANK
(A CASE STUDY OF ZENITH BANK P.L.C)
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Today, its vital role in commercial banking activities lie in the direct effect it has on total economic growth and business development. Every year the
(CBN) central bank of Nigeria being the monetary authority that is solely responsible for the insurance of guidelines policies and the interpretation of
such, comes up with economic measure roles and regulation under which the bank in the country operate. Such policies direct the use of funds from
depositors, stockholders, and creditors in order to control the size of loan portfolio thereby determining the general circumstances under which it is
appropriate to make an advance. The monetary policies also aim at aiding the banks to maintain a sound financial and banking system promote
confidence in sustenance of reasonable banking services for public as well as ensuring a high standard of conduct and professionalism in banking
industry. These rules and regulations are contained in monetary policy circular being issued by thecentral bank at the beginning of every year.
The techniques of monetary policies could be broadly divided into two namely:
Direct and Indirect.
While the direct approach has been used very extensively in the more developed market economic, the indirect approach predominate in the less
developed economics such as Nigeria. Nonetheless, both technology aim at influence the cost and availability of banking system's credit. The direct

system techniques involves fixing of

Key Constraints to Housing Development Finance in Nigeria.
Key Constraints to Housing Development Finance in Nigeria.
A TERM PAPER
DEPARTMENT OF ESTATE MANAGEMENT AND VALUATION
SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES; FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC, NASARAWA, NASARAWA STATE e
–mail: fpnas@yahoo.com, Tel.:
+234 – 047–66701, 66707 047 – 66238 (DL)
JULY, 2012
BY
UZOKWE, LAWRENCE CHIDI
Department of Estate Management and Valuation
School of Environmental Studies
The Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa,
Nasarawa State.
Email: Uzokwe_Lawrence@Yahoo.Com, 08059128950
ABSTRACT
The focus of this study is to examine the problems that are associated with housing development finance in Nigeria. The study attempts to explore the
various sources of finance that are available for real property development with a view to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are various sources through which the developer can get fund to finance real estate development.
2.2.1.Equity Capital
This is the fund realized from personal savings and family savings. It is usually low because of low per capital income, unequal distribution of income
and high population in each family unit resulting in excessive consumption, low savings and low investment in Nigeria.
Since this equity capital is usually small, it is prudent for him to decide on a mixture of equity and debt capital which will not only guarantee the highest
expected return but also not impair the viability of the development. A developer's

Ability to borrow will be enhanced by the size of equity capital at his disposal.
2.2.2.Direct Loans
These are the loans got directly from the various lenders such as banks and other financial institutions for a specific period. They are classified
according to their duration, short, medium and long terms.
(a) Short Term Loans
The conventional method of raising funds for the acquisition of land and the subsequent development of potential investment property over a two to
three year period is by way of short–term finance. The traditional sources of short–term finance are the commercial and merchant banks as well as
finance houses. The terms on which these loans are provided are usually very stringent and the interests charged are usually on

Abolition of Universal Banking in Nigeria
BASEL III AND ABOLITION OF UNIVERSAL BANKING MODEL– IMPLICATION FOR NIGERIAN BANKS Introduction: In the aftermath of
the economic recession which pulled down many global banks and exposed multiple weaknesses in regulation and banking structures, the Basel
Committee on Banking Supervision agreed to new rules on the minimum level (capital ratio) and composite structure of Banks capital on the 12th
of September, 2010. Broadly speaking, the new rules which are widely referred to as Basel III (and are mainly Basel II plus new regulations based
on lessons from the market crisis), still stipulate a minimum Total Capital Ratio of 8%. However, in addition to increasing the portion of the 8%
requirement that is Core Tier 1 Capital (from 2% to... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nonetheless, it formulates broad supervisory standards and guidelines, and recommends statements of best practice in the expectation that individual
authorities will take steps to implement these through detailed arrangements – statutory or otherwise – which are best suited to their own national
systems. The Committee comprises 12 European, 8 Asian, 3 South American, 2 American and just one African Country, South Africa. The Basel rules
have become widely accepted as minimum standards in Banking regulation for capital, Banking supervision and risk management, not just in the 56
member countries of BIS, but globally. However, while the minimum total capital ratio stipulated by the Basel Committee is 8%, most African
Countries have higher minimum capital ratio requirements as shown in the table in Table One. Nigeria adopts a 10% floor. As Nigeria still lags in
strict implementation of Basel II requirements, the implementation of Basel III would be even farther away. In an attempt to strengthen Banks' buffer
levels in the aftermath of the economic recession, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision agreed to new rules on the minimum level (capital
ratio) and composite structure of what Banks call capital. Broadly speaking, the new rules which are widely referred to as Basel III and are majorly
Basel II plus lessons from the market crisis, still stipulate a minimum Total Capital Ratio of 8%. However, in addition to increasing the portion of the

Impact Of Economic Liberalisation On Livelihoods
The Impact Of Economic Liberalisation On Livelihoods In Nigeria
Economic liberalization on livelihoods in Nigeria refers to how the decrease in government control, through deregulation and lesser restrictions in the
economy to promote greater participation of private entities, serves as a means of securing the basic necessities of life i.e. food, water, shelter and
clothing. This is done in an effort to encourage economic development through the doctrine is associated with classical liberalism. Following in the
pattern of major economic reforms of emerging markets such as Brazil, China and India, Nigeria has followed the same path of economic liberalisation
to ameliorate itself in the global competition, in order to achieve a higher standard of living.
In Nigeria, economic liberalization through deregulation and privatization, has been implemented for various reasons, such as the demand for efficient
and effective Public Enterprises, reduction in external borrowing, stronger capital markets, and improve accountability, but most important of all, for
generation of employment and sustainable livelihoods for the betterment of Nigerian welfare (World Bank, 2013).
SAP and NEEDS.
Economic reform through liberalization was first introduced in Nigeria in 1986 through the IMF's Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP), which
was introduced to many sub Saharan African countries as a result of the economic downturn of the 1980s. This liberalization programme resulted in
many government

