Essay On Repairing Spinal Cord Injuries

Essay on Repairing Spinal Cord Injuries
Injuries can happen to anyone, anywhere. Injuries affect people's lives as they limit their choices, temporarily or permanently. Most injuries are not
preventable, because most happen unexpectedly. For example, spinal cord injuries can occur if a person falls abruptly on his/her back and shatters their
spinal cord. Although injuries cannot be prevented, they can be healed. New technologies are under development to solve major injuries, which do not
yet have a cure. One of these major injuries is a spinal cord injury.
The human body consists of many important systems. The nervous system is one of these that ensure survival of a person. The nervous system is split
into two main parts. The spinal cord and the brain make up the Central ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This results in either a loss of sensation, or a loss of perception. According to the Rick Hansen Spinal Cord Injury Registry, vehicle accidents make
up 46% of spinal cord injuries. Acts of violence (from knife wounds or gun shots) make up 11% of spinal cord injuries. Falls and sports injuries
make up 24%, industrial accidents (damages from chemicals) make up 5%, and other injuries (such as inflammation of the spinal cord) make up 14%
of spinal cord injuries. The survival rate is reasonably high for those suffering from spinal cord injuries, but life will never be normal again. Since the
connection between the brain and the receptor or effector is damaged, stimulations may not be interpreted or signals may not reach the effector. This
might result in loss of balance, coordination, loss of sensation, uncontrolled movements, and paralysis.
It is important to note that nerves in the CNS do not regenerate, while nerves in the PNS do regenerate. This is why when a person gets a cut; it
completely heals in several days. But a person with spinal cord injury cannot completely heal because spinal cord does not contain neurilemma, a
membrane that promotes regeneration of neurons. It was thought that the neurons would not regenerate once damaged. However, research has found
that they do indeed have the ability to regenerate if scars do not obstruct the regenerative process. Scars are the result of astrocytes and
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Essay about Stages of Spinal Cord Injury Research
(THIS WAS AN INFORMATIVE SPEECH I DID FOR MY COM220 CLASS ON THE STAGES OF SPINAL CORD INJURY RESEARCH. IT
ACTED AS AN INTRODUCTION TO MY PERSUASIVE SPEECH ON THE BENEFITS OF STEM CELL RESEARCH)
There are about a quarter of a million people in the United States living with spinal cord injuries. In addition, between 7,600 and 10,000 new injuries
occur each year. Nearly half of these new injuries will occur in young people between the ages of 16 and 30. As a person in this category, I have
become very interested in the research to find a cure for spinal cord injuries and hope to share some of the information I found with you today. In order
for you to fully understand the details I will be sharing with you, I'd like to begin with a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As you can see from this graph, 66% of sports injuries occur in the form of diving accidents, while I am part of the 3.8% of snow skiing accidents.
Now that I have shared a brief overview of the spinal cord and some statistics about spinal cord injuries, we will look at the past research that has led
to the treatments most commonly used today. In 1990, a steroid called dexamethasone was discovered in human trials to preserve some motor and
sensory function if administered at high doses within 8 hours of injury. Surgery used to remove fluid, tissue, or bone fragments, or to stabilize fractured
vertebrae by fusing bones or inserting hardware has also proven to be one of the most thorough measures to prevent further harm. I received both of
these treatments after my accident, and they are the same that have been used for the past decade. Until recently, doctors had no way of limiting such
disabilities, aside from stabilizing the cord to prevent added destruction, treating infections, and prescribing rehabilitative therapy to maximize any
remaining capabilities.
Within the past few years, however, scientists have made many new advancements. The United States Food and Drug Administration has approved 2
electronic systems that regulate muscles by sending electrical signals through implanted wires, called functional electrical stimulation (FES). Some
proteins have been found to promote nerve growth and restore limb function and sensation when administered directly

The Effects Of Spinal Cord Injuries
Spinal cord injuries can have a devastating effect on not only your lifestyle but also your financial situations. If you have received the spinal cord
injuries due to the negligence of someone else, then you are entitled to file for compensation with the help of a skilled and knowledgeable Injury
Lawyer Richmond Hill. There are many causes of the spinal cord injuries such as the vehicular accidents, falls, recreational activities and work place
injuries. The spinal cord injury can also occur in medical negligence cases involving the surgical procedures in the neck and back. When you decide
to file for compensation, you must hire a good lawyer who has the necessary experience in successfully filing cases that were similar to yours. Your
Injury

Spinal Cord Injury Case Study
Question 1
The spinal cord has 31 spinal nerves that control most of our sensory and motor responses to a stimulus. When it comes down to injuring the spinal
cord, it is a serious matter because it leads to a severe condition of being paralyzed. Both Paraplegic and Quadriplegic deals with a spinal cord injury
and both injuries lead to limited to no movement or sensory responses within certain areas of the body.
Paraplegic refers to an injury below the waist. The spinal cord is injured below the neck which allows motor or sensory impairment below the waist.
When the spinal cord is injured below the neck, the person is not able to move their legs and there is limited feeling. A treatment for this type of injury
would be rehabilitation so that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
School lunch is the time when children eat at school every day when they attend school. Lunch at school is what ensures that the children are getting
at least some kind of nutrients because for some, it may be the only meal that they are receiving and are able to eat. It is required that the schools feed
the children that attend there. It can be a topic of issue because of the many complaints about some schools cooking unhealthy foods.
Some pros about school lunches is that they allow the student to receive good nutrients, they are able to discover new things outside of their home
cooked meals, and they are able to learn table manners. Nutrients is a good thing for children because they are still growing. School lunches give that
to the students because that may be the only time for them to receive it. It also gives them a chance to explore foods. Some schools change up the
menu so that there can be a variety of choice within the week. School lunches are able to teach children table manners because they are in a social
setting and are able to learn from one another. In addition, there are some cons when it comes to school lunches also. One is that it may not be what the
children want. That issue hinders the child to not eat. Not eating causing many problems within children. Another reason is that the menu is not
flexible. There is only a limited amount of

Spinal Cord Injury Research Paper
Brain / Spinal Cord Injuries
Brain and spinal injuries are very serious conditions due to the ability to change or stop certain body functions permanently. One can be born with
brain damage in which case the brain cells have been killed off. Spinal damage on the other hand can occur at any point in a lifetime. There are many
different consequences to getting these injuries such as muscle failure.
Symptoms for a spinal cord injury vary depending on the location of the injury. Spinal cord injury causes weakness and loss of feeling at, and below
the injury. How severe symptoms are depends on whether the entire cord is severely injured or only partially injured.
Spinal Cord Injury(Symptoms) Brain Damage Symptoms

