The Most Important Influence On An Scholarly Work

The Most Important Influence On An Scholarly Work
The most important influence on my decision to pursue scholarly work has been my professors. Several professors at Rice helped me refine my
interests and focus my life goals, and since coming to Harvard the faculty have provided me with renewed motivation and a model for innovative
scholarship. Both as an undergraduate double–majoring in architecture and civil engineering, and now as a graduate student dually enrolled in History of
Science and History of Architecture & Urban Planning programs, my education has allowed me to take cross– and inter–disciplinary interests seriously
and to look for non– trivial intersections between different intellectual traditions. And just as my own interests have been shaped by influences from
several fields, I have learned how to view these fields (namely physics, engineering, and architecture) as internally diverse and mutually interacting, both
in their everyday practices and in their use of metaphor.
At Rice, two professors were especially influential. Sanford Kwinter – whose work deals with architects' use of scientific concepts, especially
complexity theory and theoretical biology – introduced me to a wide range of scientific thought and the philosophy of science, and taught me how to
interrogate design as a form of intellectual production. Conversely, Nana Last – who does similar boundary–crossing work between architecture, art,
and philosophy (such as Wittgenstein's design of his own house) – was greatly influential in showing me how
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Briefly Explain What Is Meant by the вЂњScientific...
HIS–101 WESTERN CIVILIZATION I
Briefly explain what is meant by the "scientific revolution" that took place in seventeenth century Europe, and how it marked a departure from ancient
and medieval philosophy.
The term Scientific Revolution refers to a period in the 17th century when the intellects of Europe had a revolution. This was an illustrious time for
science and the initiation of modern science. During that period famous people such as Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and Isaac Newton all lived and
contributed greatly to many areas of science. Just about that time period these people changed the viewpoint of our universe from geocentric (the earth
at the center) to heliocentric (the sun at the center). Kepler came up with the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One reason is that it was age when science became "modern". The other reason to why it's called the age of genius or century of genius because with
Galileo dying and Newton being born in the same year, whose combined lifetime spanned the century.
Prior to the 17th century, science and scientists were not truly recognized. Moreover, at first people like the 17th century genius Isaac Newton were
called natural philosophers, since there was no concept of the word scientist for most of the 17th century.
The invention of new science and machines were becoming part of the daily and economic lives of 17th century civilization. During the 17th century,
the chemistry developed from medieval alchemy, and the 17th century science of astronomy evolved from astrology.
Since the beginning of science it has only benefitted the civilization more towards good. One of the most famous scientists of all time was Galileo
throughout his life, invented many wonderful things. One of Galileo's most famous "inventions" was his confirmation that the sun is the center of our
solar system, a theory first put forward by Nicolaus Copernicus. Galileo confirmed the theory partly through his observation of the phases of the planet
Venus as it reflected light from the sun while orbiting the star. This was revolutionary at the time because most of the

Sex, Drugs, Disasters, and the Extinction of Dinosaurs by...
"Sex, Drugs, Disasters, and the Extinction of Dinosaurs" is written by Stephen Jay Gould, professor of geology and zoology at Harvard. This essay is
one of more than a hundred articles on evolution, zoology, and paleontology published by Gould in national magazines and journals. It tells about
scientific proposals for the extinction of dinosaurs – a confusing but an exciting problem that humanity tries to solve. By analyzing and describing each
of the claims for the reptiles' demise – sex, drugs, and disasters – Gould differentiates bad science from good science and explains what makes some
theories silly speculations, while the other, a testable hypothesis. Any hypothesis, Gould says, begins with the collection of facts. In ... Show more
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Large amounts of iridium – a chemical element that is not a part of the Earth's crust composition – were originally found in rocks of Europe and United
States, and have been found everywhere ever since. Iridium, common in meteorites, is a testable evidence of the disaster hypothesis. Gould continues
that the Cretaceous debacle, which is one of five episodes of mass dying, occurred at the same time as the large comet might have smashed into the
Earth. The author believes this is not merely a coincidence, rather, it is a proof of the cause–effect relationship. The demise of a wide range of habitats
along with the extinction of dinosaurs gives an inestimable advantage to the disaster theory over other claims, the author adds. The comet struck the
Earth, and habitats, from terrestrial to marine, died with geological suddenness. Finally, this hypothesis has had an impact on the study of an atomic
war and its consequences. A nuclear war, Gould says, may cause a huge drop in temperatures and result in the extinction of humanity. Testable
evidence, study, development, contribution – all this makes good science. The drug theory is a useless speculation and an example of bad science.
Dinosaurs, it says, either couldn't taste the bitterness of plants that contained psychoactive substances or had livers ineffective to detoxify psychedelic
agents. The author of the theory suggested that the overdose had been a factor of the dinosaurs' extinction.

The Atlanta Museum Of Art
On November 7, 1883, an exhibition organized by "May Wright Sewell, her husband Theodore, and a small group of art–minded citizens" (History,
2017) began what would one day become the establishment now known as the Indianapolis Museum of Art. Since that first exhibition, the IMA has
gone through several identity changes. They were first named, the Art Association of Indianapolis. Their next identity was as the John Herron Art
Institute, which opened a whole new chapter, as they became "a campus featuring both a museum and an art school." (History, 2017) Today, the IMA is
one of the largest encyclopedic art museums in the nation. The IMA has had various leadership and staff over the years that have lent to how the
museum operates today. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Library and Archives
Many do not know that the IMA houses two different libraries. The Stout Reference Library and the Horticultural Society Library provide numerous
resources for their visitors, which mainly consist of students, IMA Staff, docents, collectors, researchers and even members of the community. The
Stout Reference Library "focuses on the encyclopedia collection of the Indianapolis Museum of Art, while also providing general information about
art and art history of all periods." (Stout Reference Library, 2017) The Horticultural Society Library "houses more than 2,000 volumes, including
general reference books and books on landscaping, specific plant families and horticulture." (Horticultural Society Library, 2017) I mention the
libraries because this semester, I am technically considered a library and archives intern at the IMA. My mentor however is the archivist, Samantha
Norling. She has done impressive work at the IMA in such a short time. She jump–started the Archives online portal, which consists of thousands of
digitized items from the archives. The IMA received a "generous grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH)" (Documenting
Modern Living, 2017), that allowed for 17,000 items from the Miller House and Garden archival collection to be digitized.
Project Topic
What I have learned in such a short time, is that the most impressive work happens behind