The Effect of Deregulation Policies on the Profitability...
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
1.1 Background of the study
Organization, corporations or establishment, just like the governments are governed by rules and regulations, in the same way every economy set out
goals, which it achieves, through various means. Vibratory and fiscal policies are the stimulant to any nation economic development, especially with
regards to Nigeria. However, in this study, the attention of this is mainly on the influence of deregulation on banks profitability in Nigeria. The
discussion on the deregulation can be effectively carried out without understanding what monetary policy is all about. In this content, monetary policy
could be defined as a policy which deals with discretionary control of money ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These objectives were to be achieved through a determined price system and deregulation of economy.
Deregulation is regarded as a major policy or strategy for revitalizing the economy. This is based on the fact that determination which embraces the
removal of inhabiting controls on business and economic activities, will encourage competition, increase the level of investment and efficient
allocation of resources. The financial sector and the banking industry in particular regarded as the oil that keeps the wheels of economy moving, has
continued to experiences the force of deregulation in different areas of it operations. The deregulation of the industry started in 1987, with the
liberalization of interest rate. The reform exercise has affected other areas of banking activities, against this background. The study will focus on the
deregulation on the banking industry, process of deregulation, dimensions of deregulation, evaluation of reforms and effects on the banking industry. In
the process of analysis, reference will be on the zenith Bank plc and Diamond Bank plc.
1.2 Statement of the problem: The banking industry, due to its intricate nature has been encountering problems, such as capital inadequacies, excessive
liquidity, bank distress and subsequent legibility in order to minimize and eradicate

The Role And Development Of The Global Islamic Economy In...
Global Islamic Economy
Asia
Malaysia – is the most developed market for SukЕ«k at both the primary and secondary market levels. As of mid–2013, Malaysia was responsible for
USD148 billion of outstanding SukЕ«k, or 60.4% of the total global value. Other jurisdictions in Asia that are active SukЕ«k issuers include
Indonesia, Pakistan, Singapore and Brunei. In 2012, Indonesia accounted for 7.0%, and Pakistan for 1.5%, of global issuances. Malaysia is also
leading the Asian region in asset management, with 80.7% of Islamic fund assets under management and a total of 188 funds worth USD13.1 billion in
2012. Next is Indonesia, with USD1.4 billion under management spread across 54 funds. Other Islamic fund markets in the region include Pakistan, ...
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Omani financial regulatory bodies have finalised the amended regulatory framework for Islamic banking in the Sultanate. Alongside the GCC–based
Islamic finance favourites, the reformed Islamic financial jurisdictions of MENA are entering into the limelight. Other regional developments in
non–GCC countries in MENA include the Iraqi government, which has approved the establishment of the country's first state–owned Islamic bank, the
Two Rivers Islamic Bank, with an initial capital of USD21.5 million. Iraq and Libya are in the midst of designing Islamic banking legislation. Tunisia's
Islamic finance industry is expected to grow further with the efforts undertaken by that country's government. Meanwhile, the Government of Yemen is
structuring a SukЕ«k programme for 2014.
Africa
Thanks to the growing national economies in need of alternative investments and financing, and a large Muslim population of about 250 million (in
Sub–Saharan Africa), the region is a budding market with new Islamic finance opportunities. Behind the regional pioneer Sudan, leading the pack of
fresh entrants is Nigeria, followed by Kenya and South Africa. While the former two countries have already made considerable strides in regulatory
reforms (for Islamic banking, SukЕ«k and TakДЃful), South African tax regulators are expected to put the finishing touches on their rules later this year.
There are currently 38 Islamic banks operating within the African continent.

Nigeria Economic Outlook
Introduction
This document will discuss economic concerns of Nigeria. Specially addressed will be the following: Nigeria's economic outlook, gross domestic
product, inflation, and deprecation of the naira. This paper will conclude with a summary of this discussion.
Nigeria Economic Outlook
Nigeria's parliament approved the 2017 budget in May. The economy falling from low oil prices, which have led to recession, a plummeting naira and
a spike in inflation, the budget aims to jumpstart growth by ramping up capital spending on roads, rail, ports and power. The significant fiscal shortfall
is set to be plugged by a mixture of loans and bonds, although with foreign investors skittish, the government may have to turn to more domestic
financing, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Clearly a lot needs to be done to make tax compliance less onerous for the average taxpayer.
Inflation
Nigeria's consumer prices increased 17.24 percent year–on–year in April of 2017, easing slightly from a 17.26 percent rise in the prior month. The
inflation rate fell for the third straight month to the lowest in nine months, led by a slowdown in prices of housing and utilities and transport (Wilson,
David, Inyiama, & Beatrice, 2014). annual core inflation rate was 14.75 percent, the lowest since April last year. On a monthly basis, consumer prices
increased 1.60 percent. Inflation Rate in Nigeria averaged 12.38 percent from 1996 until 2017, reaching an all–time high of 47.56 percent in January of
1996 and a record low of –2.49 percent in January of 2000. Compared to April of 2016, prices went up at a slower pace for housing and utilities
(16.05 percent vs 18.85 percent) and transport (14.91 percent vs 15.43 percent). Meanwhile, cost rose faster for food (19.30 percent vs 18.44 percent),
including bread ,cereals, meat, fish, potatoes, yams and other tubes, coffee, tea and cocoa, milk cheese, eggs, oils and fats. Yet, food inflation hit the
highest since February of 2009. Also, prices advanced for clothing and footwear (17.10 percent vs 16.65 percent), furniture and household equipment
(12.84 percent vs 12.47 percent), health (10.66 percent

