57 slide powerpoint explaining the psychological perspectives

1. Multiple PerspectiveMultiple Perspective
DisorderDisorder
Look for brain busters, insightsLook for brain busters, insights
and definitions!!!!and definitions!!!!

2. I Was Born This Way
• Congress declared the 1990s the
“decade of the brain.”
• Thanks to biological psychology, we
have a much better understanding of
the role our biological makeup plays in
mental health and mental illness

3. What do they do?
• Looks to the body to explain the
mind.
• What they study:
– Hormones, genes, the brain, and the
central nervous system
• What it explains:
– The way we think, feel, and act

4. Questions they ask:
• How much of our personality is
inherited?
• Does mental stress cause physical
illness?
• Do the brains of schizophrenics
function differently than those of
normal people?

5. What has biological psychology done
for us lately?
• INSTRUMENTAL in the development
of medications that effectively
treat:
– Depression
– Anxiety
– Bipolar disorder
– Schizophrenia

6. What has biological psychology
done for us lately?
• Reawakened our awareness of the
mind/body connection
• Given us specific ways to measure
and conquer stress
• Identified the physiological
components of many mental illnesses

7. Accomplishments
• Ultimately, it has removed the stigma
associated with mental illness, which
is just as beneficial to people’s
mental health as any technique
developed over the last 30 years.

8. Brain Buster!

9. • Your genes may be causing your
blues! We now know that
depression runs in families, and
that there are chemical changes
in the brain that coincide with
clinical depresion. Medications,
psychotherapy, and opther
treatments can adjust these
changes and chase depression
away

10. It’s Only the
Tip of the Iceberg

11. It’s Only the
Tip of the Iceberg
• Psychoanalytic perspective:
– views behavior as driven by powerful
mental conflicts locked deep within the
subconscious.

12. Sigmund Freud
• Sigmund Freud:
– The father of
psychoanalysis
– Thought most
people were riddled
with conflicts
between their own
needs and society’s
demands

13. Tip of the Iceberg
• Freud thought an adult’s mind was
like the tip of an iceberg:
– Believed that conflicts arise, then
pushed down, when we are children

14. Psychoanalytic
Perspective
• This provides little insight into
motives that drive our adult behavior
• Our subconscious provides clues:
– Dreams
– Slips of the tongue
– Or sudden, unexplainable behavior

15. D
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16. • Freudian slip: a mistake or substitution
of either spoken or written words.
• Freud believed that such “slips come
from unconscious wishes that pop up
unexpectedly through unintentional
words.
• By analyzing these “slips,” a person
might get some clues into his or her
inner thoughts or ”real” intent or
wishes.

18. What do they believe?
• Believed that unconscious
conflicts were the source of his
patient’s pain and frequently led
them the behave in an irrational
manner

19. What do they explain?
• Explained the beginnings of
psychological and behavioral problems
– Attributed much of human discomfort
to the ongoing battle between our own
individual needs and desires and
society’s rules and norms, a battle that
continues long after we pass through
childhood.

20. What have they done for
us lately?
• Firsts:
– to stress the influence of traumatic childhood
events on shaping our personalities and
worldviews
– to use talking in a therapeutic setting as a cure
for mental illness
– to see the healing that can occur when a client
remembers, and works through, the trials and
tribulations of childhood

21. What have they done for
us lately?
• Gave us words that are now part of
our lingo:
– Oedipal complex, penis envy, id, ego,
superego (we will discuss all of these
later on in the year)

22. We’re Just Rats
Caught in a Maze
• Behavioral perspective all started with
rats.
• John Watson:
– Worked with rats for YEARS!
– One day realized he could accurately predict
where a rat would run if he knew where it
had found food on previous trials.

23. John Watson
• Believed that psychology should seek to
understand people by studying what
happens to them and how they respond
– Focused on the bottom line: BEHAVIOR

24. John Watson
• Realized could change rat’s behavior by
moving the food to a different place
• Thought people aren’t much different
– Not as complicated as we think
– Mumbo jumbo likes thoughts and feelings don’t
matter
– Behavior is as simple as ABC

25. ABC
Antecedent The environmental trigger
Behavior The behavioral response to the
environmental trigger
Consequence What happens next
• Theorized that behavior usually started as a
response to an environmental event
• Reasoned that the consequences of that response
would determine whether that behavior would
increase over time or become less frequent

26. B.F. Skinner
• Believed behavior is reinforced
– Behavior has a positive outcome
• Adopted the view that in principle,
one could explain complex human
behavior in terms of thousands of
instances of learning through
reinforcement

27. Insight
You can (and probably already do,
sometimes) use behaviorism in
your daily life. Any time you use
praise or rewards to get the kids
to do their chores, you’re acting
like a behaviorist!

28. Example
• The phone rings, your new
boy/girlfriend is on the phone.
Chances are, you’ll start racing for
the phone at the first ring.
• The phone rings, its bill collectors.
You’ll ignore the telephone no matter
how many times it rings.

29. What have they done for
us lately?
• Behaviorism ruled the psychological
roost for almost 50 years and it
contributed many practical tools and
ideas.
• Shifted the focus of psychological
research from generating insights
onto behavior change.

30. What have they done for
us lately?
• Gave us behavior modification, a
process of shaping someone’s
behavior by consistently rewarding
the desired actions.

31. I Think, Therefore I Am
• Cognitive psychology is the study of
people’s ability to acquire, organize,
remember, and use knowledge to
guide their behavior.
• We’re more than just a bunch of
rats!!!!

