Frederick Mors Research Paper

Frederick Mors Research Paper
Frederick Mors an immigrated from Austria in 1914 and started work in The German Odd Fellows
home in New York that house orphans and elderly. In a four month period 17 residents died, which
was an unusually high number. When the investigators asked him questions about the deaths he
calmly admitted to 8 out of the 17 deaths as "mercy" killings and then in detail told them how he did
it. He first tried arsenic, but that was messy death and the man lasted for several days. When he
went back to the dispensary he found the chloroform, he told the detectives that "When you give an
old person chloroform, it's like putting a child to sleep." One time he put too much of the liquid on
the rag and it left raw red marks around the man's mouth and from
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Casey Anthony Case Study
In 2011, Casey Anthony went to trial facing first–degree murder charges for killing her two–year old
daughter, Caylee Anthony. Casey Anthony, despite the mountain of evidence presented by the
prosecution, was found not–guilty. The scientific evidence found was analyzed in laboratories using
the best technology available but was believed to be science fiction because the methods seemed too
farfetched and confusing. The evidence analyzed by forensic scientists and pathologists was
reviewed and examined using their years of schooling, study, and research. Their analyses are
anything but science fiction and are found with professionalism and expertise. It is common for
those not practicing the field to be a little confused about the processes, ... Show more content on
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2011). Most of Casey's deleted history was recovered by the detectives and analyzed by computer
forensic analysists. Searches like these naturally raise concern and when questioned, both parents
claimed separate responsibility for the searches which caused investigators to further investigate the
searches time–stamps. The time–stamps showed the unlikeliness of the parents preforming these
searches since they were not home at the time the searches were made. The activity begins in the
morning and goes throughout the afternoon. It was reported Casey left at noon with Caylee around
11:46, then, "George leaves for work; Cindy (mom) is already at work earlier that day" (Osborne, S.
2011). The activity picks up once more around 1:20 in the afternoon when everyone stated they
were absent. However, Sandra (2011) stated that the internet activity resumed and Casey logged into
her social media sites and began to chat to other users (Osborne, S. 2011). This period is also when
the chloroform searches occurred. Sandra (2011) created a timeline for all the searches made, times
they were made, and the times the parents clocked in at work and concluded that Casey Anthony
was the only person able to log into her user profiles and complete the searches (Osborne, S.

Old Smokey Research Paper
He had an old maple pipe and a black fedora and a black suit, in his back waistband he carried a uzi
with an extended clip he was the biggest Mafia boss in all of new york and his name was Smokey,
Old Smokey. He was fifty years old, born and raised in New York. His family was murdered by the
tri–ad, a chinese gang, and since that day, he wanted revenge. So he became the most feared mafia
boss ever. He was going to kill the leader of the tri–ad,Smiley Tong. Old Smokey had sent John
Doyle his best member of the mafia to tail Tong and find a point when he could make his move. Old
Smokey wanted this to be personal up close he wanted to shoot his entire family in front of his eyes
with his 1911 handgun then he would torture him until he took all of the tri–ads secrets. A week
after he sent John to tail Tong he came back with his weekly schedule on ... Show more content on
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After that he polished his brand new stun gun after that he picked out rag to use for the chloroform
and after that he picked out the alias he Would use to kidnap the children. He decided John Thine
would be a good alias that he could use to kidnap the kids, then polished his 1911 handgun. By the
time he was done it was six o'clock on the dot so he went to steak palace and ordered a sirloin steak
medium rare for dinner. After he ate he went to his home and set his alarm for 8 o'clock and then
went to bed. Monday morning he got up and ate breakfast, read the newspaper and got dressed.
Then at 10 o'clock he went to the son's school, told the office the Tong had gotten injured and the his
wife wanted the kids at home. The school's office called for the kid down to the office and they left
without any trouble, in the car he trick the boy into smelling the chloroform rag and as soon as he
was out he took him to the warehouse and tied him