Monitoring Of Internal And External Environments Essay
SCANNING AND MONITORING OF INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTS IN FIRMS
ACCESS BANK NIGERIA – A CASE IN POINT
Abstract
The term the world is a global village particularly holds water as activities in various sectors are inter–woven. Firms can no longer ignore the
environment in which they operate. Environmental analysis is an important part of business processes. It is a tool which executives must take
seriously to keep their competitive edge. How and why businesses carry out environmental analysis are issues to be discussed in this paper. The paper
concludes with a practical example of Internal and External Environmental analysis of an existing bank – Access Bank Nigeria.
Introduction
In 2006, a Non Governmental Organisation (NGO) based in India, Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), issued a statement that pesticides
found in Pepsi Cola was far above the allowable health limits. As a result, people started avoiding the soft drinks and opted for healthier, organic
option. Pepsi Cola engaged in a wide range of public awareness campaign and issued press statements to convince the public that the drink is
perfectly safe. The pesticide Saga adversely affected sales of Pepsi in India. (CITE)
From the example above, Pepsi Cola had to engage in a wide range of publicity campaign due to the action of one body, CSE. It is therefore clear that
the success of a business does not solely depend on how well their internal processes are or how good the product is. External forces also

Nigerian Economy: Macroeconomic Analysis
sisNigeria – Country Report
2012
61310039
Indian School of Business
7/6/2012
Contents Economic Overview3 Gross Domestic Product (GDP)3 GDP Composition4 Inflation4 Shadow Economy5 Trade Overview5 Foreign Debt7
Labor Market & Human Capital7 Population and Income Inequality8 Unemployment9 Currency10 Money Supply and Monetary Control10 Fiscal
policy12 Exchange rates12 Interest Rates13 Foreign Direct Investment14 Globalization and Comparative Advantage14 Conclusion15 References16
Economic Overview
Nigeria's economy is estimated to be worth about $262bn, making it one of the largest economies in Africa. The estimates and analysis of various
indicators is discussed in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is expected moderate only in 2014 as a result of moderation in commodity prices.
The April 2012 inflation data as obtained shows a Month–on–month inflation to be (0.13%), Year–on–Year (12.9%), 12–Month Avg. Chg. (11.1%).
The inflation rate is exceedingly high and is detrimental towards investment in the country. The Consumer Price Index and Nigerian Inflation rate is
shown below.
Source: Economic Intelligence Unit
Shadow Economy
The untaxed and unregulated revenues – by some estimates – account for between 40% and 45% of gross domestic product (GDP). Nigerians make
most of their living, as street hawkers, minibus drivers, money changers or market traders. In spite of the abysmal performance of the country's
economy, poor infrastructure and unfriendly business environment Nigeria has huge potentials to be tapped because of its huge deposits of Natural
Resources and population that can be gainfully employed.

The black economy accounts for a large part of the Nigerian economy.
Trade Overview
Nigeria has considerable natural resources such as oils, and the revenue from oil exports forms a major chunk of the Government fund. Nigeria has
recently started a sovereign wealth fund and the excess returns from oil exports viz–a–viz projected returns is directed to this sovereign fund. This fund
is building up at a slower pace as the revenue is being directed towards meeting government excess spending to meet the countries capital

The Petroleum Revenue And Economic Growth Essay
PHD ECONOMICS ADMISSION RESEARCH PROPOSAL
DEGREE: DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
DEPARTMENT: ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT.
PROPOSED TITLE: The Petroleum Revenue and Economic Growth in Nigeria.
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
The Petroleum industry in Nigeria is the largest source of government revenue and it occupies a pivotal position in term of foreign exchange earnings
with about 90 percent and over 80 percent contribution to the Gross domestic product. Petroleum sector is the mainstay of Nigerian economy since its
discovery in commercial quantity in Oloibiri, Bayelsa State Nigeria in 1956. From 1970 to 2009, the income from petroleum stood at 82 percent with
18 percent from non–oil revenue. According to the world bank, "Nigeria is the biggest exporter of oil in Africa with the largest natural gas reserve in
the continent". One of the main sources of petroleum income to the Nigerian government is the petroleum Profit Tax. This petroleum profit tax
emanates from the major oil companies operating in Nigeria like Shell, Elf, Agip, Mobil, Chevron and Texaco. These major oil corporations hold
around 98 percent of the oil reserves and operating assets. Some other minor corporations within the range of 45 to 50 has minor interest with recent
acquisition of some of them. Nigerian Petroleum industry has three major players in the oil industry: The ministry of Petroleum resources, The Nigerian
National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) and its subsidiaries, the oil prospecting companies; both

Banking Reforms In Nigeria Essay
1.0 Introduction
Banking reforms have been an on going phenomenon around the world right from the
1980s, but it is more intensified in recent time because of the impact of globalisation which is precipitated by continuous integration of the world
market and economies. Banking reforms involve several elements that are unique to each country based on historical, economic and institutional
imperatives. In Nigeria, the reforms in the banking sector preceded against the backdrop of banking crisis due to highly undercapitalization deposit
taking banks; weakness in the regulatory and supervisory framework; weak management practices; and the tolerance of deficiencies in the corporate
governance behaviour of banks (Uchendu, 2005). Banking ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The banking sector in emerging economies has witnessed major changes to compete, attract international investment and increase capital market
growth. Banking crisis usually starts with inability of the bank to meet its financial obligations to its stakeholders. This, in most cases, precipitates runs
on banks, the banks and their customers engage in massive credit recalls and withdrawals which sometimes necessitate Central Bank liquidity support
to the affected banks. Some terminal intervention mechanisms may occur in the form of consolidation (mergers and acquisitions), recapitalization, use
of bridge banks, establishment of asset management companies to assume control and recovery of bank assets, and outright liquidation of non
redeemable banks. Bank consolidation, which is at the core of most banking system reform programmes, occurs, some of the time, independent of any
banking crisis. Irrespective of the cause, however, bank consolidation is implemented to strengthen the banking system, embrace globalization, improve
healthy competition, exploit economies of scale, adopt advanced technologies, raise efficiency and improve profitability(eseoghene,2010). Ultimately,
the goal is to strengthen the intermediation role of banks and to ensure that they are able to perform