32. Cognitive Psychology
• Yes, we react to our environment,
BUT we also act upon it
– Solve problems
– Make decision
– Consider options and alternative
– ALL BEFORE WE ACT

33. Cognitive Psychology
• Assumes that there are connections
between what people
– Perceive
– Think
– Feel
– Do

34. Cognitive Psychology
• Believes that what goes on inside someone’s
head is of critical importance
– A lot of what we feel and what we do, starts
with what we’re thinking, not some impersonal
stimulus from the environment
– Example:
• Argue that someone who sees a cancer diagnosis as a
meaningful personal challenge is likely to approach his
or her treatment very differently than someone who
views it as a death sentence

35. Example
• Argue that someone who sees a
cancer diagnosis as a meaningful
personal challenge is likely to
approach his or her treatment very
differently than someone who views it
as a death sentence

36. I Think, Therefore I Am
• Focuses on the mind, but does not rely
on introspection or intuition to study
it
– Study human behavior, then make
inferences about the mind from their
observations

37. Example
• Jean Piaget gave children a series of
problems to solve and then
documented the mistakes they made
and their reasons for their answers.
• After testing many children at varying
ages, he formed his theory about how
children develop their ability to
reason.

38. Cognitive Psychology
• Develop theories about the mental
processes that influence what we do.
• Test theories by creating situations
in which people would be expected to
behave in one predictable way if the
theory were true, or in another way
if the theory were not true.

39. What have they done for
us lately?
• We understand more about decision
making, creativity, and problem
solving than ever before.
• You see it numerous self-help books
that proclaim the power of self-talk
and attitude adjustment.

40. Example
• If someone says, “When life gives you lemons,
make lemonade.” This is an example of the
cognitive perspective.

41. It’s a
Dog-Eat-Dog World
• Are you familiar with Darwin’s theory
of “survival of the fittest?”
– Darwin basically thought that the
creatures who inherited characteristics
were best adapted to the environment
were the ones that survived and
reproduced.

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43. • Natural selection: the Darwinian
principle that says the best adapted
traits are the ones that will be passed
along from one generation to another in
a species. Creatures with less-well-
adapted traits will die out before they
can reproduce, so their poorly adapted
traits will eventually disappear from
the population

44. It’s a
Dog-Eat-Dog World
• The same idea is applied to
evolutionary psychology.

45. What do they believe?
• Natural selection to human behavior
– Human beings have acquired innate problem-solving
techniques that promote their survival and
reproduction
– Study behaviors that are common among all humans
and try to figure out how those behaviors helped
us became top dog of the animal kingdom

46. What do they believe?
• Believe that a key to understanding human
nature is in the behavior of our ancestors
– We can reconstruct the problems our ancestors
dealt with, then we can understand the problem-
solving tendencies that helped them survive and
this became a genetic part of being human

47. Example
• All human beings hate, love, and get
angry
– Evolutionary psychologists would say we
inherited the ability to express our
feelings from our ancestors because the
ability to communicate feelings and
intentions helped them survive.

48. Example
• When we know how our emotions
evolved, we can be more aware of,
and therefore control, these natural
tendencies

49. What do they study?
• As time goes on, who, what, or when
any one human being will love is a lot
more complicated
– Must look at the
• Culture
• Life experiences
• Genes
• Personality

50. Evolutionary Psychology
• We still have to deal with the hear and now!!
– Example:
• a man might blame his having an affair on an ancestral
legacy that called for men to ensure maximum
reproduction by mating with multiple partners. He’s still
going to face his wife’s wrath and possibly, the
consequences of his behavior in court!

51. Insight
Evolutionary psychologists have
identified 26 behavior traits
that all humans on our planet
share. Here are just a few of
the more interesting ones:
deception, detecting emotions,
gossip, humor, perception of
status/rank, and romantic love

52. No Man Is an Island
• Why do eating
disorders only occur in
countries like the
United State, where
“thin” is the beauty
ideal?
• If aggression is a
human instinct, why is
the rate of violence so
different from
country to country?

53. No Man Is an Island
• A sociocultural
psychologist would
tell you that if you
want to understand
such human
behaviors, you
must start with
the culture in
which people live.

54. Sociocultural Psychology
• All humans have mind, but each culture
produces a different version.
• Focuses on differences between people
living in various cultures as well as the ways
by which people’s thoughts, feelings, and
behavior are influenced by their culture.

55. Sociocultural Psychology
• Culture influences:
– How we think, feel, act
– Teaches about the roles we play
– Gives us informal rules about what is
and what is not socially acceptable

56. Examples
• Psychology can be culturally biased
– U.S. values self-sufficiency and
individualism
• Therapy focuses on individual behavior
change
– Asian countries, fitting into the group is
a highly valued trait
• Therapy emphasizes the understand and
acceptance of ourselves and the people
around us
– Latin American countries, where family
unit is NUMERO UNO
• Therapy would treat the entire family

57. Looking on the
Bright Side
• Humanistic perspective is a backlash against
the doom and gloom of the psychoanalytic
perspective and the behaviorist’s robotic
view of mankind.
• People are naturally good and if left to their
own devices, they will strive to become the
best they can be
• Problems only come up when other people get
in their way

58. Humanistic Example
• A parent or teacher might criticize a child’s
natural attempt to grow.
• If this happens often enough, such criticized
children begin to doubt their own thoughts and
feelings.
• They begin to see themselves as incapable and, as a
result start mistrusting their own judgment.
• As adults, they may not take charge of their own
lives because they no longer believe they are
capable of doing so.

59. Looking on the
Bright Side
• Major therapeutic
goal is regaining a
positive self-
concept.
• The self-esteem
movement started
with humanists

60. Humanistic Perspective
• Encourage therapists
to look at their
clients’ psychological
reality
– The way they perceive
their experiences,
rather than focusing on
the experience
themselves

61. Humanistic Perspective
• A person’s view of
his/her life is much
more important than
what actually
happened
– Understand the
perspective and you’ll
know why the person
thinks, feels, and
acts the way he/she
does