Chlororphyrin And Therapeutic Analysis
Complexation of porphyrin with the metal will cause the shifts of Q bands in the UV–Vis spectra in
the range of 500–700 nm as shown in Figure 2.7. This can be observed by the disappearance of two
Q bands out of four as the porphyrin undergoes the change from D4h symmetry to D2h symmetry
(Rita Giovannetti, 2012). The Q–bands were denoted as α and β. The coordination of porphyrin to
Ni(II), Sn(IV) or Pd(II) which can form stable square planar complexes generally consists of a
higher α peak (Figure 2.7 (A)), while the coordination of porphyrin to Cd(II) which forms a
complex that can easily be displaced by protons will show a higher β peak (Figure 2.7(B)).
The common solvents and counter–ions employed in the synthesis metalloporphyrin are chloroform,
methanol, dimethylforamide, acetate buffer, pyridine, metal carbonyl and acetylacetone. In general,
the selection of solvent depends on the solubility of porphyrin. For example, the chloroform was
selected for metallation of meso–tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) due to the solubility of TPP in
chloroform. Besides, the metal counter–ion as "carrier" of metal should be considered as well, as the
solubility of metal salt also affect the metallation of porphyrin. ... Show more content on
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In nature, porphyrins such as hermatoporphyrin IX, coproporphyrin and uroporphyrins are water
soluble. Since the isolation of these porphyrins, the chemistry water–soluble porphyrins were
intensively studied to develop biological useful device. The notion "water–soluble porphyrin"
suggests at least water soluble in pH 1–14 only consider as water–soluble porphyrin. General,
water–soluble porphyrin can be divided into three classes: positively charged porphyrin, negatively
charged porphyrin and neutral porphyrin (Simonnaeux et al., 2011) as shown in Table

Anesthesia In Civil War
In the 1860s, disease was a very big issue within the Civil War hospitals. Of every soldier who had
died in battle, two had died with disease. One of the treatments used in the Civil War was the usage
of anesthesia and chloroform. Aputations were made to those soldiers with the most untreatable
wounds. It's important to understand that the hospitals back then weren't the cleanest, and in no way
looked like the hospitals we have today. Civil war hospitals didn't save as many lives as you would
have expected. Since civil war hospitals had only a couple of procedures and very little medicine;
the soldiers relied on grit and chance, not medicine to cure them. One of the techniques doctors in
civil war hospitals used was a drug called anesthesia. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the Civil War, hospitals were unsanitary and crowded with many hospital beds full of patients.
The army relied on male nurses more than female nurses even though most of them were untrained
("Hospitals, Surgeons," 2002). Surgeons in the Civil war usually didn't really have clue what they
were doing. Nobody knows what antiseptics were used, or that they know the relation of dirt to
infection ("Hospitals, Surgeons," 2002). "Most physicians had a very limited understanding of the
importance of sterilization and the risks of infection, and little practice treating the kinds of major
cases seen during the war." ("History of Medicine," 2011). Plus, anesthesia came into use halfway
through the Civil War, and some drugs were inadequate ("Hospitals, Surgeons," 2002). "Perhaps the
least unreliable statistics for the Union armies give 67,000 killed in action, 43,000 died of wounds,
and 224,000 died of disease; an additional 24,000 are listed as dead from other causes–doubtless
either wounds Or disease." ("Hospitals, Surgeons," 2002). The hospitals beds were packed so close
together that disease that was caught by one veteran could have been caught by another and passed
on. The sanitation of Civil War hospitals and the lack of medicine needed for veterans was abysmal.
But for these hospitals being in the condition they were in, lives were still able to be saved and
recover from their

Anesthesia In The Gross Clinic
"The Gross Clinic," a staple of medical history, represents the raw truth of surgery and the shift in
medical practices before the 20th century. Thomas Eakins, the painter of "The Gross Clinic," was
from Philadelphia, and considered it to be his greatest accomplishment as an artist. Surgery was the
last option for doctors, not the intricate art that it has evolved into. Dr. Samuel Gross embodied the
innovation and advancements in medicine during the year "The Gross Clinic" was created: the
changes in anesthesia, antisepsis, and education as a whole. "The Gross Clinic" is representative of
the lack of resources and rejection of new ideas that characterized medicine before the 20th century,
and the major shift in education and new techniques ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Florence Nightingale was one of the first medical professionals to realize a need for sanitation
during surgery during her time as a nurse in the Crimean War. She and a team of nurses improved
the unsanitary conditions at a British base hospital, and greatly reduced the death count. In 1860,
she funded the establishment of St. Thomas' Hospital and Nightingale Training School for Nurses.
She used her experience from the Crimean War to implement the beginnings of modern hospital
infection control practices in St. Thomas' Hospital. Nightingale's practices were not the sole
research and experimentation surrounding antisepsis. Many scientists studied death rates and the
notion that air was the cause of infection and death. Dr. Joseph Lister did not believe in this notion,
so he conducted a study that proved microorganisms, bacteria, caused infections. His study became
known as the germ theory of infection, and launched the field of bacteriology. By 1870 he
demonstrated that his antiseptic system could prevent most infectious complications of surgery.
Despite Lister's abundant results, doctors continued to reject antisepsis; it would be another twenty
to thirty years before Listerism was adopted. Gross was very adamant on rejecting antisepsis; by
1875 Samuel Gross was the leading obstacle to the adoption of Listerism in