Essay On Corporate Governance
This was adhered to by a comparable code by the Central Bank of Nigeria in 2000 (CBN, 2006) to deal with corporate governance practices in
Nigerian financial institutions. Nevertheless, lessons from the corporate collapses and also losses in the last couple of years with respect relative to
banks like Intercontinental Bank Plc, Bank PHB Plc, Societe General Bank, Afri–Bank Plc as well as Oceanic Bank Plc have actually highlighted the
function, corporate governance techniques could play in keeping viable organizations and in protecting stakeholders rate of interests. The majority of
the business failings that were recorded in the Nigerian banking are instances of the dangers positioned by corporate governance failures.
In July 2015, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Panel data methodology was adopted because it combined time series and sectional data. The method of analysis is multiple regressions, ratios and
percentage analysis.
Elements of the external business environment:
Business Environment
Financial Institutions in Nigeria operate in a highly competitive environment and their key internal strengths and weaknesses are being examined in the
context of its industry. A SWOT analysis which summarizes the key issues from the business environment and the strategic capability of an
organization that is most likely to impact on strategy development (Johnson, Scholes, and Whittington 2008) will be used to add value to the subject
matter.
PESTLE Analysis will be used in order to identify the strengths and weaknesses of Financial Institutions and the available threats and opportunities in
the competitive market, while taking into consideration various political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental factors.
Strengths
Since the recapitalization of the banking sector in 2004 to a minimum of 25 billion Naira, the institution of the Central Bank of Nigeria Code of
corporate governance 2000 (2006) and diverse routine gazetted money market guidelines of the Central bank of Nigeria have enhanced the deposit
and credit turnover of banks by an average annual increase of 13%. Average annual net assets have also increased by 35% and average annual
earnings per share increased by

The Effect of Bank Capitalisation on the Performance of...
The Effect Of Bank Consolidation On The Performance Of Banks In Nigeria
Edit Article
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Top of Form
Bottom of FormCHAPTER ONE
1.0 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The recapitalization and consolidation exercise in the banking industry by the former Central Bank of Nigeria Governor, Professor Charles Soludo has
necessitated the need for different organization to engage in corporate Consolidation (mergers and acquisition). The concept of recapitalization refers
to the current trend of compelling all commercial banks to raise their capital base from 2billion to 25billion Naira by the Central Bank of Nigeria on
or before 31st December 2005. This has sent some of these banks on the move to consider ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Globally, such business combinations have involved various sizes of companies as well as assets and have cut across economic sectors. While many
business combinations have been well received by parties involved, other have done so with stiff resistance often resulting in long battles to prevent the
combinations.
With the latest CBN regulation and the systematic withdrawal of Federal funds from the banks, a lot of banks are on the brink of extinction. As a
result of this a lot of banks are now either going public or trying to position themselves as banks of choice for possible merger or acquisition by other
banks. This new development would also impact on employment, as most top management would be affected and other young staff would be thrown
into the labour market in the bid to have the required number of directors by the regulatory authorities and on the economy at large.
In Nigeria today, a number of banks wanting to merge may run into difficulties, because most Nigeria banks are not quoted on the stock exchange and
the assets of some are really bad. The effect of the merger is that merging banks in the country, under the current dispensation may lose their licenses
and be issued new ones to reflect the new consolidated outfit. As we go on in the subsequent chapters, further critical look shall be taken on the effect
that this development is likely to or will have on the Nigeria banking industry and the economy at large.
1.1

Effect of Monetary Policy in Nigeria
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study 1.2 Statement of the problem 1.3 Objectives of the study 1.4 Research Question 1.5
Research Hypothesis 1.6 Significance of the study 1.7 Scope of the study 1.8 Organization of the study 1.9 Definition of terms.
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Theoretical framework 2.2 Concept ofmonetary policy 2.3 Instrument of monetary policy 2.4
Monetary policy and inflation control 2.5 Problems associated with inflation control
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Design 3.2 Sources of data collection 3.3 Method of Data collection 3.4 Technique
of Data ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The direct monetary control measures used after the deregulation era were adopted, yet the effectiveness of these various control approaches has been
undermined by some inherent problems.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Relative price stability is one of the main goals of monetary policy. Stable price level should be able to stimulate economic growth and development.
It is in recognition of this that government at all times design appropriate measures as well as monetary institution with authority to formulate and
implement policies aim at maintaining stable price level so as to achieve set macroeconomic objectives. The central bank of Nigeria is the apex
monetary authority that formulates and implements monetary policy in Nigeria aim at achieving stable price. Given the number of years the central
bank had been in existence and of numerous monetary policy measures, one will expect that domestic price could have been relatively stable.
However, inflation has continued recently to be a leading topic in Nigeria families and press as its effect penetrate more deeply into the nations despite
monetary policy measure by the relevant monetary authorities hence the need of this study of determine the effect of monetary policy on the control of
inflation in Nigeria.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The basic objectives of this study is to

Appraisal of the Economic Implication of Electronic...
APPRAISAL OF THE ECONOMIC IMPLICATION OF ELECTRONIC BANKING IN NIGERIA BANKS (A CASE STUDY OF DIAMOND
BANK PLC NIGERIA)
CHAPTER ONE
1.1BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Before the emergence of modern banking system, banking operation was manually done which lead to a slow
down in settlement of transactions. This manual system involves posting transactions from one ledger to another which human handles. Figures or
counting of money which should be done through computers or electronic machine were computed and counted manually which were not 100%
accurate thereby resulting to human errors. Most bank then use only one computer in carrying out transactions which ameliorate the sluggish nature of
banking ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Adoption of electronic banking which suppose to ease banking transactions rather resulted to woes to customer. Most people complain of time wasted
in banks. This occurs when there is power failure in banks resulting to slow down in operation. Another problem that emerged was that banks do not
have information backup to fall back on should there be any computer break down. In investing in electronic banking, the country will need a large
amount of financial resources in computer technology, obviously, the resource is in short supply in Nigeria, couple with high level of poverty. For an
efficient functioning of electronic payment system, there must be availability of infrastructural facilities such as electricity and telecommunication
network, however, power supply fluctuates and there is still constant failure links in networks. Since early 2000s banks have been developing and
introducing payment cards for their customers as well as deploy ATM's cards. Usage was however low due to lack of interconnectivity i.e. switching
platform to interconnect the ATM's for card holders.
1.3OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY This research work intends to assess the extent of electronic payment in banking activities as well as identify the
various types of electronic banking. The researcher will also evaluate the major problems associated with the development of