Essay On Spinal Cord Injury
Spinal cord compression/injury
Definition
Spinal cord injuries are fractures or dislocations to the vertebrae. Spinal cord injuries can be classified as either complete or incomplete. Complete
means that spinal cord can no longer send messages below the injured area resulting in paralysis. With incomplete spinal cord injuries there is still some
movement and sensation below the injured area. Spinal cord injuries can be caused for many reason including but not limited to: hyperflexion,
hyperextension, axial loading or vertical compression, excessive rotation, or penetrating trauma. Spinal cord injuries are commonly caused by vehicle
accidents, violence, falls, and sports injuries.
Physical Assessment/Clinical Manifestations
Loss of movement, loss of sensation, including the ability to feel heat, cold and touch, loss of bowel or bladder control, exaggerated reflex activities or
spasms, changes in sexual function, sexual sensitivity and fertility, pain or an intense stinging sensation caused by damage to the nerve fibers in spinal
cord, difficulty breathing, coughing or clearing secretions from lungs. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Emergency signs and symptoms: extreme back pain or pressure in the neck, head or back, weakness, incoordination or paralysis in any part of the
body, numbness, tingling or loss of sensation in hands, fingers, feet or toes, loss of bladder or bowel control, difficulty with balance and walking,
impaired breathing after injury, an oddly positioned or twisted neck or back
Tetraplegia or quadriplegia: paralysis of arms, hands, trunk, legs, and pelvic organs
Paraplegia: paralysis of trunk, legs, and pelvic organs
Laboratory Assessments
Hemoglobin and Hematocrit: monitor for any blood loss
ABG's: ensures adequate oxygenation and ventilation
Prealbumin and albumin: measures protein needed for healthy skin
Urinalysis: to see if any genitourinary injuries exist
Other Diagnostic Assessments
X–ray: used to find bone, disk, or any problems in spinal

Preventing Spinal Cord Injury Essay examples
Pressure ulcers (PrUs) are a high–risk, high–volume, high–cost problem for persons with spinal cord injury (SCI). Approximately 273,000 persons are
living with SCI in the United States today and approximately 12,000 new injuries occur per year [1]. Persons with SCI are at extreme risk for
developing PrUs due to lack of sensation, immobility, moisture, and multiple other risk factors.2 Prevalence for PrUs in persons with SCI ranges from
14–32%, and recurrence rates have been reported to range from 31–79%.3 PrUs account for approximately one third of all VA SCI admissions and
over half of all hospital days for veterans with SCI.3 The cost to manage one full–thickness ulcer can be as much as $70,0008 [JRRD paper] and over
$17 billion is spent... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
See Figure 1 for an example of an individual suspended in a universal sling. Although universal slings are the most common, many others have been
designed to ambulate patients, to reposition them in bed, or to lift appendages. Furthermore, current nursing practice is to use universal slings and lifts
for all transfers and transports involving dependent patients, as taught by practice algorithms in collaboration with the American Nursing Association.14
The impetus behind this research was the observation that patients are frequently left sitting on their slings while in their wheelchairs, for long periods
of time, which may interfere with the pressure–reducing properties of the wheelchair cushion, placing the patient at risk for PrU development. This
research aims to examine whether patient handling slings might contribute to pressure ulcer development in vulnerable populations, specifically
persons with SCI. No evidence to date has been published that links the use of slings and lifts to pressure ulceration, and no literature exists which
describes the interface pressures developed during suspension from patient handling slings. The main goals of this study were to describe and quantify
risks associated with

Understanding Spinal Cord Injuries Essay examples
Understanding Spinal Cord Injuries
Spinal cord injuries can be very devastating. First we will discuss the spinal cord's structure and function. Then we will tell you how the spinal cord
is most commonly injured, along with some statistics involved and some signs of spinal cord injury. We will explain some changes to the body after
spinal injuries. Finally we will talk about some of the research in helping spinal cord injury victims. The spinal cord is the final common pathway from
the brain to the muscles. It controls all the sensory inputs received from different locations throughout the body. The spinal cord also controls voluntary
muscle responses. Some elementary reflexes are local to the spinal cord, but voluntary muscle ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nerves from each segment of the spinal cord connect to specific regions of the body. The cervical region or neck are referred to as C1 through C8;
they control signals to the neck, arms, and hands. The segments in thoracic or upper back region T1 through T12 relay signals to the torso and some
parts of the arms. The segments in the upper lumbar or mid–back region just below the ribs, L1 through L5, control signals to the hips and legs. Last,
the sacral segments S1 through S5 lie just below the lumbar segments in the mid–back and control signals to the groin, toes, and some parts of the legs.
The effects of spinal cord injury at different segments reflect this organization.(SC–Basic Anatomy of Spine–http://www.goes.com/billr/html
/_anatomy_of_a_spinal_cord.html) Injuries to the spinal cord may be caused indirectly, as by a blow to the head or a fall; by traffic accidents, sports
injuries, or violence. The consequences depend on the amount of damage the cord sustains and where the damage occurs. Although spinal injuries are
only a small fraction of all injuries; accidents cause an estimated 10,000 spinal cord injuries each year. Each year, more than two million Americans
suffer a

Spinal Cord Injury Analysis
The second article I chose to summarize discusses the rehabilitation process on a rat with a spinal cord injury. The method they used to rehabilitate
the rats spinal cord was by electrically stimulating neurons that would normally be stimulated if the rats spinal cord was not damaged. The whole
purpose of the study was to find a way to help people who are experiencing spinal cord damage which can severely limit the way a person carries out
day to day activities. The article states that before now other rehabilitation efforts helped some but not enough to allow the person experiencing the
injury to recover. How the electrical stimulation works is, electrical excitation is given to the parts of the undamaged spinal cord of the rat, this then

Causes Of Spinal Cord Injuries
Injuries to the spinal cord are serious medical emergencies that are often a result of direct trauma to the spinal column. There are 11,000 new cases of
spinal cord injury in the United States each year. The most common causes of injury include motor vehicle accidents, falls, violence, and sports
injuries (Lewis, Dirksen, Heitkemper, and Bucher, 2014). Males between ages 16 and 30 are at highest for suffering from aspinal cord injury. These
types of injury are highly variable depending on the cause, location, and type of damage making each case unique. The extent of debilitation caused
by a spinal cord injury results from a primary and secondary injury. Primary injury is the damage to the spinal cord that occurs as a direct result of ...
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All I had to do to find it was search spinal cord injury support resource in Rochester NY and it was one of the first links shown. You could also find this
resource by going directly onto the University of Rochester Medical Center website. The Clinic provides care for individuals of any age that have
experienced a spinal cord injury. This is an option for patients and their families to seek out medical treatment and follow–up care that they need. The
mission of the clinic is to help individuals to function as independently as possible, improve quality of life and help with transitioning back into the
community. Strong offers a variety of different resources within the clinic that help along all stages in the disease process of spinal cord injury. Some
examples in the scope of services include the Neuro ICU and Acute Trauma and Medical Care and rehabilitation management for both inpatient and
outpatient services. They offer support in education, case management, transition planning, primary and secondary prevention, follow–up services,
management medications, a spinal cord injury male fertility program, community advocacy and education, and an annual spinal cord injury health fair.
The Spinal Cord Injury Clinic is held at different times throughout each month at Strong Memorial Hospital at University of Rochester