Casey Anthony Essay
Casey Anthony Trial Patricia Saylor Donna Dansey Computer Forensics November 25, 2012 Casey
Anthony Case There have been many murder trials in the United States which have gripped the
nation, OJ Simpson, BTK, Lee Harvey Oswald. But more shocking to the consciousness of America
is the story of a child which has been killed. Such would be the case of Caylee Anthony, and the trial
of Casey Anthony. In this assignment the discussion will focus on this case, exposing the much of
the drama created by this case. On July 15th, 2008, two year old Caylee Marie Anthony was
reported missing by her Cindy Anthony, Caylee's grandmother. Caylee was missing from the home
of Casey Marie Anthony, her mother, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The evidence would indicate that someone had searched the word chloroform on that computer at
least 84 times around the dates of the dates when Caylee Anthony was suspected to be missing. It
was later that John Bradley would discover inaccuracy of the data caused by the software, which he
would to authorities. Additionally there was photographic evidence entered on the case which had
been retrieved from the computer of Ricardo Morales, a former boyfriend of Casey Anthony. The
picture was that of a poster which said "Win Her Over with Chloroform". (DD, 2011). The
prosecution had based much of the case on the digital evidence found on the computer that Casey
Anthony used, with most of the attention given to the 84 times that the word chloroform had been
searched. That evidence would later be challenged by John Bradley himself, who would change his
original statement and reveal that there was only one reference found in the computer related to the
search of chloroform. (Jones, 2012). Other challenges to the computer forensic evidence were
provided in the case by one of the investigators, Detective Yuri Melich, who by using Net Analysis
was able to determine that there was inaccuracies in the data on the Casey Anthony case, which
brought into question the data itself as well as whether Casey Anthony could have been the only

Synthesis of Chloroform
Synthesis of Chloroform
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
With Calcium Hypochlorite and Acetone When chlorine is passed into boiling alcohol, both
chlorination of the methyl group and oxidation of the primary alcohol group to an aldehyde occur,
giving trichloro–acetaldehyde or chloral: When chloral is treated with caustic alkali, fission of the
C–C linkage occurs, giving chloroform and a formate. Acetaldehyde and also many ketones, such as
acetone, containing the CH3CO– group behave similarly when treated with calcium or sodium
hypochlorite, chlorination of the CH3CO– group being immediately followed by fission of the
molecule by the alkali present in the hypochlorite solution. The ... Show more content on
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You should have a cool mixture of ice and something that is starting to look cloudy. It will be colder
on the top than the bottom and most of the ice has melted. Let this mixture set until the ice
completely melts. Grab the bucket and carefully pour off the water and fine white powder leaving
behind the Chloroform that has settled to the bottom of the bucket. When you're pouring off the
water, it may be hard to see the Chloroform, but trust me, it's in there. The Chloroform is heavier
than water and falls to the bottom in a bubble looking blob. The blob will have a white powder
clinging to it. Just pour off the water until you can clearly see the blob and then pour blob, water and
powder into a smaller, easier to handle container. There may be some bubbles forming and rising to
the top of the solution. Don't worry, this is normal and will not cause a problem unless you try to
seal the reactants up. Pour the Chloroform, powder and water through a coffee filter into a
separatory funnel and separate the crude Chloroform, which will sink to the bottom. You will get
around 200ml of crude Chloroform. Disappointed? This reaction uses very cheap materials and is
one of the simplest, cheapest methods known, so just quit bitching and deal with it. Since the
procedure is so simple up to this point, make a few more batches before moving to the next step.
The Chloroform has water and the white powder still in it and this needs to be removed. The
Chloroform can be vacuum

Chloroform Research Paper
Society during 1800's was vigorous due to the comparison of risk to use chloroform, with women
being Snow's main target in research there was still confusion amongst pubic. Despite this religion
had mixed views about chloroform, some would refuse its use and others had no reasons for their
opinion but some had no concerns due to the Queens uses. A few religions views were supported by
media, whereas others supported Simpson's views and medical support was similar in the way of
split views of chloroform, but was widely discussed but some medical leaders believed chloroform
was unethical. The Church of England preached the uses of chloroform, but because of the Queen's
uses their views changed because of the success. In the 20th century, chloroform