A Report On Mergers And Acquisitions
Mergers and Acquisitions have always been considered as a .......................... and ever since the first merger in Nigeria in 1980, Merger and
Acquisitions have occurred in most sectors of Nigerias economy. In 2004, the Central Bank of Nigeria in fulfillment of its mandate to Promote and
maintain of monetary stability and a sound and efficient financial system in Nigeria rolled out a 13 point rolled out a 13–point reform agenda aimed at
consolidating the banking sector and preventing the occurrence of systemic distress. The most important points of this reform package were first that,
the minimum capitalization of banks be increased from 2 billion naira to 25 billion naira before the 31st of December 2005 and second, that this aim
was to be achieved... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For this reason, many countries are moving towards consolidating their banking system and Nigeria cannot be an exception."(pg 10) The CBN
however noted that there would be some challenges to this programme and they are enumerated below: o Ensuring that provision of adequate safety
nets and compensation packages are made by the merging banks to meliorate for potential job losses arising from mergers; o Appropriate mechanisms
for protecting possible disenfranchisement of small depositors who may not be elcomed by the emerging mega–banks; o The regulatory authorities,
especially SEC, would need to be empowered to be active in the market to prevent hreat to competitive market and monopolistic tendencies of
mega–banks from consolidation. Also, the NDIC and CBN would need to constantly monitor the activities and performance of the emerging
mega–banks to prevent bank distress and failures. (pg 14)
To address some of the issues highlighted by the CBN above, the Investment and Securities Act 2007 was enacted to replace the Investment and
Securities Act 1999 and the some of the sections of the Companies and Allied Matters Act applicable toMergers and Acquisitions. The Investment and
Securities Act has however been criticized for being very
However in 2010, due to the global financial crisis and

A Mobile Transaction Platform Vendor And Solution Provider
Background: Telepin is a mobile transaction platform vendor and solution provider based in Ottawa, Canada, with over 40 deployments globally,
mainly in Asia, Africa, Middle East and Central America. Telepin's product portfolio includes Mobile Financial Services, Airtime top
–up, and mobile
marketing. Mobile Financial Services, also referred to as Mobile Money is a service in which the mobile phone is used to access financial services.
These include, but not limited to, person to person money transfer, cash–in and cash–out, bill payment, merchant payment etc. The Nigerian
communications commission is the Nigerian government body responsible for mobile financial services regulation on the mobile operators' side,
while the Central Bank of Nigerian has been given the authority to issue mobile financial services licenses, which means they are the only government
body legally authorised to issue mobile money operator (MMO) licences in Nigeria. Last week's progress: After multiple attempts, I succeeded in
making contact with the Special Assistant to the Executive Vice Chairman of the Nigerian Communications commission, Mr Edoyemi Ogoh.
However, he seemed quite busy, and could not give me much time, but we were able to have a brief discussion on the factors, from the regulatory
point of view, impacting the growth of mobile money in Nigeria. He was of the opinion that the bank–led model for providing mobile financial
services in Nigeria, as opposed to the operator–led model could be

Factors Influencing The International Expansion Of...
As discussed earlier, research on the internationalisation of Nigerian firm's is still under–explored and scant in the literature. In fact, few studies have
research internationalisation phenomenon have studied it on the perspective of the banking sector (Amungo in Adeleye, White, & Boso, 2016, pp.
69–91), "examining the factors influencing the international expansion of Nigerian banks" finds that Nigerian banks internationalisation is influenced
by home country regulations and the domestic competitive pressure, managerial intentionality and risk diversification. Similarly, Boojihawon and
Acholonu (2013) on the study of "the internationalisation of African banks" shows that the consolidation and recapitalization program in the banking
sector 2004 motives Nigerian banks embark on foreign expansion. This is an indication that SSA firms deserves a focus in the international business
research, because of the region diversity in terms of resources, political systems, cultural diversity and economic structures (Initiative for Global
Development and Dalberg Global Development, 2011).
As a result this study focus is on the motivation and patterns of Nigerian firm's internationalisation. The open economic policies adopted in Nigeria in
the early 2000,s created an opportunity for the Nigerian firms to emerge as large domestic firms to embark and become a regional player. This also
strengthened the firms' abilities to expand their operations beyond Nigeria, especially in the

THE ROLE OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT...
Economy Transdisciplinarity Cognition www.ugb.ro/etc Vol. 15,
Issue 1/2012
103–111
The Role of Banks in Capital Formation and Economic Growth: The Case of
Nigeria
Alex Ehimare OMANKHANLEN
Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, NIGERIA alexehimare@yahoo.com Abstract: This study investigates the role of banks incapital formation and
economic growth:
The case of Nigeria for the period 1980–2009. The economies of all market–oriented nations depend on the efficient operation of complex and
delicately balanced systems of money and credit. Banks are an indispensable element in these systems. This study employed the
Ordinary Least square method in carrying out the research. The explanatory variables employed include Commercial Banks Deposit ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another major problem banks have had to content with is the inconsistency in monetary and regulatory policies. The surveillance and regulatory
measures of the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) have unfortunately been unable to keep the pace with the rapidity of the charges in the financial system.
All these factors – deregulation, competition, innovation, economic recession, political instability, escalating inflation, and frequent reversal in
monetary policy have combined to create a challenging and precarious financial environment for banks. Consequence of the new financial environment
has been rapidly declining profitability of the traditional banking activities. Thus, in a bid to survive and maintain adequate profit level in this highly
competitive environment, banks have tended to take excessive risks. But, then the increasing tendency for greater risk taking has resulted in insolvency
and failure of a large number of the banks [9].
The continuing deterioration in the financial health of the banks and increasing incidence of bank failure since deregulation have raised question about
the nature and state of the Nigerian banking sector. 1. Statement of the Problem
It is a known fact that banks play