Essay about Skin Cancer and Expert Knowledge
TMA05
Write a report on the disputed role of expert knowledge in understanding and managing risk
Contents
1. Introduction – Page 3 2. What is risk? – Page 4 3. Risk Society – Page 5 4. Evidence of risk in contemporary society – Page 6 1. Allotment example
– Page 6 2. Sun tanning example – Page 7 5. Conclusion – Page 8 6. References – Page 9
Introduction
We are all familiar with risk. In fact, it is a key component in our everyday material life and we often manage it automatically either when dealing with
mundane tasks or major hazards. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After a four year wait, Tim Jordan and his family were given an allotment close to their home in which they grew vegetables and happily ate them.
However, they received a letter from the local authorities stating that the soil on the allotment was poisoned with lead and arsenic, and was therefore
unsafe. After months of consultations, the local council sent off samples of the soil to multiple laboratories to get it analysed. The results of which
tests deemed the levels of toxins in the soil to be low enough not to prove a threat to human health, and so normal gardening was resumed in the
allotments. Jordan and his family decided to give up the allotment because expert knowledge in the field of science was reliant on assumptions about the
soil and they were uncertain of the risks posed by the poisoned soil. But the validity of the scientific tests was questioned by the UK Government's
environmental agency (EA) who claimed that the results of the tests were questionable because the tests seem to find differing levels of toxins, and so
the EA submitted the same samples to nine laboratories in the UK and Wales, to one in the USA, and one in the Netherlands. The results they produced
demonstrated enough variation between the laboratories to suggest that such tests may be underestimating the poisons.
By applying the fundamental points of Beck's risk theory to this example, we can see that expert knowledge did in

Archives Of The Hamilton Public Library
Term Project – Archive Visit The archive I am visiting for this term project is the Local History & Archives of the Hamilton Public Library located on
the third floor of the Central Branch at 55 York Boulevard in Hamilton, Ontario. Since 1914, Hamilton Public Library has been collecting and
preserving Hamilton 's history. The Local History & Archives collection consists of material such as letters, photographs, manuscripts, diaries and other
original records created by Hamilton and area citizens. There are records of local businesses and organizations, family papers, government records of
the City of Hamilton and the County of Wentworth, military records, theatrical collections, music collections, ephemera, etc. Thisarchive visit took
place on November 16th 2016.
According to their website the mandate of the Local History & Archives collection has five main goals. The first is that the Local History & Archives
collection exists to "collect and preserve materials which illustrate the growth and development of Hamilton–Wentworth, both before and after
incorporation, or which pertain in whole or in part to activities within the geographic boundaries of Hamilton–Wentworth" (HPL). The second goal is to
arrange and describe these materials according to "archival principles and make them accessible to the general public on a regular basis" (HPL). The
third goal is simply to provide adequate and appropriate conditions for the storage, protection and preservation of the materials

Some Readers Have Seen Frankenstein as an Illustration of...
The 19th century was a time of enlightenment where philosophical thought began and man's concern for a greater psychological form developed.
However, during this time of enlightenment and exploration, the values of religion and ethical thought challenged science and its moral reasoning.
Frankenstein could be seen as an illustration of the fear of the power of science due to these social changes; however there is evidence within the text to
support other aspects such as society and religion being the focal point of fear.
On a basic level, it could be argued that Victor's search for knowledge ultimately leads him to his transgressions and eventual demise; through the
medium of science he is able to create a creature that is fearful and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, although Victor uses science and his character is obsessed with the search for knowledge, it could be argued that Shelley deliberately leaves
out specific scientific references to leave the readers wondering if it is science that creates the monster, or if there is more of a supernatural, Gothic
interpretation of how the monster came to live.
Comparatively, some readers could believe that Frankenstein illustrates the fear of the power of religion. Victor's creation of the monster is ultimately
a transgression, defiling morality and arguably giving him ultimate power over life and death. The idea alone is fear inducing, but further still is the
way in which Victor goes about this achievement. He is emotionally detached from the bodies he is digging out of graves and mutilating "a
churchyard was to me merely the receptacle of bodies deprived of life", sparing no thought of the unspoken moral codes of humanity. There are also
the interesting parallels of John Milton's Paradise Lost; the Monster finds the book and interprets it literally "I read it... as a true history"; as many
Christians interpret the Bible literally; this could represent the fear of the power of religion, as it suggests that people who take religious teachings
absolutely literally are dangerous because they have no logical reasoning, as the monster does not. Furthermore, the monster compares Victor to God,
as he has created him and thusly

The Effect of Climate on Suicide Rates Essay examples
A variety of physical, biological, psychology, and sociocultural factors influence the probability for suicide in individuals and populations. Strong
evidence demonstrates that suicide rates vary across regions, and that this variation is reliably stable over time, holding true both between and within
particular countries. The extent that climate may exert an impact on the propensity for suicide in particular individuals and populations, increasing
knowledge about such a tendency would have significant implications for policies related to public health and climate. Aside from improving the health
behaviors of service users and the screening, prevention, or treatment practices by health professionals, knowledge of how climate may be... Show more
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Nevertheless, their use in research almost inevitably requires their imperfect translation into the practical realities of doing studies: climate, as a
scientific concept, is not precisely derived from mathematical factors (e.g. days above twenty degrees Celsius per year), but is instead a holistic
approximation of many factors. Moreover, each of these measures (subordinate questions) must be defined for the purpose of investigations. A
legitimate social scientific analysis will use reliable datasets, and in many cases is aided by data that is well–documented and consistent, frequently
collected by centralized or official sources. For the purposes of this analysis in an American context, I would use data from the National Climatic
Center (1980) and the National Center for Health Statistics (1974), as suggested by the careful of previous analysts (Lester, 1991). Suicide statistics
would be collected from vital statistics offices, frequently the responsibility of national or sub–national government agencies. The ability to generalize
findings is necessarily limited because official reports of suicide will only be imperfect representations of suicide rates in a given population, even in a
national mortality database. A statistical factor analysis would be used to confirm the climate variables that appear to be related to each

Why Is It So Difficult For My Student? Essay
Why is it so difficult for my student to learn the vocabulary in science and social studies? I teach the same concepts to those students, but what is
missing. This is a question I get many times from general education teachers. The struggle becomes evident when students with disabilities struggle
with vocabulary in the content areas. I work directly with resource reading students and share many techniques with the science and history teachers.
My research focus is meeting the needs of resource reading students with the use of memorization method in the science classroom. The research
shows that memorization, as well as, motivation can increase vocabulary in the science classroom. The students tested learned from songs and riddles.
This technique can help struggling learners in the science classroom with vocabulary. The research can be used in different subjects to determine if
there is growth in vocabulary. I have realized that all students can learn but the mode may be different. It is up to the teacher to try many techniques to
determine the best avenue for learning.
Improving Vocabulary in Science The focus of this paper is meeting the needs of resource reading readers with the use of memorization method.
Students often demonstrate difficulty in the areas of reading with vocabulary and comprehension. This research paper will focus on vocabulary in the
area of science. Students with reading disabilities struggle with vocabulary in the content areas, so it's