A Brief Note On The Independent Research Project
Independent Research Project
Student's Number: _______________________________
VARIABLES:
Independent variable: substances– Sugar, Salt, kerosene, Margarine, Salicylic Acid, Vaseline
Dependent variable: whether it is soluble and creates an emulsion
Controlled variables: 1mL of substances Sugar, Salt, kerosene, Margarine, Salicylic Acid, Vaseline,
and 5mL of solvents Water, Vegetable oil, Ethanol, amount of swirls to mix around
 Independent variable identified
 Dependent variable identified
 Some control variables identified
 All control variables identified Total
/4
METHOD:
1. Gather all materials that are available from the above list.
2. Measure 5mL of a solvent (water) and pour into different test tubes 6 times using a measuring
cylinder.
3. Collect 1mL of each substance from the list (Sugar, Salt, kerosene, Margarine, Salicylic Acid, and
Vaseline) using a spatula.
4. Set one of the substances (i.e. Sugar) into one of the test tubes containing water.
5. Record observation of whether it dissolved or did not dissolve, in the results table below; and
repeat for the other 5 substances.
6. Pour the water in the test tubes containing the substances down the sink, EXCEPT the test tubes
containing kerosene and oil.
7. Clean test tubes with test tube cleaner and warm soapy water in the sink.
8. Dry the test tubes once cleaned and repeat experiment using vegetable oil then with ethanol.
9. Record results for each experiment and compare results with other

Isolation Of Betulin From Bich Barks
Betulin is a naturally occurring triterpene. Titerpenes have three terpene units with the molecular
formula C30H48. Butelin gives a lot of rearrangements reactions with big biological importance.
Usually the butelin is isolated from the bark of birch trees. It is present in concentrations up to 30%
of the dry weight when it is extracted from the bark of birch trees. Nowadays the role of the
compound in the bark is not known. In the current experiment butelin was isolated by extraction
from birch bark with chloroform. Furthermore silica gel was used for the purification process. In the
end a rearrangement reaction was performed, and allobetulin was produced from the betulin.
Measurement of the yield was conducted for allobetulin, and IR,NMR ... Show more content on
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Then the mixture with a few boiling chips were added in a reflux condenser for thirty minutes. After
this period the hot chloroform solution was filtered through a Hirsch funnel, and three more washes
of the bark were performed with additional hot chloroform, (3X10ml). In the last step for the
purification of butelin the previous chloroform solution was passed over a microscale column of
silica gel3 (9cm) and the clean product was collected in a 250ml RBF. Before the rearrangement
reaction 10ml of the clean product was collected for evaporation using a rotary evaporator, for the
determining of NMR spectrum. Moreover two drops of this product was used as a sample for TLC
chromatography. The second step of this experiment includes the rearrangement of betulin to
alloetulin. In this stage 120mg of p–toluenesulfonic acid were dissolved in the remaining
chloroform solution of betulin. Then 3 drops of water and one small boiling chip were added in the
solution and a reflux condenser was used for 60 minutes. After this period the chloroform solution
was cooled for 15mins. Thereafter the solution was washed three times with 5% sodium bicarbonate
and sodium sulfate was used to dry the chloroform solution. In the end, filtration of the drying agent
and rotary evaporation of the chloroform solution, gave the alloebtulin. Finally two more drops of
this product was used in the same sample of butelin

Recombination Frequency Lab Report
The objective of this experiment is to measure the recombination frequency of two different
mutations rII 29 and rII 31 in the same bacteriophage,T4, using the map unit distance. The reversion
frequency was also measured. Methods1: At the start of the reversion experiment, 2 drops (0.1 mL)
of E.coli B was added to all test tubes labeled B. The same volume (2 drops) of E.coli K was added
to test tubes labeled K. All of the test tubes had 0.1 mL of a phage dilution added to their
respectively labeled tubes. These test tubes were plated and incubated for 24 hours at 37 ° C and
then 4 ° C for 6 days. The next lab period these plates were titered to record how often the mutation
reverted to the wild type. At the start of the recombination experiment,