Effect of Monetary Policy in Banking Industry in Nigeria
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1AREA OF STUDY The area of study o this research work is to determine the effect of monetary policy on the performance of banks in Nigeria.
This study will cover all the commercial banks that have been in existence since 1975–2004. More so, the aggregates rate is used in assessing their
performance.
3.2METHOD OF INVESTIGATION/SOURCE OF INFORMATION According to Asika (2002), research work can be defined as the restructuring of
investigation aimed at identifying variables and their relationship to one another. This is used for the purpose of obtaining data to enable the researcher
test hypothesis or answer research questions. This study relies principally on secondary data. The sources of these ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The impacts of all bank sizes are taken into account. The influence of bank size on bank performance has been traditionally modeled by grouping
banks based on asset sizes. Because of the short period of operation, most of the banks have separate time series analysis. Under this scheme, each
group's total profit rate becomes the independent variable. The influence can be inferred by comparing the regression summary statistics for the
different groups.
CHAPTER FOUR
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETAION OF DATA
4.1INTRODUCTION This section presents the estimates from the model as specified in the preceding chapter. The t–statistic is used to test the
significance or insignificance based on certain degree of significance. Specifically, when t–tabulated (tt) is greater than t–calculated (tc), then there is
no significance between the variables in the model. F–statistic is used to test the significance of R2 statistics. It is adopted to test the goodness of
fitness of the model in econometrics. The decision rule states that if F–calculated (fc) is greater than F–tabulated (ft), then there is high

Why Nigeria Should Be Able For Build A Prosperous Economy
Nigeria has a current GDP of 568.5 billion and a population of 178.5 million. It is the largest country in Africa with approximately 47% of West
Africa's population. It is the main oil exporter in the continent, has around 44 solid minerals in commercial quantity, and is a leading global player in
a variety of commodities. Neoclassical Exogenous Growth theory argues that technology enables persistent increase in growth rate. Neoclassical
Endogenous Growth argues growth comes by investing in key areas such as education, R&D, skills and knowledge. Both explain why Nigeria should
be able to build a prosperous economy, reduce poverty and create wealth once investments are shifted to key areas and technology is imported and
implemented. To attract capitals, including foreign direct investments, Nigeria will focus on developing the manufacturing sector (World Bank, 2014).
The diversity of the country's export base has been eroded by focus on hydrocarbon activities, however limited growth in the non–oil sector has helped
diversify the economy during the past decade. Agriculture remains relevant as main source of employment. In the 1990's, uncontrolled debt levels, debt
restructuring, failure to meet payment deadlines and write–offs damaged Nigeria's a reputation. Nigeria returned to civilian rule in 1999, after
independence from Great Britain in 1960 was followed by years of military rule. (Nigerian Government, 2015). (+) Generous natural resources Nigeria
has suitable climate and

The Nigerian Foreign Exchange Market; Rate Determination;...
The Nigerian foreign exchange market; rate determination; control and prospects for Naira convertibility
Good morning members of the high table, my colleagues in the industry and all other distinguished guests. It is my greatest pleasure to present this
paper at the Foreign Exchange seminar organized by the Chartered Institute of Bankers of Nigeria. I hope I am able to shed light on this extremely
challenging topic.
Definition:
The foreign exchange market can be defined as the collective activity of exchanging currencies i.e. where currencies are bought and sold. The price for
the currency is known as the exchange rate.
This is one unique market that is not located anywhere but exists on electronic platforms – telephones, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Free–funds market is also known as the Transfer or Convertible market: This market has been promoted by the strict controls that exist in the
official market and the transparency issue on duties. It has been said that this market provides support for the management of the duty applied on goods
imported.
The forex for all prohibited goods brought into the country may also have this market as its source. It is a widely held opinion that the substantial part
of the supply to this market is "sterilized" official funds.
Most foreign exchange earners (with low corporate/individual compliance commitments) supply funds to this market because of its higher rates i.e.
premium over the official sources and confidentiality. The premium that obtains here is primarily due to the absence of documentation.
The Cash/Travelers' cheque (TC) market: This is the easiest of the markets to access. It commands the highest premium due to the speed and guarantee
of delivery offered. The cash market is the street market mostly found around the international airports, hotels and major markets. (In Lagos – Tejuosho,
Akerele, Ikeja)
Rate determination in the Nigerian forex market

As with other markets the interplay of demand and supply dictate the price.
Demand & supply: This simply says the higher the demand (over supply) the higher the price. If the demand for dollar increases significantly relative
to its

The Agricultural And Food Sciences
UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA
FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD SCIENCES
Internationally Educated Agrologists Post–Baccalaureate Diploma Program (IEAP)
AGRICULTURE INDUSTRY IN NIGERIA
AGRI 4000–PRACTICING THE PROFESSION OF AGROLOGIST
Nathaniel Akinkunmi
7764897
Introduction
The agriculture industry in Nigeria has opportunities that are not maximized due to challenges it is facing.
Background
Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa with a population of 177,155,754 and was governed by the British government till October 1st, 1960
when Nigeria gained independence. The Capital of Nigeria is Abuja located in the centre of the country. Nigeria is located in West Africa between
Benin and Cameroon. Natural resources include natural ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Food security is still a major issue in Nigeria as a large percentage of the societies are agrarian societies. The government has to concentrate more on
the development of modern technology and increase financial investment in the agricultural sector. Nigerian agricultural productivity is still low when
compared to major producers in the world (FAO, 2013). It has both human and natural resources that can make it to be among the best economies in
the world. Nigeria has been working on reform agenda for the past few years.
Furthermore, economic growth is targeted towards domestic market. This is driven by strong performance of agriculture, trade, telecommunications
and manufacturing sectors. However, this strong economic growth has not led to higher employment rates. Unemployment is still a major issue in
Nigeria. The government addresses the public's dissatisfaction in its governance with promises to make job creation a priority. Nigerian government is
targeting information communication technology (ICT), entertainment, meat, leather, and construction and tourism industries for job creation. Nigeria
is made up of about 200 ethnic groups. There are more than 400 languages in Nigeria. The main ethnic groups are Hausa–Fulani in the North, Ibo in
the Southeast and Yoruba in the Southwest. Nigeria plays a key role in the African Union, the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD),
and the Economic Community of West Africa States (ECOWAS)(The World Bank,