Heidt's Archive Summary
1.Define archive in your own words. (5 points) An archive is the limited selection of texts, performances and/or time periods that the author is studying
and using to support their argument. 2.What is Heidt's archive? (5 points) Heidt's archive consists of public foreign policy speeches given by Reagan,
Bush, and Clinton during their administration. 3.Define exigence in your own words. (5 points) Exigence is an urgent issue or situation that prompts
someone to write about it. 4.What is the exigence (or multiple exigencies) Heidt identifies? (5 points) One exigence that Heidt identifies is the
continued success of democracy promotion abroad, despite the lack of public support for the foreign aid budget. Heidt also notes an academic... Show
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foreign policy, this essay argues that metaphors function as important mechanisms for orienting public and policy conversations related to international
change, America's role in the world, and the necessity of continued engagement in world affairs. This essay identifies light/dark, sea, and disease
metaphors as metaphors used by presidents to describe international politics and to explain the necessity for democracy programs." (pg. 234).
Essentially, Heidt is arguing that presidential public policy speeches utilizing these metaphors were able to convince the public that democracy
promotion abroad was in the best interest of the US, regardless of their original disinterest in financially supporting these types of

Advantages Of Digital Curation
6. Digital Curation
Digital curation is a continuous process. Digital curation means store, protect, maintaining and preserving of research work for future use. It is
appropriate management of digital information through life cycle.
The digital curation life cycle comprises of following steps:
a) Conceptualize: In this step included plan for creating digital objects such as data capture and storage option.
b) Produce: Produce digital objects and allocate metadata such as administrative, descriptive, structural and technical in this step.
c) Access and Use: In these steps digital objects are designed such a way that users can easily accessible and use the digital objects. It is noted that
some digital objects are publicly available and some others are password protected.
d) Evaluate and Choose: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
General open file format and proprietary file format are used by user to store the documents on computer.
f) Storage Device: Storage device like CD ROM, DVD ROM are used to preserve the documents on digital format.
10. Advantages of Digital Preservation
a)Communication Channel: collect, store, organize and access information digital form via communication channels is the main purpose of preservation
b) Minimizing the Space Problem: Minimum space is required to preserve the digital documents. Now a day's information increases day by day due to
information explosion. It has only the solution to preserve the documents in digital format.
c) Digitization:A library digitizes the documents for the purpose of preservation. Library should digitized documents to accessible the documents over a
network
d) Large Database: Library can build a large database through preserve the documents on database.
11. Techniques of Digital Preservation
a)Migration: Migration means converting the documents from one file format to another file format.E.g. converting a Microsoft Word document to
Open Document

Library, Library And Suppression From Institute Of Museum...
Nowadays, library, museum and archive play a main role in information world. Growing technology in globalization era already give big impact to this
information institutions. Library, museum and archive act as information centre for people to get information and gain knowledge. Suppression from
Institute of Museum and Library Services in increase technology into this institution through research, conferences and publication to keep data for
public or government mostly. .Humanity need to know the basic introduction of library, museum and archive as a centre that provide information.
Library is a depository built that contains a collection of records or literally documents kept for reference and research. Mostly obtain in national, state
and school. For example, National Library of Malaysia. Museum constitute as an institution housing collections of objects of artistic, historic, or
scientific interest conserved and displayed for the education and research to the public. While an archive is a place of managing, storing, preserving, and
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Library function as acquires, manages, evaluates, promotes, and disseminates information in printed, electronic and other forms of media for use by the
users. Function of museum is to identify, acquire, preserve and exhibit unique, collectible, or representative objects, promote cultural, community and
familiar identity and understanding and serve as memory institutions for culture. While the function of archive are locates, selects, acquires, preserves,
retrieves and stores records which are historical, administrative and fiscal interest and value. Technologies already grants an impact for library, museum
and archive in objectify their function to society and help humanity in information literacy. Appropriateness of technology gives impact in positive and
negative method to library, museum and archive in practise technology

Resurrectionist Case Study Summary
Case Study: The Resurrectionists Collection at the New York Academy of Medicine http://www.nyam.org/library/pages
/historical_collections_resurrectionists "Most current digital repositories ... do not have specific mandates for long term preservation, nor do they have
the necessary long–term budgets. Instead, they are mandated to support access and re–use in the near–term future. Long term preservation may be one
of their aims, or at least hopes and wishes, but it is not (yet) a responsibility" (Digital Curation Centre and DigitalPreservationEurope, 2007, p. 2).
The New York Academy of Medicine created digital surrogates for several items in their collection, hosted online by CONTENTdm. They now can be
considered a digital repository. As they are a relatively small organization, and somewhat new to managing digital collections, much of their current
focus for their digital collection is to support "access and re–use in the near–term future." They have not yet been able to consider their plans for the
long–term preservation of their digital collection.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The archivist did not know what kind or brand of external drive the files were stored on, nor did she know the size of the drive, or the size of the
digital collections. She informed me that the drive was located in another building and it would be difficult for her to find out these details. There
are no backup files for any of these digital surrogates. The archivist noted that the NYAM was looking to purchase a server for their digital
collections because there were more digital images from the conservation lab that were on an additional external drive, and she would like to have
them all on one place. She did not say that she wanted a server because she was worried about the stability of the digital collections on the external hard

All Can Be Saved: An Analysis
Today's world is all about decisions. Should we get that new television? What about that new iPhone? Maybe the new Apple Watch? Notice how none
of those questions had to deal with anything transcendent or in relation to God. Rather these questions focused on the material items that are available
practically at the snap of one's fingers. There is a lack of religious authority in cultural and social organizations in the modern society that we live in.
Charles Taylor, in A Secular Age, focuses on showing thatGod is still present in our secular society, even when it seems as if He is removed. Taylor
gives three separate understandings of secularization: separation between state and church with the movement of corporate practices without God, more
These two views do not contradict each other, but they do look at the shift in thought differently. Schwartz takes the idea that, "each person can be
saved in his own religion, "and develops a study of Christian perspectives on Islam and Judaism through the Spanish and Portuguese Inquisition
documentation and trials. Schwartz analyzed cultural attitudes and thoughts towards religious differences from the sixteenth, seventeenth, and
eighteenth centuries in Spain and Portugal (Schwartz, pg. 6). Spanish and Portuguese inquisitional records captured the stories from unknown
common folk and what they thought about the world they lived in, and their feelings towards what was right when dealing with religious tolerance
(Schwartz, pg. 6). By not only questioning individuals but also looking at the people around that individuals and how they interacted and practiced
their beliefs, Schwartz uncovered evidence for religious toleration over a course of a few centuries. These views varied from different religious
individuals such as Jews, Christians, and Muslims throughout his whole book. It is important for readers of this book to decipher between
"tolerance" and "toleration." Schwartz's book is about "the history of religious toleration, by which is usually meant state or community policy, but
rather of tolerance, by which I mean attitudes or sentiments" (Schwartz, pg. 6). European leaders believed unity of religious beliefs facilitated
political stability, showing religious tolerance advocates were the protagonists in this book. People during these centuries were still eager to discover
how to gain salvation. Salvation began to play its own role in the spiritual and political atmosphere of society. This change in roles started to challenge
the churches views of the natural world and how much