Spinal Cord Injuries: A Case Study
Every year, there are approximately 12,500 new cases of spinal cord injury in the United States. Vehicle crashes are the leading causes of spinal cord
injuries. The most frequent neurological damage sustained by such injuries is incomplete tetraplegia, followed by incomplete paraplegia.
Researchers from Rush University Medical Center are studying a novel approach to treating these spinal cord injuries. The new therapy uses stem cells
to treat the spinal cord within 14–30 days of the injury. The stems cells are derived from human embyronic stem cells. They contain progenitor cells that
support nerve cells and can potentially restore nerve function. Progenitor cells are cells that, like stem cells, can differentiate to form certain kinds of

Spinal Cord Injury Essay
Spinal Cord Injury
* Short Case Study #3
1. Describe the functional anatomy of the spinal cord using the following terms: white matter, gray matter, tracts, roots, and spinal nerves. * White
matter is one of the two components of the central nervous system, and it consists of glial cells and myelinated axons that transmit signals from one
region of the cerebrum to another as well as in between the cerebrum and lower brain centers. Grey matter contains neural cell bodies. Unlike white
matter, it is mostly made up of myelinated axon tracts. Tracts are bundles of fibers that connect to different parts of the CNS. Roots receive
information sent by neurons. Spinal nerves refer to a mixture of spinal nerves, which carry ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Myotomes are spinal nerve fibers and the corresponding muscles. When a spinal cord injury happens, myotomes can be damaged which result in the
lack of movement in a muscle and the abnormal functioning of dermatomes can pinpoint spinal nerve damage because lack of sensation occurs.
6. Define the term stretch reflex and describe how stretch reflexes are used to anatomically localize SCI. * A stretch reflex is a contraction of a muscle
when an attached tendon is pulled. Stretch reflexes are important in maintaining proper posture. Stretch reflexes are used to determine which areas of
the body the central nervous system are not responding to. For example, if you tap your knee to check for reflex and the leg doesn't move, you then
know that the peripheral nerves that lead to the knee are nonresponsive and/or the brain is not receiving a signal from that particular area.
7. Based upon the results of Jason's neurological exam, what is the neurological level of his SCI * Jason is experiencing a complete SCI with no
movement of anything below his groin. The neurological level stops at the thoracic cord.
8. Discuss the management of SCI and the factors that determined the prognosis for this condition. * Following a SCI, the first priority is often to help
the patient develop as much possible strength in the

Spinal Cord Injury ( Sci )
Spinal cord injury (SCI) can be dated back to the Egyptains, "who described it as an ailment not to be treated" (Sarhan, Saif, & Saif, 2012 p .319).
SCI victims had no hope for a normalized future and were confined to wheelchairs and experienced poor survival rates because of the demands of
care. Advancements in emergency care and rehabilitation practices increase neurological function to the spine which has increased the SCI victim's
changes of survival and return to normal locomotion. The spinal column can be divided into "31 segments" and "comprise seven cervical, twelve
thoracic, five lumbar and five sacral vertebral segments" which protect the spinal cord (Sarhan, et al. p. 319 & 320). The nerves of the spinal column
relay biological information to and from the brain by ascending and descending tracts. A SCI occurs when acute trauma is generated to the spinal cord.
Significant pathology and pathophysiology damage blocks communication between the brain and the rest of the body. A person's motor skills,
autonomic functions, and sensations are affected by the initial injury. The higher the injury occurs on the spinal column, the more dysfunctional the
person may become. "The primary injury determines a given patient's neurologic grade on admission and thereby is the strongest prognostic indicator"
(Dumont, Okonkwo, Verma, Hurlbert, Boulos, Ellegala, & Dumont, 2001 p. 254). Secondary injuries can occur from vascular, cellular, and/or
biochemical changes at the injury site.

vThe spinal cord is well–protected anatomically with barriers, vertebra, muscles of the back, and the meninges. A considerable force is required to
cause trauma to the neural tissue of the spinal cord. This can be laceration or maceration by a sharp penetrating object; contusion or compression, the
most common form of spinal cord injury; or infarct by vascular insult. All of these injury forces begin the process of tissue destruction we term the
primary injury.
These mechanical forces predominately damage the central grey matter, due to its softer and highly vascularised nature, causing massive loss of
essential cells, including local neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and endothelial cells in the vicinity of the injury site (Dumont et ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This protein has been shown to activate the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) thereby inhibiting neurite outgrowth and axon regeneration
(Schachtrup et al., 2007). In addition to plasma proteins, there is invasion of blood circulating inflammatory cells into the spinal cord through the
disrupted BSB. Since spinal cord is considered as an immune–privileged or immunologically quiescent site, the sudden influx of immune cells
dramatically alters the regulation of the inflammatory response in the injured spinal cord (Trivedi et al., 2006). This dysregulation of the
inflammatory response plays a major role in enlargement of tissue damage in the secondary phase of the injury. As such, it is thought that the initial
damage to the local blood vessels and BBB is decisive for the disruption events that cause the secondary phase of injury (Mautes et al., 2000a, Mautes
et al.,

Informative Speech: Spinal Cord Injuries Essay
PURPOSE: To inform my audience about people in the United States living with spinal cord injuries
There are about a quarter of a million people in the United States living with spinal cord injuries. In addition, between 7,600 and 10,000 new injuries
occur each year. Nearly half of these new injuries will occur in young people between the ages of 16 and 30. I have become very interested in the
research to find a cure for spinal cord injuries and hope to share some of the information I found with you today. In order for you to fully understand
the details I will be sharing with you, I'd like to begin ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Surgery used to remove fluid, tissue, or bone fragments, or to stabilize fractured vertebrae by fusing bones or inserting hardware has also proven to be
one of the most thorough measures to prevent further harm. I received both of these treatments after my accident, and they are the same that have been
used for the past decade. Until recently, doctors had no way of limiting such disabilities, aside from stabilizing the cord to prevent added destruction,
treating infections, and prescribing rehabilitative therapy to maximize any remaining capabilities.
Within the past few years, however, scientists have made many new advancements. The United States Food and Drug Administration has approved 2
electronic systems that regulate muscles by sending electrical signals through implanted wires, called functional electrical stimulation (FES). Some
proteins have been found to promote nerve growth and restore limb function and sensation when administered directly into injured areas of rats.
Another experiment with paralyzed rats found that when immature spinal cells from adult rats were induced to grow, then implanted in the gaps of the
animals' spinal cords, limited movement was produced. One very important discovery that has been made is that of a so–called 'no–go' gene which
scientists say may block the regrowth of nerves.
The research going on