The Financial System in Nigeria
The Financial System in Nigeria: An Overview of Banking Sector Reforms
The Financial System in Nigeria: An Overview of Banking Sector Reforms E. J. Ofanson (Ph.D)1 O. M. Aigbokhaevbolo (Ph.D)2 G. O. Enabulu3
Abstract
The paper overviews the banking sector reforms within the framework of the Nigerian Financial System. A theoretical approach was adopted although
empirical evidence was presented in some cases. It was clear that developments in the banking sub–sector of the Nigerian financial system have
contributed to some extent in promoting economic growth and development in the country. However, the operations of some of these institutions were
characterized by inefficiency and ineffectiveness. It was also found that the challenges facing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is against this background, that besides the introduction other parts of the paper are structured as follows. Next to the introduction, the paper takes a
look at the structure and development of the Nigerian financial system before explaining the role of the financial system in the Nigerian economy.
Next to this is the section that addresses the history of banking reforms in Nigeria and the nature of the reforms. The last part concludes the paper after
a critical look at development implications of banking sector reforms.
The Structure and Development of the Nigerian Financial System
A financial system is a conglomerate of institutions, markets, instruments and operators that interact to provide such financial services as resource
mobilization and allocation, financial intermediation and facilitation of foreign exchange transactions. The Nigerian financial system can be
categorized into 2 AAU JMS Vol. 1, No. 1, December 2010.
The Financial System in Nigeria: An Overview of Banking Sector Reforms
formal (money and capital market institutions) and informal (local money lenders, the thrifts and savings associations and so on) groups. In general the
Nigerian financial system comprises the regulatory/supervisory authorities, banks and non–bank financial institutions. By the end of 2006, the system
comprised Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), the Nigeria Deposit Insurance Corporation (NDIC), the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), the

The Business Environment Of Nigeria And Norway Essay
Question 1The concept of Business EnvironmentBusiness environment can be understood as the combination of all environmental conditions and
influences that are capable of affecting or influencing business activities. According to Anyanwu et al (1996) defines the environment of business as
the aggregation of the pattern of all the external and internal conditions and influences that affect the existence, growth and development of the
business. Opportunities and threats may be associated with external environment while the strengths and weakness may be associated with internal
environment of the business (Audu, 2010a).In this paper, we will compare the business environment of two countries namely: Nigeria and Norway.
The reason for choosing these two countries include the fact that both are part of the top ten net oil–exporting nations for which hydrocarbon exports
account for more than 40% of total exports. We will compare and contrast the fiscal policy of both countries and the business environment.Overview of
Nigeria and NorwayLet give a quick fact summary of these two countries:NigeriaNorwayPopulation169.3 million5.1 millionGDP (PPP)$479.3
billion$280.0 billion6.3% growth0.8% growth7.0% 5–year compound annual growth0.8% 5–year compound annual growth$2,831 per capita$54,947
per capitaUnemployment7.5%3.5%Inflation (CPI)8.5%2.1%FDI Inflow$5.6 billion$9.3 billionBusiness Freedom48.392.1Labor
Freedom77.748.2Monetary Freedom70.481.7Government Spending76.143.8Fiscal

The Effects of Atm Cards on Customer Satisfaction in...
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY In this modern society or the entire world has grown to a level that the
use of computers in the chain of production is inevitable. The genesis of automation in the banking industry in Nigeria can be linked to the on–going
struggle by individual banks for survival and growth. Automation means the use of automatic equipment in place of manual labor, also can be the use
of machine for four D's task where the four D's stands for Dangerous, Difficulty, Dirty and Dull. In Nigeria, Automatic Teller Machine technology is
becoming more common than it ever was. ATMs appear to be mainly provided by banks in Nigeria. Yet, their widespread adoption by customers of
banks is not... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
в–Є To improve management information and help in decision making в–Є To enhance customer satisfaction at a profit. 1.4 STATEMENT OF
HYPOTHESES Hypothesis 1: The relative advantage of using ATM Cards does not positively affect the attitude towards using the technology.
Hypothesis 2: The complexity of the use of ATM Cards does not positively affect the attitude towards using the technology. Hypothesis 3: The
compatibility of ATM Cards with the adopter's values does not positively affect the attitude towards using the technology. Hypothesis 4: The
trialability of ATM Cards does not positively affect the attitude toward using the technology. Hypothesis 5: The observability of ATM Cards does not
positively affect the attitude towards using the technology. Hypothesis 6: The attitude towards ATM Cards does not positively affect the intention to
use the technology. 1.5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Some of the activities needed to be done so as to get the true picture and broad knowledge
of automation of the textile industry in Nigeria; the following method of data collection was employed: 1. Interviews and observations with potential
users and specialist in the banking field. 2. Study of various textbooks and other services such as journal, articles and several publications on ATM
Cards. 3. To surf the internet for information and articles on ATM Cards. The research model adopted in this study depicts what should occur given the
constructs