Religion and Science: Can They Coexist in the Modern World
Religion and Science: Can They Coexist in the Modern World
Since the dawn of man, humans have struggled to explain the many mysteries of the universe, and to justify their existence in it. Throughout this
journey of self–understanding, numerous standpoints about human existence have evolved and merged into a complex, abstract manifestation called
religion. Advances in science and technology have yielded a new breed of human thought that has disturbed and shaken the foundations of religious
ideology. The new, scientifically–grounded understanding of the universe has unfolded a plethora of answers to age–old questions, which are
antithetical to the explanations offered by some religious beliefs. The Bible has answered the questions: how ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Many religious thinkers have responded to this evidence, by claiming that the methods used to ascertain the Earth's age are inaccurate. They argue that
radioactive dating; a widely accepted method of determining the age of rocks, is inaccurate because there is no available rock sample of a known
age, to which the method can be calibrated. However, this argument is obsolete because the only calibration required to find the age of a rock is the
measurement of decay rates, which can be found in the laboratory in a controlled experiment (Badash, 1995, 90). Because of the evidence provided by
scientific research, many religious thinkers have been forced to compromise their position, and have attempted to blend scientific fact with biblical
accounts of the age of the earth.
Many theists contend that the words of the Bible are metaphorical, and can be interpreted in a way that reconciles the biblical account of the Earth's
age with scientific fact. According to Genesis, the first book of the Old Testament, the earth was created in six days: "And God saw every thing that
he had made, and, behold, it was very good. And the evening and the morning were the sixth day" (Genesis 1:31). They argue that other passages in
the book of Genesis can be interpreted to mean that a day to God can be thousands of years, and because of this, the Earth could have been created
over a much longer timeframe than six days, and can thus be as

Promise In Brave New World
Who defines peril and promise? (Add static to conclusion) When a new technology is created there are two distinct parties who define whether it is
full of promise or peril: the creator and those who are affected by the creation. The definition used by each party varies massively on the technology
that was developed. The creator of a new technology is often the first person to determine whether or not it will bring peril to society. In almost every
case, the technology is constructed with the intentions of promise, bringing a net benefit to society.
Brave New World: In the novel Brave New World, the ability to influence the future life of a person through experimentation on a fetus was developed.
This ability, without outside influence, could ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Earth receives an encrypted message from an alien world and in an effort to discover it's meaning, nations of the world join together.
"The moment the Americans and the Soviets decided to collaborate and the Memorandum of Agreement was solemnly signed, every nation with a
radio telescope had agreed to cooperate. This was a kind of World Message Consortium." (118)
The reception of an alien message could result in any number of reactions from the population of America, but Sagan chose to have the world work
together to overcome this issue. Aliens represent a threat outside of the human race, something completely external and uninfluenced by the actions of
mankind. This is why the scientific advancement of contact aliens is seen as full of promise for our society: because the threat is not something we
created ourselves, but a threat we are responding to.

The Scientific Field Of Psychology
The minds of men have never been a terribly cogent or consistent place, rather one that primarily "oscillates between sense and nonsense" (Jung).
This, of course, begs the question as to why are we, as human beings, are the way we are; what makes us tick? Most people have probably asked this
question at one point or another, there are those of us today who have dedicated their entire lives to answering this question. Humanity's answer to this
conundrum is the scientific field of Psychology, the study of the human mind and its functions. Psychology can be traced back to as far as 428 B.C.
stemming from the Ancient Greeks (Plato), but at this time it was more philosophic thought than a field of science; it did not become a legitimate
scientific field until the early 1800s. Before the 1800s, even after its founding to an extent, it was not fully accepted to be science; other scholars
thought the study of the human mind and its mechanisms to be too abstract a field to be considered anything but philosophy. As biology developed
and neurology emerged psychology gained the support it needed to given credence by other scholars and fields of science. Moving farther ahead in the
history of psychology, what we would today largely recognize as practices contemporary did not come about until even later point on the psychology
timeline. Furthermore, contemporary psychology is dramatically different from modern day psychology, this is a science that has grown and evolved
dramatically even

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Appraisal
Archives are well documented extensive records or collected data of historical documents which are used as tools for critical analysis. Appraisal on
the other hand is the act of estimating or judging the nature or value of something. Essentially, taking into account the definitions, archival appraisal
is looking at all the available dimensions and variables of a subject, keeping in mind its pros and cons, its advantages and disadvantages and at the
same time assessing the strengths and weaknesses. It is critically analysing the available literature. The ulterior motive so to speak is to preserve the
documents by adding value, keeping in mind the various biases and results of other's studies, in order to extend the life of the archived documents.
The concept of appraisal highlights the method of assessing the documents. The appraisal should be devoid of any sort of partiality. It should not
favour any type of user. The appraisal is not supposed to be objective, not subjected to any sort of personal beliefs or opinions, nor shall it be based on
any influenced notion.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The archival theory varies from the archival methodology in terms of their usage. Archival theory suggests what archival material is whereas archival
methodology helps us figuratively decide how to treat the archival documents. When value is attributed to such archival records or documented data), it
should be retained in their original form. The reason for preserving records and documented data in their original form can be explained by the fact that
when such documents have been attributed value, they are archivally best accepted in their original form only. Therefore, value of archival documents
does not stand relative. However, the concept of attributing value to the archival documents is relative since the opinions may vary from one archivist
to another, from one generation to

Essay on Religious Beliefs Stimulated Change
Religious Beliefs Stimulated Change
Since the early part of the 15th century, science and the scientific understanding that we have of the world has been steadily increasing. The changes
that this new science brought about were huge; from works in astronomy to anatomy, every walk of life was affected in some way. This rise inscience
came at a time when an institutionalised church ruled the Western World and the religious beliefs of the church were considered to be unquestionably
true. Did this church support and help nurture the growing scientific world or did it in fact, try to hold it back and suppress its growth?
The focus of this essay will be to look at change as the growth of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This suppression has come from the Catholic Church, who saw that any increase in scientific knowledge went against the scriptures and teachings of the
Church. The Church at this time was very corrupt, rich and powerful and out to please its own means. This is partly why the Reformation happened
and what triggered the reforms that the Jesuit priests made to the Catholic Church.
It saw the changes that science could introduce as forcing the Church to the sidelines, where they would lose their power and riches. Indeed this is why
the Inquisition was formed; to protect the Church from heretics of the time and against supposed claims of heresy against the Church and faith.
The Church's main argument comes from the conflict that the scriptures had with the scientific discoveries that were being made. The book of Nature
and the Book of Scripture were supposed to have the same author in God and therefore there should be no conflicts and discrepancies in what they
contained. However scientific understanding grew, the number of conflicts rose with it.
One of the most famous conflicts between the church and science would be the Galileo affair in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. In this now
famous conflict, Galileo, following on from the work of Copernicus, believed that the world revolved around the sun. Galileo