Spine Surgeon: Symptoms Of Spinal Cord Injuries
Dr.Gautam R Prasad– Spine Surgeon BLOG:– What Are the Symptoms of a Spinal Cord Injury? Spinal Cord lies within spinal Canal present in each
vertebrae of vertebral column that is back bone. Injury to the vertebrae in the form of fracture or dislocation can lead to injury to spinal cord. The
effect of injury depends on 1.Degree of impact 2.Site of injury 3.Other associated injury Due to injury to spinal cord the neurons and nerve fibres
gets affected due to which patients may have any or all of these following complaints 1.Paralysis is a common symptom related to SCI. The types of
paralysis associated with a spinal cord injury are: Tetraplegia (Quadriplegia) occurs when the cervical (neck) area of the spinal cord is injured.
Hollywood... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It may be injured in the thoracic spine (mid–back), or lumbar (low back). Although the spinal cord ends at L2, cord injury is possible at the end tip
(conus) of the spinal cord and can involve the cauda equina. The cauda equina is a bunch of spinal nerves resembling a horse's tail. Isolated
weakness of hands / foot in cases where in fibres of concern limb gets damaged, where as other fibres gets spared. 2.Loss of sensation below the
level of injuries 3.Loss of control & sensation of urination & defecation (passing of stool) 4.Inability to perform sex 5.Pain in Neck/back
depending on site of injury 6.In case of injury due to herniation of disc frogment, severe radicular pain is limb can also be present In cases where
the impact is not very severe, the spinal cord injury is temperory in nature. The weakness and loss of sensation persists for few hours or days. This
temporary weakness is referred as spinal shock. 7.Inability to sit in cases of back incare of neck or incare cervical injury person will have difficulty
in holding neck & variable degree of pain on movements of neck 8.Symtoms associated with complications Deep vein thrombosis– Pain in calf or leg
and breathlessness Presure sore– Peeling of skin over bony prominence & local & infection Chest infection Spasticity– Tightness of legs/

Spinal Cord Injury Paper
Bladder Management for Spinal Cord Injury Patients
In the United States alone, there are approximately 12,000 new spinal cord injury cases each year (The National SCI Statistical Center [NSCISC],
2013). The severity of the patient's injuries depends on how severe the spinal cord injury is, and where it is located at on the spinal column. If the spinal
cord injury is complete, it renders the patient paralyzed below the injury. If the spinal cord injury is incomplete, the patient may have some movement
and sensation below the injury (Medline Plus, 2014).
The spinal nerves that control bladder sensation and bladder control are located at the very base of the spinal column. With it being so low in the
spinal cord most paralysis will affect bladder ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For instance, quadriplegic patients who cannot perform their own bladder management systems may benefit from a suprapubic catheter. It has been
shown that with extensive education, care, and follow ups, suprapubic catheters can be a safe and effective bladder management system for spinal cord
injury patients (Sugimura, Arnold, English, & Moore, 2008). As stated above, patients with spinal cord injuries should have extensive education about
their options for bladder management systems. It would be wise for those who are able to perform intermittent self–catheterization to do so. The
patients that would need an attendant to help them should opt for a suprapubic catheter over an indwelling urinary catheter due to risks of complications.
Evaluating the

Most spinal cord injuries are hard to treat due to the fragility of the vertebrae as a whole. Although; if left untreated, spinal cord injuries could
affect motor and nerve control and function (Zhao et.al 2016). Stem injections are now commonly used as a type of rehabilitative medicine for
injuries like those in the spine. This is because stem cells can take form of other specified cells it becomes exposed to. Once injected into the area of
the injury, the cells are able to replicate and serve to renew the cells that have been lost or damaged. Three different studies done on rats were
observed for the effects of outside variables, such as time and contents, on the efficiency of stem cell treatments. In one study, rats with the spinal cord
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By taking on new functions, they become helpful in regenerative and reparative medicine, where injected cells develop into the same type of cell as
that in the desired region. Although in theory stem cells seem like a promising treatment, questions arise about the ethics, effectiveness and
consistency of the procedure. Ethics question whether it is right to derive the stem cells from Humans. This is because the most common stem cells
are those found in adults, and those derived from an embryo. Others question whether it is guaranteed to work every time. If the cells are injected and
left to take specialized form, how can it be known that it will become the type of cell desired. To put these questions to rest, many studies have been
done using spinal injuries in rats. These studies tested the effect of the timing of the injection, as well as tracked the development of these cells from
injection to specialization. All in all; the effects of stem cell injections are most efficient when the timing and type of the injections are chosen precisely.
Main analysis
Questions still stand about how effective stem cell injections truly are. Is it any safer to use for spinal injuries than physical therapy, and other
rehabilitative practices. A clinical trial was done that compared the treatment of patients with spinal cord injuries recovery. The patients were

Approximately 7,800 people suffer from a new spinal cord injury every year in the United States. Eighty–two percent of spinal cord injuries happen to
males. The age group most at risk for spinal cord injury is 16–30 years old. Fifteen percent of spinal cord injuries are a result of violence, forty–eight
percent result from motor vehicle accidents, and twenty–one percent result from falls. Suffering a spinal cord injury can result in a complete change in
lifestyle. It can affect relationships, ability to work, and basic daily tasks such as bathing. My research question will address some of the ways a
paraplegic has to adjust his daily routine, things they have to be aware of following a spinal cord injury, as well as focus on ways they can become ...
I have found some information on the effects it takes on family and friends of the person who suffered the spinal cord injury as well. The area that
I would like to find more information on is how family and friends can better support their loved one who has suffered a spinal cord injury. I am
also looking for more information on occupations that accommodate a paraplegic. I believe one are that often gives a person a sense of value is to
be able to earn a living. This can be a bit more difficult for someone who has physical restrictions such a spinal cord injury, however, it is not

1.1 Explain The Role Of Spinal Cord Injury In The Uk
Physiotherapists at a specialist centre in London are helping people with spinal cord injuries to get fit, achieve personal rehab goals and receive
life–long care.
Benita Hexter and Sue Paddison are clinical specialist physiotherapists at the London Spinal Cord Injury Centre, part of the Royal National
Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust in Stanmore, Middlesex.
Together they lead the centre's 14–strong team of physios, physio technicians and administrative staff. The team also works closely with a range of
other professionals including occupational therapists, orthotists, dietitians and speech and language therapists.
Mrs Paddison explains that the centre is one of 12 spinal cord injury centres in the UK, which provide life–long care for people ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
'When we first meet them we try to help them have an understanding, so they can make an informed choice, and instil healthy habits early on,' says Mrs
Paddison.
Mrs Hexter explains that some patients can find it difficult to avoid having a sedentary lifestyle, as exercising can be more challenging.
'Fitness is a big issue for most, because it is very hard to keep fit as a wheelchair user,' she says
Added to this is the fact that medical advances mean spinal cord injury patients are living much longer than in the past, and going on to develop
secondary conditions such as diabetes, heart disease and obesity.
To combat these problems the physios also make use of the latest technology to help improve patients' fitness, wellbeing and participation.
'For instance functional electrical stimulation (FES) bikes are core to our work and have been for many years,' says Mrs Paddison.
The FES bikes allow many people with spinal cord injuries to reach an exercise threshold they would not otherwise be able to achieve.