Exchange Rate Variation and Inflation in Nigeria
:
Max
School of Technology and Society
MASTER DEGREE PROJECT
EXCHANGE RATE VARIATION AND INFLATION IN NIGERIA (1970
– 2007)
Master Degree Project in Economics and Finance D–Leval 15 ECTS Spring term Year 2008 Onosewalu Okhiria 761130–P319 Taofeek Sesan Saliu
761130–P719 Supervisor: Bernd–Joachim Schuller(PhD) Examiner: Max Zamanian (PhD)
ABSTRACT
This study examines the impact of exchange rate on inflation in Nigeria economy between 1970 and 2007. We analysed the trend of inflation and
exchange rate in the last 38 years by evaluating the relationship between government expenditure, money supply, Oil revenue, exchange rate and
inflation as the dependent variables. We adopted the Augmented Dickey– Fuller to carry out the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Inflation is one of the most frequently used terms in economic discussions, yet the concept is variously misconstrued. There are various schools of
thought on inflation, but there is a consensus among economists that inflation is a continuous rise in the prices. Simply put, inflation depicts an
economist situation where there is a general rise in prices of goods and services, continuously. It could be defined as 'a continue rise in prices as
measured by an index such as the consumer price index (CPI) or by the implicit price deflator for Gross National Product (GNP). Inflation is
frequently described as a state where "too much money is chasing too few goods". When there is inflation, the currency losses purchasing power. The
purchasing power of a given amount of naira (currency) will be smaller over time when there is inflation in the economy. For instance, assuming
N10.00 (Nigeria unit currency) can purchase 10

This Section Analyses The Internationalisation Process
This section analyses the internationalisation process the case firm "Beta. Beta is one of the Nigerian "new generation banks". The Nigerian new
generation banks are banks that were established in the 1990's and grew rapidly to become top banks in the country. "Beta" evolved and expanded
rapidly in the 1990's and in the early 2000s to become one of the largest banks in Nigeria with a strong present in the West African region and a
subsidiary in the UK. This case firm is chosen because of the following reasons, (a) Beta is one of the top banks in Nigeria (b) the bank have
internationalised with subsidiaries in several countries outside Nigeria (c) the bank is one of the pioneer of foreign expansion of the Nigerian firms (d)
the bank ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By 1999 about 144 banks were in operation and by the end of 2003, a total of 89 banks with 3,282 branches network across Nigeria. According to
Adeleye, Iheanachor, Ogbechie, and Ngwu (2015), these banks were weak in both structure and operations comprising of low capital base, weak
insolvency, and illiquidity, poor ratings and asset quality; oligopolistic structure and weak corporate governance. The banks were also overdependence
on public–sector funds and income from foreign–exchange trading as they also lack the capacity and capability to support growth in the real sector of
the economy.
As a result, the sector was confronted by rampant bankruptcies, collapse, and breakdown of several banks. This was a source of concern for the
regulators and the general public because several customers and investors lost their life savings to dubious bank operators. The appalling situation in
the sector leading to 2004 compelled the bank regulators "Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN)", to decisively intervene to restore the public confidence in
the banking sector and the financial system of the country (B. Adeyemi, 2011). In 2001, a deregulation in banking sector saw the in the issuance of
universal banking licences to several of banks to operate as retail bank

The Effect of Macro Economic Policy on Nigerian Economics...
THE EFFECT OF MACRO ECONOMIC POLICY ON NIGERIAN ECONOMICS GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
ABSTRACT
This research work focus on the appraisal of Macroeconomic Policy on Inflation in Nigerian Economy, also to determine how it enhances the growth of
Nigerian Economy.
The aim of this research work is to look into challenges and numbers of hypothesis were drawn. Information necessary to address the test of hypothesis
was gathered through secondary data, source from Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN).
Economic analysis was used to formulate the three (3) models that were stated in this research work. Multiple regressions were also used to test the
appraisal of Macroeconomic Policy on Inflation in Nigerian Economy.
The findings of this research show that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although, there two policies are independent tools of economics stabilization, they are often combined by most countries for a greater effect on the
economy.
Monetary and Fiscal policies as adopted in Nigeria have four broad objectives. The objectives include:В¬
Maintenance of relative stability in domestic price
Attainment of a high and sustainable rate of economic development
Maintenance of balance of payment equilibrium growth and stability are so closely related that the economic policy o the government should include
both of them.
Economic growth may be judges from the growth it total output of the economy as measured by annual increases in net national prod, ct in constant
price. Such a measure tells us how much bigger the total economy is becoming over a period of time, but it tells nothing about changes in the standard
of living of the people in the economy.
The more significant measures in the growth in real net national product divided by the number of people in the population. There are many targets of
economic growth and development. They include.
Income distribution Gross national product Sectoral development (such as agriculture industries etc)

The pressure to attain economic stability or our economic is so strong that measures to promote federal government

Financial Intermediation and Economic Development in Nigeria
Abstract
Financial intermediation is an important activity in the economy because it allows funds to be channeled from people who might otherwise not put
them to productive use to people who will ultimately put the funds to productive uses. In line with the assumption that banking sector plays an
important role in financing the investment projects, successive governments in Nigeria have carried out reforms and institutional innovations in the
banking sector. The overall intention of these reforms has been to ensure financial stability so as to influence the growth of the economy and also
enhance banks to play a critical role of financial intermediation in Nigeria. However, despite the fact that Nigerian banks have undergone series of ...
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The efficiency and effectiveness of financial intermediation in any economy depend critically on the level of development of the country's financial
system. In effect, the underdeveloped nature of the financial system in most developing countries accounts largely for the relative inefficiency of
financial intermediation in those economies. In these countries the financial system is dominated by banks, which are typically oligopolistic in
structure and tend to concentrate on short–term lending as against investments with long–term gestation period. The alternative/complementary source
for financing development projects is the development of debt or equity markets which at best, is at the rudimentary stage of development. It is in this
regard that specialized financial institutions, including government owned development banks have been established in Nigeria to bridge the gap.
The principal function of deposit money banks is the mobilization of savings for investment. The importance of banks in generating growth within an
economy has been widely acknowledged, for example Schumpeter (1932) cited in Blum, Federmair, Fink, and Haiss (2002) identified bank's role in
facilitating technological innovation through their intermediary role. Schumpeter

Case Study On Credit Risk Management

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Case Study On Credit Risk Management