The Role of Research and Statistics in the Field of...
The Role of Research and Statistics in the Field of Psychology
Abstract
Research and statistics are essential elements within the field of Psychology. Through the evolution of technology, the task of conducting adequate
research and statistics methods have become abundant in methodology. Because of such, research collection and experimentation approaches of
researchers and Psychologists, greatly vary in specificity. However, one method reigns true and consistent, and that is theScientific Method; of which
will be further explored. This paper will discuss and make sense of the roles in which both research and statistics play in the field of Psychology, and
the procedures in which such methods are conducted will be defined. This ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The phrase "method of scholars" is an alternative title for the scientific method, for it is the absolute best set of methods in finding the truth, and of
course the scholars would know. "It has often been said that the greatest discovery in science was the discovery of the scientific method of discovery":
(Feibleman, 1972). This method is an investigation in which a problem is initially identified. With this, observations, experiments, and other relevant
data (provided by research) are then used to create or test hypotheses that lead to conclusions about the original problem. The steps involved in this
process include: 1) Forming a testable hypothesis. 2) Devising a research plan and method of application. 3) Collecting data and researching. 4)
Analyzing the data and reaching possible conclusions about the study. 5) Report findings. This research can be characterized as an activity of creative
work that is carried out in a systematic way in an effort to increase knowledge and truth. In the field of psychology, this refers to the knowledge of the
human mind, human behavior, cultures, and societies. In order to fully understand how researchers, scientists, psychologists, scholars, and students
alike reach such conclusions, one needs to recognize the importance of the research process and measures that are applied when conducting the various
types of psychological research. With this knowledge,

Archive Charlotte Farge Analysis
What could be more essential to the historian than archives? Arlette Farge explains, "This is where our work begins." However, to many, the vast
repositories of records and documents seem dull and lifeless. To the eager historian, the archives are a vast and treacherous ocean and seemingly
impossible to wade through. In spite of this, they are seductive to Farge, enticing her to sift through the endless Paris police records of the
BibliothГЁque de l'Arsenal in Paris. The "allure" is the innate potential of the archives to illuminate areas of the past, which would otherwise be
forgotten. While historical knowledge is highly elusive and eternally incomplete, shades of the true past inhabit the archive's documents and records.
She analogizes the archive to a thick forest. When you first arrive, it will be difficult to see, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Within the eighteenth–century Parisian police reports are about singular events, containing the unique experiences of individuals –– the only recorded
experiences of many. When she arrives, the reports are a jumbled mess, as sheer recollection is not enough. She must reconstruct the context of these
events and rearrange them in the most useful way, one which will create a narrative of the past. In many cases, "the archive miniaturizes the historical
object." The expressions of one's desires, fears, loves, and miseries can reveal larger social movements, describes Farge. She is not merely concerned
about singular events, but the larger historical themes to which the events point. Undeniably, the experiences of the individual are inextricably linked
to a surrounding society. Therefore, police reports (individually or collectively) hint at broader societal trends. One example she uses is an illiterate
man, Thorin, who was imprisoned in the Bastille, and how his disjointed writings "retained a voice, an intonation, a rhythm." As a result, she uncovered
evidence of an auditory

Essay On Library Museum And Archive
Nowadays, library, museum and archive play a main role in information world. Growing technology in globalization era already give big impact to this
information institutions. Library, museum and archive act as information centre for people to get information and gain knowledge. Suppression from
Institute of Museum and Library Services in increase technology into this institution through research, conferences and publication to keep data for
public or government mostly. .Humanity need to know the basic introduction of library, museum and archive as a centre that provide information.
Library is a depository built that contains a collection of records or literally documents kept for reference and research. Mostly obtain in national, state
and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Preservation and conservation materials or artefacts for example need an advance technology to get the best outcomes. Preservation and conservation
activities will be doing carefully to maintain the old materials such newspaper, manuscript, book, government or administration documents, letters and
old records. Therefore, aid of technology helps our country to achieve the phase important of technology in library, museum and archive. Museum and
archive constitute as the place that keep and displayed our h treasure, heritage and culture that show the personality of our

The Future of Scholarship Essay
The Future of Scholarship
Introduction:
The development and rapid movement in the field of technology has changed the face of modern society from what it was twenty years ago.
Information and communication technologies have changed dramatically even in the last ten years. Electronic mail, listservs, and the Internet, to name
a few, are all parts of the new technology that is re–defining scholarly communication. In her article entitled "Scholarly Communication" Christine
Borgman states that "[r]esearch was clustered around three variables: producers of the communication . . ., artifacts of communication . . . and
communication concepts." (146) The impact of the new communication technologies to scholarly communication cannot be ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The division of knowledge into disciplines, however, doesn't impose a pre–ordained order and doesn't easily transfer to the modern workplace. Many
reports have stressed the importance of incorporating interdisciplinarity into the undergraduate experience at the research university." (13) Elsewhere
she states that "[d]isciplinarity is specialized scientific exploration of a particular homogenous subject matter, producing new knowledge and making
obsolete old knowledge. Therefore, disciplinary activity results in continuous formulations and reformulations of the present body of knowledge about
the subject matter." (Coleman "The New Scholarship" 1) With this in mind, interdisciplinarity occurs when "curricula and/or research and innovation
are organized around a problem that is too broad to be studied/solved using just the methods and knowledge in one discipline (Coleman
"Interdisciplinarity" 9) When such a problem is addressed within the scholarly community, interdisciplinarity leads directly into collaboration. Maria
Bordons and Isabel Gomez define scientific collaboration as "two or more scientists working together on a joint research project, sharing intellectual,
economic and/or physical resources." (198) This definition however, can easily be expanded to all areas of the scholarly community.
As more and more interdisciplinary and collaborative teaching and research occurs, there

The Scientific Method Essay
The Scientific Method is the standardized procedure that scientists are supposed to follow when conducting experiments, in order to try to construct a
reliable, consistent, and non–arbitrary representation of our surroundings. To follow the Scientific Method is to stick very tightly to a order of
experimentation. First, the scientist must observe the phenomenon of interest. Next, the scientist must propose a hypothesis, or idea in which the
experiments will be based around. Then, through repeated experimentation, the hypothesis can either be proven false or become a theory. If the
hypothesis is proven to be false, the scientist must reformulate his or her ideas and come up with another hypothesis, and the experimentation begins
again. This ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Furthermore, flies were observed laying eggs where the maggots formed. Thus, he concluded that maggots are the result of flies, not spontaneous
generation. He then called the principles behind his experiment "Metodo Scientifico" or The Scientific Method.
The first cases of what would be considered properly using the Scientific Method can be found earlier, though, back in the studies of Galileo, early
in the 17th century. He first observed that heavy objects gain speed as they fall. He then proposed, or hypothesized, that the rate of falling of massive
objects was proportional to the distance that the object has fallen. Following the Scientific Method, he tested his hypothesis and found it to be false,
since objects falling unequal distances do not fall in the same amount of time, as his hypothesis led to. Since his hypothesis failed, he made a new one,
which proposed that the rate at which an object falls is directly proportional to the time the object has spent falling. This was tested by rolling balls
down an inclined plane and calculating the speed and time values from those observations. Later, these experiments led to the discovery of the
gravitational constant g, and a better understanding of the Scientific Method.
The Method has been used many times since Galileo conducted his experiments, and it has been considered a valid way of conducting experiments since