'If you don't have any activity in your lower limb muscles, reaching that threshold is really difficult, if not impossible for some people,' says Mrs

Spinal cord injury A Spinal cord injury is a harm to one or all parts of the spinal cord. A spinal cord injury can affect many aspects of a person's life
such as making him weak and unable to perform daily activities. There are two factors that matter when it comes to spinal cord injury: the part of the
spinal cord that is affected and the seriousness of the injury. Moreover, the seriousness of a spinal cord disease is distinguished by two terns: complete
and incomplete. Aspinal cord injury is complete, when it's hard or become impossible to move the lowest part of the injured spinal cord. On the other
hand, a spinal cord injury is incomplete, when it still possible to move the lowest part of your spinal cord even after an injury. Furthermore,

Spinal cord injuries are characterized by two distinct injury phases. The primary injury phase is represented by all the tissue directly damaged at the
time of injury. The damage seen in this phase is primarily shearing of cells, destruction of local vasculature, and severe disruption of spinal cord
function. The secondary injury phase is characterized by inflammation of the injury site, immune–mediated tissue destruction, and edema formation at
the lesion site. The nature of spinal cord injuries makes the damage done by the primary injury irreversible. The majority of therapeutic research is done
with the intention of lessening the damage done during the secondary injury phase. One major complication faced by researchers trying to control the
secondary injury phase is the localized destruction of vasculature. Without a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients, many of the cells in the spinal
cord will begin to die rapidly, oftentimes releasing biological signals that encourage other cells to die as well. The uncontrolled movement of fluid into
the lesion site causes the tissue to swell, further complicating the processes of rebuilding vasculature. The movement of immune ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
There is strong evidence that administration of VEGF in contused subjects helps recovery of fine motor skills, reduction of lesion tissue loss,
prevention of excessive cell death in neurons, and remyelination of oligodendrocytes8. The ability of VEGF to promote neural plasticity is a double
edged sword, however. The same mechanisms are implicated in the induction of neuropathic pain following contusive injury9. Administration of VEGF
also increases the permeability of the blood–spinal cord barrier following injury, increasing the influx of oxygenated blood to the injury site. While this
may be beneficial to some extent, the simultaneous influx of immune cells attenuates the secondary injury

The Central Nervous System For Spinal Cord Injuries
Introduction:
The central nervous system is what connects the brain to the muscles of the body. When a patient has an injury to the spinal cord, movements in
certain parts of the body will be affected based on the location of the injury. If the injury affects hand motion then many day to day tasks are affected.
This literature review seeks to understand how an injury to the spinal cord impacts movement, and what has been done so far to help those affected by
spinal cord injuries.
Methods:
The information in this literature review was collected from an expert interview and the search databases Science Direct, PubMed, and Google
Scholar. The expert for the expert interview was selected based on experience with designing prosthetics for individuals that had lost their hand and
potentially part of their arm (Birdwell, 2016). The databases were searched using keywords "spinal cord injury", "hand movement", and "fine motor
movement". In PubMed the selection was also narrowed down by selecting only studies done on humans. New terminology was searched through
science direct due to the built in function that allows for key words from the article to be selected for further information from multiple books or
journals.
Results:
How a healthy body transmits signals:
Precision hand motions are controlled by the motor cortex (M1) and the corticospinal system. (Perez, 2015). The corticospinal system is also known as
the pyramidal tracts. It is the upper motor neurons that go to the

Spinal Cord Injury Case Study
The following is a case study to assess the lived experiences of persons with spinal injuries in both the early post–acute and the long–term context
using the International Classification of Functioning (ICF) as a frame of reference and using a focus group. Acute onset was defined as a sudden
traumatic or non– traumatic incident resulting in spinal cord dysfunction within 14 days of onset. The long term context trails the early post–acute
context. The post–acute context will define the rehabilitation phase after the acute onset.
The determination of the study was to observe the lived experiences of persons with spinal cord injuries from six countries of different world regions.
Among the participants, included participants at least 18 years or older. All participants must have... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A spinal cord injury is related with a wide range of deficiency of functioning and health that may lead to limitations in activity and restriction in
participation. A significant foundation for the spinal cordinjury is to understand the consequences it has on health and activities of daily living. An
activity of daily living refer to the basic tasks of everyday life, such as eating, bathing, dressing, toileting, and transferring.
An international qualitative focus group inquiry was conducted. The study was part of the international co–operation project to determine on the ICF
core set for a spinal cord injury. There were ten study centers in six countries from six regions. The sample size was decided by saturation. Saturation
is where information is gathered from the field. The study used open–ended questions to gather data. At the start of each focus group the open–ended
questions and the ICF concept were set to each participant. The concepts were linked to the ICF based on linking

Research Paper On Spinal Cord Injury
Spinal cord injury (SCI)– Damage to any part of the spinal cord or nerves at the end of the spinal canal. Often causes permanent changes in strength,
sensation and other body function below the site of the injury. Categorization– A spinal cord injury is an acquired physical injury that can happen to
both children and adults. Can be congenital in some cases like spina bifida. Causes or etiology– SCI's can be caused by car accidents, sport and
recreation accidents, acts of violence, falls, or diseases such as ALS. Types– Incomplete spinal cord injuries: Occur when the spinal cord is only
partially severed and allow injured people to retain some functions. Complete spinal cord injuries: Occur when the spinal cord is completely severed
and eliminates... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Can lead to the loss of sensation and movement from the lower half of the body. Triplegia: An injury that occurs when there is an incomplete spinal
cord injury and can cause losses of sensation and movement in one arm and both legs. B) Capability Differences General differences– Depending on
the severity and location of the spinal cord injury, general differences can vary from case to case. But in most instances there is a difference in their
body functioning, mobility, sensation, or ability to live without assistance, after the injury is sustained. Special concerns– Again, depends on the SCI
sustained but it is important to avoid anything that may further or enhance the injury. How activities are adapted to facilitate the individuals ability to
perform should be done on a case by case basis. C) Physical Activity Considerations Physical activity recommendations– It is recommended that
individuals participate in any activity they can still safely perform following a spinal cord injury. It is important for individuals with SCI's to maintain
strength the best they can in the areas they can still function. Continuing to be physically active in some way is