Study2 Essay
History 229: History of Race, Science, and Medicine in the U.S.
Professor Helena M. Pycior
STUDY GUIDE FOR PRELIMINARY EXAM 2–October 14, 2014, 9:00–9:50 a.m., in LUB S151
Directions:
The following are study questions for the examination. The examination will be a closed–book examination.
On the examination you will be required to respond to one of two essay questions. The essay questions on the examination will test essentially the same
ideas as these study questions. Parts of study questions may be combined to form an essay appearing on the examination. More typically, a shortened
or edited version of a study question will appear as an essay question on the examination.
In answering a given essay question, you are not ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Morton as trying to state he was objective, and was being honest. The two major different pieces that support the thesis that Morton tried to be
objective is his use of lead shot instead of mustrard seed and his openness with all his data. When Morton realized that his Mustard seed technique was
unstable and presented varied results he quickly changed to a lead shot which was more accurate. Morton was very open when it came to displaying his
data. He published results which included numbers, not just explainations.
Select any two of the "general categories" of "fudging and finagling" that Gould has identified in Morton's work except that of "miscalculations and
convenient omissions." For each of the two selected categories, briefly explain the category in your own words. Carefully sketch Gould's major
specific example of the category. Explain explicitly how the example fits the category into which Gould has put it, state which of Morton's
publication(s) the example comes from, state the racial groups and/or subgroups featured in the example, and (following Gould) explain the effects of
the finagling on Morton's conclusions about racial ranking.
1.Favorable inconsistencies and shifting criteria. Morton often liked to include or delete large subsamples inorder to match his previous expectations
and results.
2.Subjectivity directed toward

The UC Davis Archive : Website Review
For this assignment, students were asked to review an archival institution and critically examine it. This included doing an in–person interview with a
staff member and a website review. Some areas students were asked to explore in the archive were; its mission, policies and procedures, funding and
staffing, holdings, accessibility, online presence, security, and programming and outreach. This paper will cover the archival institution of UC Davis.
The person that was interviewed for this assignment is Kevin Miller. Miller is the Interim Head of the Special Collections Department at UC Davis, he
is also a University Archivist in the Archives and Institutional Assets Program. This paper will include the interview this student had with Kevin... Show
The Archives mission is to preserve and make these documents available for research and instruction. The Special Collections mission is to provide
reference assistance and a storage location for archival materials. Their mission is to also preserve the history of the University's activities and
accomplishments. On their website it states that Special Collections, "houses the Library's rare books and pamphlets, manuscript collections,
photographs, the University Archives, and the Map Collection. The Department's major purposes are to acquire these materials, make them available
for use, and preserve their integrity for future generations of students and scholars."
UC Davis Special Collections also collect materials having to with the Northern Ca, but also more regionally in the Central Valley, including UC
Davis and Yolo County. They also collect items that reflect the academic strengths of UC Davis in general. For example, the university was in contact
with a photographer who had no affiliation with UC Davis, but had a collection of photos of grapes and vineyards, they would bring a collection like
that in, because it supports the research that is done at the University.
Some recent changes to the UC Davis Library impacted the Special Collections Department. About

Essay On Cancer As A Monster In David Garland's Imitation '
Penetrable Boundaries and Mutations: Cancer as a Monster in David Garland's Annihilation David Garland's Annihilation (2018) displays various
forms of abjection through the film's representation of biological mutations that take over the physical and psychological components of the human
body. The film's representation of a pathogenic alien species and its ability to mutate cells is not unlike John Carpenter's The Thing, as both films form
allegories for the spread of a disease throughout society. In Annihilation this disease takes the form of a malignant, dome–shaped region called the
"Shimmer," which acts like a cancerous tumor on Earth, threatening to mutate the biological structures and components that form humanity. In my
essay, I will utilize Julia Kristeva's excerpt, "Approaching Abjection," and Edward Guerrero's AIDS as Monster inScience Fiction and Horror Cinema,
as the frameworks in which to explore Annihilation and discuss how the film represents the relevant and eminent threat of cancer within today's
society. In addressing the forms of abjection throughout the film, I will argue for the inability to separate the film's allegory for cancer as an... Show
Guerrero continues to highlight the main driving fear throughout the film as the inability to detect who has been replicated by the Thing. In
Annihilation, there are various instances in which the Other not only breaks down representations of bodies rendering them empty shells of their past
selves but also depicts what Guerrero calls, "cell–by–cell assimilation" of their

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Electronic Records
2.1.2 The disadvantages of electronic records An electronic records is the enhancement of the records. The contents have the values such as fiscal
value, historical value, vital value and also have an integrity documents. But sometimes, the electronic records can be manipulated because an
electronic is more easy to make any changes compared to the paper–based. Besides, the system down can blocks and create a barrier for the users to
access 2.2 Unsufficiency of staffs The first thing that needs to be in the list is the plan. Every management needs to have a plan. It is for the guides for
the best practices of documents organization and management, formatting and long–term preservation in the archive for the references in the future.
The abilities, skillfullness and cognitiveness are needed to overcome the barriers from the skills to master the microform records into electronic
records. This might be a huge... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
No backup means no more proof in the previous phase, means that no more evidence to be kept. But, through many phases changes, the valuable
records still can be protected with the awareness of the organization, individual and the archivists. They controlled every steps by following the
regulations stated in the act of archive. For example, the archivist needs to protect the rights of individuals and organization very well, so that the
contents are not damaged. The Director General might may not give the permission to the person who is unauthorized to access the records. The
person that can access the records are only the one that get an authorization from the Director General and the owner of the records itself. The issues
are, the values and the prosper kind of archivists roles are being examined to ensure that they are responsible enough in handling the works effectively.
There are not having an enough skills to control the archival

Monae's Metropolis Saga
Monae's Metropolis Saga uses the cyborg as a metaphor for the oppressed, using cyborg bodies as a stand–in for black bodies and consequently
drawing connections between the state of blackness and the state of being cyborg. Monae herself speaks of her decision to "choose an android
because the android to [her] represents 'the other' in our society." (Kot 1) This is made specific to blackness when, in the Metropolis Saga, Cindi time
travels to the 20th and 21st centuries and is reborn as Janelle Monae, becoming black rebels throughout history; accordingly, the line between cyborg
ontology and black ontology is blurred as she jumps between the two. Monae, additionally, describes cyborgs as "neon slaves, electric savages,"
making clear ties between ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If for Monae, black bodies are cyborg bodies, cyborg bodies have existed throughout history and cannot be situated solely in the future. Consequently,
Metropolis as a city centered around Cindi's black cyborg body cannot be temporally alienated from history, and must reckon with it. More than that,
though, Metropolis itself is not just a vision of the future but of the past, a transhistorical metaphor of oppression and liberation. This differs from
traditional science fiction cyborg representations because for Haraway and many others, the cyborg exists within a future world. However, for Monae,
the cyborg has always existed in the form of black bodies, and the science fiction world serves only to illuminate this. Accordingly, the
transhistoricality is the only way that a cyborg can be raced and allows a raced cyborg to recognize and grapple with the dark history that birthed it––
for Cindi, this means time traveling to literally participate in, change, and solve her history. Perhaps this is best expressed by the name of Monae's
upcoming album, presumably containing the last two suites of the Metropolis Saga, Dirty Computer. The computer is the android; however, the
android retains its dirt, the dirt being the dark and dirty history of racializations and blackness–– her cyborg refuses to be pristine and reject that history,
instead