Literature Review:
Spinal cord injuries can be devastating leading to quadriplegia and even requiring that a patient be on a respirator and feeding tube. The incidence of
survived injuries in the US is estimated at about 276,000. Less than 1% of patients with cervical spinal cord injuries will leave a hospital with full
neurological recovery. Spinal cord injuries also prevent victims from working. After ten years post–injury only 28% of patients are employed. These
injuries lead to necrosis at the site of the injury and form cyst like holes causing gaps in neural circuitry. Axons of neurons in the spinal cord most often
don't regenerate and begin to retract towards their somas.
Stem cell therapies are a promising potential treatment to fill those gaps in the circuitry on the spinal cord. They ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Umbilical cord mesenchymal cells would be isolated from Wharton's jelly of babies born by c–section with the mother's consent. The umbilical cords
would be placed in Hank's Balanced Salt Solution containing penicillin, streptomycin sulfate, and amphotericin B. The umbilical cord would be washed
in alcohol and phosphate–buffered saline. With the amnion and blood vessels removed the left over umbilical cord would be chopped up into 5mm
diameter pieces and placed into 35x10mm petri dishes. The umbilical mesenchymal cells would be cultured as per Yousefifard et al.'s methods. Excess
blastocysts that would otherwise be discarded during in–vitro fertilization were collected from a local fertility clinic with full informed consent of the
mothers. The embryonic stem cells would be then isolated from the inner mast cells of those blastocysts. These embryonic stem cells would then be
cultured and differentiated into neural stem cells as per Nicoleau et al.'s methods. To ensure the identities of both cell types their surface antigens were
checked using flow

Spinal Cord Injury Analysis
In the United States, there are approximately 17,000 new cases of spinal cord injuries every year and it is estimated that as of the year 2016
approximately 282,000 people in the United States have an injury to the spinal cord to some degree (NSCISC 2016). The diagnosis of a spinal cord
injury includes any damage to the spinal cord, including the nerves associated with it. This kind of injury causes permanent damage to the body by a
decrease in strength, sensation, and body functions (Shroff et al. 2017). Spinal cord injuries are particularly hard to treat because each injury is
different and the cells associated with the spinal cord are hard to target and treat. In most cases, no improvement functionally is made and the symptoms
are permanent.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The central nervous system is responsible for controlling involuntary actions such as respiratory rhythm and blinking as well as voluntary actions such
as muscular movements like walking. The central nervous system is composed of neurons that send and receive chemical messages through the
transmittance of neurotransmitters. The spinal cord connects the brain to the body and when the spinal cord is damaged it loses its function to
communicate messages from the brain throughout the body. Depending on the location and severity of the injury different symptoms and
pathologies occur. There are different ways in which the spinal cord can be injured. It is protected by the spinal column, which is also called the
backbone or spine. The spinal column is composed of a chain of bones called vertebrae, which are interconnected by flexible ligaments and spinal
discs. However, if the spinal cord in injured and it starts to swell it starts to create pressure because the spinal column is surrounding it. Fractured
bones of the spinal column or herniated discs can also cause damage to the spinal cord. The most common type of injury to the spinal cord is spinal
cord compression when it is compressed due to a force on the spinal column. All of these different types of injuries lead to cell degeneration and death
of the different types of cells in the spinal cord (Badner et al.

Spinal Cord Injuries
Spinal cord injuries can be extremely debilitating with significant impairment in autonomic, sensory, and motor function (Coll–Miro et al., 2016). The
prevalence in Canada is on the rise with approximately 86,000 individuals suffering from such injuries as of 2010 (Noonan et al., 2012). Spinal cord
injuries are generally classified as either traumatic or non–traumatic, depending on etiology (Sabapathy et al., 2015). In addition, they are subdivided
into either complete or incomplete, depending on whether the spinal cord section is fully or partially damaged (Wilberger and Dupre, 2015). The
latter classification has better clinical outcomes as some neurologic function is reserved (Wilberger and Dupre, 2015). Other subtypes include
paraplegia and quadriplegia denoting paralysis of the lower body or all limbs, respectively (Wilberger and Dupre, 2015; Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014). The
pathogenesis of spinal cord injuries is characterized by primary tissue damage due to the force of impact, followed by secondary tissue damage as a
result of the inflammatory response (Sabapathy et al., 2015; Coll–Miro et al., 2015). The symptoms and severity may vary depending on the location
and pathology of the contusion (Sabapathy et al., 2015). Presenting symptoms include but are not limited to numbness or pain in the extremities, loss
of sensation, impaired movement or gait, abnormal reflexes, disrupted bladder or bowel function, and sexual dysfunction (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014).
Several

Spinal Cord Injury Report
1 Specic Aims
Spinal cord injury (SCI) represents a major clinical, social and economical problem that has currently no cure. In the United States, an estimated of
276,000 people live with a SCI [1]. It is now widely accepted that in individuals with incomplete spinal cord lesions there is some preservation of
sensory and/or motor functions caudal to the level of injury that oer a pathway to recover some locomotor functions [2].
Increasing experimental evidence of axonal sprouting, long–term changes in spinal re exes and synapses, and modication of synaptic strength represent
the neurological bases for spinal cord neuroplasticity [3].
In spite of many studies on animals and human subjects, the mechanisms that promote neuroplasticity
and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As previously shown [19], [23], there is a voluntary response in incomplete SCI due to epidural stimulation and stepping training sessions, thus we
expect to see a voluntary response in all groups. Due to the motor tasks proposed, we anticipate that the voluntary response is augmented in both
intervention groups compared to the control group, and it is also increased within each group over time.
Potential Problems and Alternative Strategies: Due to the limitations encountered after a spinal cord injury and the variability in responses due to injury
level, the training protocols proposed might be challenging.
Full body weight standing and increased load bearing during walking on an inclined treadmill would be one of the challenges encountered due to the
rapid bone density decrease and muscle atrophy in the rst two years after a spinal cord lesion [49]. To overcome this, we target individuals at the
beginning of the chronic stage of a SCI (6 months) when this degradation is not advanced. This intervention might
4
actually contribute to maintaining bone and muscle health, since the rapid bone degradation is

Spinal Cord Injury In Pediatric Rehabilitation
Neurological gait disorders such as cerebral palsy (CP) or a spinal cord injury diagnosed in children bring about varies types of complications. A
commonly known complication caused by neurological disorders is walking impairment. Medical professionals are on the search to conclude if
whether or not there is a way to increase the improvement of this health impediment. According to studies, rehabilitation is a major source to
overcoming such outcome, since regaining the capacity of walking is one of most vital critical components of rehabilitation. However, most
rehabilitative training programs are less effective than what they need to be in order to obtain an "optimal therapeutic outcome." Do to their poor
intensiveness, they do not sufficiently increase a child's mobility. Nevertheless, several studies have... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In a study performed at the Rehabilitation Centre in Affoltern a. A. of the University Children's Hospital in Zurich, Switzerland during a robotic
assisted treadmill training (RAGT), researchers aimed to conclude whether or not virtual reality had a significant impact on mobility improvement in
children. Ten patients with different types of gait neurological disorders and eight healthy children (used to represent the control) were asked to walk
and engage in a computer–based soccer game on a Lokomat, a robotic treadmill equipped with hip and knee joint sensors promoted to measuring forces
from both the machine and the patient used primarily in gait rehabilitation. The instructions were as following: walk and play without any assistance,
with therapists' assistance, with the VR tool alone, and with the VR tool combined with therapists' assistance. After the test was conducted, participates
were asked to concluded their personal statements on the performance on the RAGT with the VR through a

The Spinal Cord Injury ( Sci )
Introduction
Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) can result in loss or permanent damage of motor, sensory or autonomic function, generally caused by physical trauma to the
spinal cord. In humans the most common type of SCI is hemisection or contusion (Nandoe–Tewarie et al. 2009). This incomplete injury, leads to
swelling or compression of the spinal cord due to bone displacement, resulting in partial loss of function and/or sensation. Complete severing of the
spinal cord fibres can occur, although less often, and results in impairment of all function and sensation below the trauma site (Sobani et al. 2010). Due
to the complicated physiology of the spinal cord and central nervous system, and their diminished regenerative properties, currently, there have been no
effective forms of treatment of SCI.
SCI occurs in two stages. The primary stage being the physical injury itself causing damage to the spinal cord, resulting in bruising, a possible
demyelination of axons, cell apoptosis as well as subsequent hemorrhaging at the injury site (Inukai et al. 2009). The secondary stage involves
exacerbation of the damage via initiation of the body's inflammatory response. Immediately following injury, pro–inflammatory cytokines;
interleukin–beta (IL–ОІ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFО±) are released from both neighboring and damaged cells, resulting in an
up–regulation of the inflammatory response, resulting in cyst formation. These cysts are left behind post–inflammation and hamper recovery

Spinal Cord Injury Essay example
Running head: SPINAL CORD INJURY
Spinal Cord Injury
Shannon G. Johnston, RN, CEN
Liberty University
Abstract
There are many types of spinal cord injuries (SCI). Patients with SCI can symptoms that range from mild neurologic impairment (such as numbness
and tingling of extremities or neck pain) to devastating total body paralysis depending on the extent of damage and where in the spinal cord the damage
occurs. Management of airway, breathing and circulation are key with SCI patients, as well as immediate immobilization. With proper care and
intervention, chances of survival are greatly improved.
Spinal Cord Injury
Spinal cord injuries (SCIs) most commonly occur as a result of falls, motor vehicle accidents, violence, sports ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
These injuries can also be classified as complete or incomplete. A complete SCI indicates no motor function below the site of injury while incomplete
SCIs can have some remaining level of sensory and/or motor function below the level of injury.
Most vertebral injuries occur along the most mobile areas of the spinal cord, including C1–C2, C4–C7, and T10–L2 (Huether, 2010). All of these
injuries have the potential to be devastating. Spinal shock can occur, resulting in complete loss of function. This is a temporary occurrence and
usually lasts up to 3 months after injury. It involves paralysis, loss of reflex, loss of bladder/bowel control and sexual dysfunction. It can also cause
systemic changes, such as loss of temperature control, decrease in blood pressure, and poor venous circulation. When function returns, it is usually
demonstrated by return of movement, reflexes, and bowel/bladder control (Heuther, 2008).
As function returns, an uncompensated cardiovascular response can occur called autonomic hyperreflexia. This is a life threatening emergency and
must be treated immediately. If left untreated, the result is death. Autonomic hyperreflexia displays as a dramatic rise in blood pressure, pounding
headache, excessive diaphoresis (sweating), nausea and bradycardia. This is caused by "stimulation of the skin or pain

Spin Cord Injuries
The Dangers of Spinal Cord Injuries Football is known as the most popular sport in America. But, little people know about the "Silent Killer." Football
injuries are all too common, one of which being Spinal Cord Injuries. Nobody understands how devastating Spinal Cord Injuries can actually be, until
it's too late.
A Spinal Cord Injury is damage to any part of the Spinal Cord nerves at the end of the Spinal Canal. Every Year, 17,000 Spinal Cord Injuries are
reported in the USA alone. The Most Frequent age for Spinal Cord Injuries is 19. Almost 200 Spinal Cord Injuries were reported forHigh School
Football. People who suffer from SCI (Spinal Cord injuries) can experience muscle weakness, poor coordination, and overactive reflexes.There is many

A case study of spinal cord injury
Instructor: Dr. Daniel Kifle
June 16, 2014
A Case of Spinal Cord Injury
1.Describe the functional anatomy of the spinal cord using the following terms: white matter, gray matter, tracts, roots and spinal nerves. The spinal
cord consists of a superficial White matter and a deep Gray matter. The white matter consists of myelinated axons, which form nerve tracts and the Gray
matter consists of neuron cell bodies, dendrites and axons. The white matter in each half of the spinal cord is organized into ventral, dorsal and lateral
columns. Each column is subdivided into tracts also called pathways. A collection of axon inside the CNS is called a tract but outside the CNS it is
called a nerve. Spinal nerves arise ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Quadriplegia is paralysis to some degree in all four limbs. In this type of paralysis, the abdominal and chest muscles can also be affected, resulting
in difficulty breathing, coughing, or clearing the chest. 5.Define the terms dermatome and myotome and explain how each relates to SCI. Spinal
nerves have motor fibers and sensory fibers. The motor fibers innervate certain muscles, while the sensory fibers innervate certain areas of skin. A
skin area innervated by the sensory fibers of a single nerve root is known as a dermatome. A group of muscles primarily innervated by the motor
fibers of a single nerve root is known as a myotome. Myotomes are necessary for proper motor functioning; making it possible to bend the knee,
straighten the elbow, flex fingers, and manipulate other muscle groups. Nerve fibers allowing for the sensation of touch or feeling pain to a
corresponding sensory sector of the skin are dermatomes. These nerves originate from the spine and therefore can be useful in spinal injuries to
evaluate the level of deficit. Pain, lack of sensation, or abnormal functioning of dermatomes can help pinpoint spinal nerve damage. Each myotome
(muscle) and dermatome (region of skin) of the body is supplied by a particular level or section of the spinal cord and by its corresponding spinal
nerve. There are eight cervical nerves, twelve thoracic nerves, five

Restoration Of Function After Spinal Cord Injury
Neuroprosthetics: A new dimension in restoration of function after spinal cord injury
Submitted By
Pavanpreet Kaur Sandhu
Pxs112930@utdallas.edu
Neuroprosthetics: A new dimension in restoration of function after spinal cord injury
Abstract
The deformation in the structure of spinal cord after an injury causes the conduction of impulse to be disrupted and the body functions are lost. This
happens relying on the severity of the injury. There are different devices which have been developed or are under development to restore the body
functions after a spinal cord injury. Neuroprosthetic treatment has a promising future and it is a technology which can be used to restore motor and
autonomic functions and also to get the sensory feedback. Described here are the neuroprostheses which are currently in different stages of
development be it preclinical, commercialization or testing and it involoves functional electrical stimulators, epidural and intraspinal microstimulation,
bladder neuroprosthesis, and cortical stimulation for restoring sensation. Following the brief background of the SCI and neuroprosthesis is the
chronology of the developments related to neuromuscular excitation. The electrical stimulation in the form of functional electrical stimulation (FES) is
discussed in detail which can help facilitate and improve upper/lower limb mobility along with other body functions lost due to injury. The applications
and the future directions are