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Digitization
3.0 RECOMMENDED SOLUTIONS
3.1 Making digitised content from (galleries, libraries, archives, and museums) GLAM openly available.
From the digitized content, the user and instituitions can get the benefit. When it make available for use with the licensing of the structure. There are
many institutions started to make the collections that are available. The digitisation unable to make use of the materials and calculate the output
because the historical materials does not belong to them but the digitized does not given a license to reuse it. According to Wissenburg, 1996, it have
been stated that the higher education institutions asked to provide online tutorials and readings in various aspects of history, embedding digitised
primary sources ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Everything centers on the connections between people's past through the archive. Archive being able to provide the evidence and importantly provide
meaning to people through connecting with their past with the availability in the archives. That can give the people knowledge or little bit clearer
understanding. In addition, archives are experiences to kept the historical materials. Archivists have increasing opportunities for collaborations at
universities by trending affecting higher education today and understanding of varying experiences of archives should only strengthen these
collaborations through enabling clear communication. Moreover, archivists need to reconsider and develop new approaches to the important issue of
the use of archival material. Six approaches to this challenges are suggested and discussed, developing better means of tracking research use,
improving procedures for interpreting and reporting on that use, promoting increased research use, emphasizing use as a means of garnering program
support, reaching out to the user community for assistance in dealing with certain archival issues and expanding the concept of reference service to a
broader notion of researcher service or public service. Last but not least, the aims of this paper research is to promote the public access of the archival
institution. Thus, the archival institution and its organization needs to think of the promoting or also known as marketing. Promoting and marketing
are very important in an organizational as it can help to improve the services of an organizational n order to meet the needs of the

A Modern Synthesis of Science with Eastern Christianity...
Introduction
Since the dawn of consciousness, humans have strived to understand the world around them and their place in it. From the first naturalistic surveys of
the flora and fauna of the earth painted on the rocky walls of fire–lit caves millennia ago to the enormously complex investigations into quantum
physics ventured at today's particle accelerators, human curiosity has known no bounds. By way of organizing the countless questions posed and
answers sought, broad conceptions of "science," "reason," "philosophy," and "religion" have been created and debated by humankind for centuries.
Beginning in earnest during the Age of Reason following the Renaissance, two distinct ways of understanding the world seemed to form. On one hand,
Conceptions holding that science and religion should operate (epistemologically and philosophically) in basically the same manner lead to the Conflict
or Integration models . At issue for philosophy, from the most formal seminars in leading universities to the most basic ideas of personal morality
conceived by individuals world–wide, is achieving a supreme understanding of humanity and its role in the world. Should this understanding
encompass both science and religion (Dialogue and Integration) or favor one or the other rather than some synthesis of both (Independence and
Conflict)? How a specific philosophy answers these sets of essential questions determines how science and religion will interact and the role of each in
a greater understanding of the world.
It seems to me that the most complete and satisfying understanding of the world must take into account both scientific ideas of reason and rational
progress in synthesis with some religious conception of a divine designer, infinite in power and scope. The reasons for this insistence for both shall
become clear in the following pages. Science, as I will take it for the remainder of this essay, encompasses the various fields known as physics,
biology, chemistry, mathematics and most of philosophy. It is a rational system based on a combination of reason, intellect, and empirical observations.
Religion, as I will use it, refers to a specific outlook on Christianity developed in the eastern

Archival Silences
The goal of this paper will be to critically analyse Rodney G.S. Carter's, Of Things Said and Unsaid: Power, Archival Silences, and Power in
Silence, the analysis will attempt to summarise the main argument made by Carter as well as its relation to archival theory. Through the analysis of
Carter's article, archival theories of "silence", "social memory" and archives as a space of power are prevalent and part–take in larger discussions on
the role of archivists that are currently on–going. Furthermore, it can be useful to compare Carter's theory on silence in archives, silence as power and
social memory when looking at archival theories and methodologies such as appraisal and asking who should have the authority to decide what records
are worthy... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, his argument surrounding archives as place of power and silence give enticing perspectives on some of the issues that plague the field of
archival studies. Although Carter provides many plausible solutions for archivists in ensuring that the silences created are "read against the grain" or
actively sought by archivists in an attempt to work with marginalised groups to collect their records and preserve them into the archive and more
broadly the "collective memory". However, his ideas on the feminist literary tactic of subversion of adding the marginalised voice to the mainstream
archive without a systems and institutions such as the theme–based archive, will inevitably result in the loss of the voice of those silenced. Although it
can be argued that the marginalised can transmit their culture, history, records and voices in other forms such as oral traditions or material artefacts as
seen in the Indigenous example, these non–literary forms of record–keeping face the possibility of disappearing with the last transmission holders. The
"power of silence" does appear to be an act of freedom according to Carter, but at what cost? It is a question that might be worth asking these
marginalised groups by archivists when attempting to reach out and possible create a community based solution to keeping records and collective
memory from disappearing forever. As a final insight,

Essay Islamic Science in the Medieval Era
There are many terms used to describe the period after the fall of Rome and before the Renaissance, three main terms being the Middle, Medieval,
and Dark Ages. In general, these terms are used interchangeably, but are these fair substitutions? In recent years the term "Dark Ages" is becoming
less and less acceptable as a phrase which describes the span of years it is meant to refer to. The use of the term "dark" implies a period of
stagnation, which is becoming a questionable concept. In particular, the span of time referred to in this paper is 530–1452 BCE, with specific attention
paid to the scientific discoveries and innovations rather than art or literature. These dates are significant because in 529 the Academy and Lyceum in
Athens... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One might assert that the ideas of Islamic science during this period were not of value because if the innovations were so great, and the halt of
progress in Europe was so encompassing, a knowledge vacuum would have been created, and the ideas would have poured into the knowledge starved
areas. Further more, Europeans would expand outward to the Middle East in search of new–found knowledge due to the stagnation present in Europe.
However, this is not the case, so therefore it is logical to assume that the knowledge in the Middle East was not that significant. In opposition, I would
assert that major scientific innovation in some area in the world during a given time period is enough to remove the negative connotation of "dark".
The scientific discoveries do not have to be world–wide. Furthermore, the reason there was no spread of knowledge to Europe during this time was due
to the isolation of the two very different cultures from one another, not the insignificance of Islamic ideas. The language barrier alone would be enough
to interfere with natural flow of technology. Translations of texts and therefore ideas takes time, and any cooperation between these two groups prior to
the tenth century would be halted for hundreds of years by the Crusades. Also, the church's relationship with young men not only occupied them
thereby inhibiting their thought, but also their exploration, explaining the lack of European pro–activity in