Spinal Cord Injury
Spinal cord injuries result from a fracture or dislocation of the vertebrae that is typically due to a sudden, forceful blow to the spine ("NINDS Spinal
Cord Injury Information Page", 2016). According to Early (2006), A traumatic accident, such as a shooting, stabbing, car accident, or diving accident,
may result in a spinal cord injury (p. 535). According to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (2016), Damage to the spinal
tissue results from displaced or shards of vertebral bone fragments, damaged ligaments, or discs that bruise or tear the delicate tissue and destroy
axons. Destruction of axons result in the inability to carry signals from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body ("NINDS Spinal Cord Injury ...
Individuals with a T1 spinal cord injury are at risk for developing osteoporosis in the long bones of the lower extremities due to disuse of the legs.
Although controversial, some believe the onset of osteoporosis can be slowed by daily standing routines using a standing frame (p. 538). It is
common for individuals to become spastic below the level of the spinal cord injury. Individuals with a T1 spinal cord injury often experience
spasticity in the lower extremities. Spasticity is not always a bad thing. Some amount of spasticity may actually be functional for individuals with a
spinal cord injury and can assist in bed mobility and range of motion. However, severe spasticity is not functional and medicines are usually prescribed
to combat the symptoms of severe spasticity (p.

The Effects Of Employment Status At 2 Years ' Post...
"Predicting Employment Status at 2 Years' Post–discharge From Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation" is a research article written by Gregory C. Murphy,
James Middleton, Ruth Quirk, Annelies De Wolf, and Ian D. Cameron published by Rehabilitation Psychology. This essay summarizes the investigation
on the prediction of employment status at 2 years' post discharge from spinal cord injury rehabilitation by analyzing information in order to establish
facts and reach a result. It explains how the information from this research article can be applied to the rehabilitation counseling professional, and it
identifies points discussed in class as it relates to the research article.
Article Review
This research article sets out to examine the after– ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The ages of the seventy– two participant ranged from 35–14, 58 males and 14 females. Lesion level or Level of injury were: 42 Tetraplegia or
quadriplegia and 30 Paraplegia or impairment in motor or sensory function of the lower extremities. ASIA grade is a scale used to measure the level
of impairment as shown in Table 1: 41 ASIA A, 6 ASIA B, 7 ASIA C, 18 ASIA D, and education: 32 Elementary or incomplete high school, 11 High
School, 12 University/ college (Incomplete), and 17 University/ college (completed). The procedure used to collect information for the research study
is a survey and the techniques used were interview and questionnaire. An interview is when questions are posed to an individual to obtain information
(What Is Survey Research? – Definition, Methods & Types, n.d.). A questionnaire is a series of written questions a participant answers (What Is Survey
Research? – Definition, Methods & Types, n.d.). Follow– up questionnaires were administered to participant face– to– face and participants who were
living long distance were interviewed by telephone.
Table 1
The ASIA (American Spinal Injury Association) impairment scale
CategoryDefinition
A = Complete No motor or sensory function is preserved in the sacral segments S4–S5
B = IncompleteSensory but not motor function is preserved below the neurological level and includes the sacral segments S4–S5
C = IncompleteMotor function is preserved below the neurological level,

Spinal Cord Injury
Spinal cord injury is a serious problem that effects close to 250,000 people in the United States with 10,000 people being injured per year . There are
many things that can lead to spinal cord injury, including athletic injuries, car accidents, and recreational activities like swimming and biking. It
primarily effects those between the ages of 16 and 30 and drastically effects the rest of their lives. It is a very debilitating injury that requires extensive
medical care, often leaves the patients in a great deal of pain for the rest of their lives(2), and the treatment of which costs $10 billion dollars a year in
the US.(facts from site 1) With all of these factors spurring research on there is a strong drive to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Once the nervous system infrastructure is established and connections are made, the body would want to keep them constant. If they were to constantly
be changing then our bodies would have a difficult time communicating within itself. The other factor in favor of limited growth is the lack of physical
space within the spinal cord. If nerve cells kept growing they would quickly run out of space and that would create all kinds of new problems.
The limited space within the vertebrae actually plays an important roll in spinal cord injury. Once the initial injury occurs the body, as with every
other part of the body, tries to protect the injured area with swelling. But the swelling occurs within the small confines of the spinal column and causes
further damage to the surrounding tissue. It has only recently been discovered how much of an impact this secondary damage has. One of the areas of
crucial ongoing research is on what kind of window of opportunity medicine has in treating these types of injuries and still attaining the best recovery.
There have also been breakthroughs in stimulating nerve re–growth by Dr. Martin Schwab at the University of Zurich in Switzerland. He has been able
to create an antibody, called IN–1, that combats the inhibitory proteins which prevent nerve growth. Using IN–1 with naturally occurring nerve growth
factors, NT–3, he was able to produce promising results, with rats regaining some function where there was no

Given
Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is when electrical current is used to elicit a response from an excitable nerve in order to regain motion and
function. It is used with those who have upper motor neuron damage such as spinal cord injuries (SCI), strokes, multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, and
traumatic brain injuries. Consequently it cannot be used with lower motor neuron injuries as the peripheral nerves are not excitable. FES units are
designed to improve tissue health and increase voluntary function which often produce results that can be carried over when the devices are not
applied. FES units can be worn throughout the day or are used in conjunction with therapy in cases of FES bikes. Motor use and sensation in many ...
A study titled Effects of FES–Ambulation Training on Locomotor Function and Health–Related Quality of Life in Individuals With Spinal Cord
Injury, found that those with Asia D Spinal Cord injuries showed significant improvement in the 6 minute walk test, and body weight support
training. ASIA is a spinal cord impairment scale and those who are ASIA D are classified with motor function preserved below neurological level and
more than half of key muscles below the level have a grade of 3 or more.7 The study also showed a non–significant increase with 10 meter walk test
for walking speed. Patients showed an increase with the Walking Index for Spinal Cord Injury II (WISCI II) and in the Short Term Form–36 pain
score. The WISCI II is used to look at the amount of assistance needed with walking and assistive devices used with those who have an SCI. There
were 6 participants in the study with an average of 9.3 years post injury. They excluded those that took part in FES training within 3 months, those with
a history of heart disease, current pressure ulcers, unpredictable autonomic dysreflexia, fractures, and other musculoskeletal issues that would make it
unsafe to exercise. They took measurements 24–48 hours before the first exercise program and then 48–72 hours after the last exercise

Essay On Repairing Spinal Cord Injuries

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