History Of Science And The Natural Sciences
In the last several years I have developed two main areas of focus: I am interested in the history of scientific diagrams (including maps) as a
combination of the history of visualization and theories of representation, as well as in the more physical spaces of science, including natural history
museums, hospitals, and laboratories. Since the last years of my undergraduate degree at Rice, I have been interested in the intersections of science and
architecture. I completed my BA in two major fields – architecture and civil engineering – and thus have a firm background in both the humanities and
the natural sciences. Outside of school, I gained experience in both architecture and experimental physics. At no time did I try to separate my practical
training in either field from my more scholarly interests in their overlap, and I have continued this inter–disciplinary interest by constructing a dual PhD
program at Harvard, enrolling in both the History of Science and History of Architecture & Urban Planning programs. (I will fulfill the course and
general examination requirements of both departments, and write one dissertation. My committee will include professors from both fields.)
One topic that particularly interests me is the development of American laboratories in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Laboratories have
existed in several contexts – from the work of individual inventors and corporate R&D to academic departments and governmental agencies – and their

The Strengths And Weaknesses Of The OAIS
Strengths and Weaknesses of the OAIS In addition to the benefits and flaws addressed in Schumann and Recker's study of the GESIS Data Archive, the
OAIS model has additional strengths and weakness worth noting. One such strength of the model is its use of a controlled vocabulary, which has
helped improve communication among information professionals. Schumann and Recker write that the terminology the model employs is helpful
because it is compiled with terms "that are not already overloaded with meaning, so as to reduce conveying of unintended meanings." Furthermore, the
model attempts to explain basic concepts, relationships, and processes that are common to the field of digital preservation. Similar to its use of a set
vocabulary, the detailed understanding of concepts provided by the model offers professionals a common ground of understanding which promotes
better communication, discussion, and collaboration. According to Lee, this common ground allows professionals to "consolidate understanding of the
needs and requirements of digital preservation." There are also economic benefits that can result from widespread compliancy to the OAIS model. In
his writing from the early days of the OAIS' creation, Lavoie predicted that the model, with its standardization of concepts and processes, has the
potential to create monetary savings through the use of shared system components, while also promoting a broad market for the development of such
software. Another weakness of the OAIS is that users often forget to acknowledge that the concept is merely a reference model. Schumann and Recker
note that a reference model is only an abstract framework, and "it is not directly tied to any standards, technologies, or other concrete implementation
details." Because it is more of a guideline, it is technically impossible to implement the OAIS, and users must instead aim to conform or comply to its
concepts. Schumann and Recker further note that the model "will not translate into a real–world system seamlessly," and that methods of compliance
can vary on an institution by institution basis . Tarvo KГ¤rberg discusses "completing" the OAIS model to ensure that each institution can, in fact,
create a system out of the model

Archive And Archivist: What Is An Archive?
Archive and Archivist
What is an archive?
An archive is a large and varied collection of historical documents, records or objects. . It is an extensive record or collection of data. An archive
contains objects or documents of a particular type or interest. For example a historical archivist keeps documents of historical value. Any one who is a
graduate can become an archivist.
Types of archives:
Society of American Archivists (SAA) describes the following types of archives–
1.College and University archives: these archives contain materials related to that particular university or institution. Generally it keeps the historical
record or publishes of the institution. The archives first aimed to serve the people of its own and alumni and then ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Interest depends on the individual choices. Books and papers archive can be done by individual, organizational, institutional and governmental. Interest
in archiving is a good to a habit. If one is willing full to maintain and study things on historical grounds then it is a perfect platform for him. From the
above discussion it can be concluded that one should make an effort towards the charitable work. And it is a good habit to maintain and value the
literature and knowledge. The archives vary from big collection to small gatherings. Anyone can take part in the archiving

Summary Of Arlette Farge's Allure Of The Archives
Archives can be made up of letters, records, paintings, photos, artifacts, and others for preservation to understand what occurred during a period in
history or the perspective of a person's life. Many of these archives can be found in museums and libraries around the world for researchers or historians
to obtain information about events that occurred in the past. Although, there are still hidden documents that have yet to be discovered. When
researchers or historian begin their journey of going through these documents, they will soon realize the difficulties of finding a never–ending answer
to their objective. Arlette Farge created the novel, "Allure of the Archives," to provide a perspective of a female researcher searching through archives...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She visits the French National Archives, Library of the Arsenal, and the National Library to find information related to women during the eighteenth
century. Farge compares archives as judicial reports because they share a similar preservation. For example, logbooks in the police departments are
archived because it can be easily accessed for future investigations. Judicial reports are like archives discovered because people from the past may
have left these documents or artifacts for future generations to discover to conduct research. The researcher continues to discuss several issues she
came across when going through these archives. Before the creation of technology, many of the discovered documents "have deteriorated physically,
and torn corners or margin nibble away by time can swallow words whole. The writing in the margins has often become illegible, and a single missing
word can leave their meaning in suspense" (Farge 56). This was an issue that occurred frequently towards the researcher because some of them were
incomplete and may have possible hold the answers to the questions. Many of these documents may have been exposed to elements, such as water, fire
and others, that may have increased the deterioration rate. Luckily, technology has advanced over the years to save these documents onto the computer
before disappearing forever. Another issue she endured was determining what was truth from fictional. Also, figuring out what is important and useless
to her research. For example, an event may have caused one person to fabricate information to gain popularity, while another document may have left
out important information. This would lead the researcher to look for more documents to compare information from one document to

The Importance Of An Important Role Within Society
Archivists play an important role within society. Historically, archives were centered on the preservation of materials (Vassilakaki &
Moniarou–Papaconstantinou, (2017). As the centuries passed, the role of the archivist expanded the schooling necessary to work as an archivist
became more complex, and the field of archival science developed into what it is today. In the scope of library professions, the number of archivists is
still quite small. As of April 2015, there were approximately 166,200 librarians working in the United States, as of that May, only 5,460 of these were
archivists (Eastwood, 2017). This indicates that the profession is still developing. According to Jenkinson (1922), the author of the Manual of Archive
This is why there is no clear education path. Usually, a bachelor's degree in the liberal arts is pursued; however, there is no specific major for the
career. It is further recommended to take any pre LIS or archival courses offered during ones undergraduate education (Vault, 2017). Having
completed a bachelor's degree, one could begin working in the field, however, they would be severely lacking in the required knowledge to perform
well as an archivist. It is most typical to further pursue a Master's degree in History, Library Science, Political Science, or Public Administration. In
the last decade, it has become common to see both Computer Science and Information Systems as Masters Degrees (OOH, 2015; Anderson, 2010,
756). As noted by Eastwood (2017), a master's program specifically dedicated to Archival Science does not exist in the United States; however,
multiple educators in the field seek to have one established (78). Though there are many options for ones higher education degree, individuals seeking a
career in archives typically pursue a degree in History or LIS because of the significant overlap between the degree and the professional
competencies (Shepherd, 2010, 187). Furthermore, depending on the specific type of archives one intends to work in, it may be necessary to pursue
a dual masters. For example, if one intends to work in the archives at a historical society, it is necessary to have a History and LIS degree (Vault,

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