Casey Anthony
Introduction
"The idea of free is opposed by that of determinism which, in simplest form, holds that every event
has a cause. Id determinism is correct, then nothing happen that is not caused to happen by some
other event, condition, or set of events and/or conditions–and this includes every thought and feeling
we have, every choice we make, and every action we take. The logic of this idea is, for many
people, less of a problem than its moral and legal implications. Not only does free will become
limited (if not eliminated) under determinism, so too does moral responsibility or culpability"
(Ethics, Crime, and Criminal Justice). Casey Anthony was free found not guilty when in reality
there are evidence that she killed her daughter, Caylee. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Expert witnesses testified that Casey Anthony did Internet searches for 'chloroform' and 'how to
make cloroform' on a desktop computer at her parents' home when both of her parents were at work.
According to the Caylee Marie Anthony Case, An expert witness from Oak Ridge National
Laboratory told jurors he found shockingly high levels of chloroform in the trunk of Casey
Anthony's car as her trial moved into the third week of testimony. Dr. Arpad Vass also said could
find "no other plausible explanation" for other chemicals he found on carpet in the trunk except the
presence of a dead body (Montaldo, Charles). Casey paid to protect her story so the Federal
Bankruptcy Judge signed off on a deal that will allow Casey Anthony to pay the bankruptcy trustee
$25,000 in exchange for not having to sell her life story to pay her debts and not only that she lied to
the investigators numerous of times. Anthony told investigators that a nanny named Zenaida
Gonzales had kidnapped Caylee. On June 23, 2011, The state of Florida's circumstantial case against
Casey Anthony for the death of her daughter Caylee took two stunning blows when the defendant's
mother testified that she used the family computer to search for "chloroform" and the stain in the
trunk of the Pontiac Sunfire was there when the car was purchased in 2000. The evidence goes on
and on and it doesn't add

Bpy Synthesis Lab Report
Synthesis of Ru(bpy)(BpyArCOOEt)Cl2 Inability to isolate this complex in a reasonable yield,
indication of starting material in the NMR and a crude, low yield product were the primary reasons
why route B was adopted in scheme 3, section 3.1 of this report. Although the presence of the
product was confirmed by a purple spot on the TLC (ran in 90/10 DCM/MeOH) against the starting
materials, this was simply not reason enough to persist with a method that simply was not working.
In spite of time constraints, the reaction was repeated eight times overall to no avail. The first
attempt was conducted on a 50mg scale using 15ml dioxane and 2ml water–no precipitation was
seen. The second and third attempts kept the solvent ratios constant but used ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
1H NMR The NMR for the Ru(bpy)(BpyArCOOEt)Cl2 was very poor and dwarfed by water and
dioxane solvent peaks. Based on the deep red colour of the reaction product for one of the attempts
it was suspected that the tris product, [Ru(BpyArCOOEt)3](PF6)2 had been formed. The NMR for
this complex has been included in appendix A as evidence that this was in fact the case. Although a
crude estimation, the aromatic protons do integrate for 33 and the ethyl group protons of the ester
functionalities for 15. This proves that the reaction had gone too far and that the purple/black
reaction product obtained for all other attempts did likely contain the desired product. IR Analysis
An IR was carried out for the complex regardless which did support several of the conclusions made
above. The massive water peak at 3383cm–1 was to be expected from the NMR. Evidence of the
chloride ligand was visible in the low frequency fingerprint region along with several aromatic CH
and CN stretching features around the 1500cm–1 mark. Ring breathing also evident at 1009cm–1.
There was little point in obtaining an IR for the complex other than to confirm the presence of the
water

A Short Story : The Chloroform Story?
"Simon!" Joe yelled. "I need the medicines for the patient." "Ok. Which ones?" Simon asked. "The
one that will make Mr. Picket feel better, during surgery." "The chloroform?" "Yes, you mean the
chloroform right?" "Yes?" Simon speed walked to Joe so the jar of chloroform would not brake. Joe
was working on Mr. Pickett a man who was shot twice in the right arm. One in his forearm and the
other near his wrist, it was bad. So Joe was going to have to do surgery on him. While joe was
working on Mr. pickett simon was working on Mr. Coffin who got sick and threw up, but Simon and
Joe think he is ok. So we left him to sleep on the bed. It was about 12 o'clock so while joe was
working Simon was going to eat some leftover food that the union soldiers did not eat. It was some
pork it was very dry and bad but it was all that was there to eat.
"Simon!" Joe screamed
"Yes, what's the problem?" Simon asked
"I am going to need your help, big time." Simon ran over to joe as fast as he could to see what was
wrong. When simon got there he noticed that Mr. Pickett was coughing up blood. They had been
briefly told what to do in this time but not well enough to know what to do. Joe and Simon picked
up coughing Mr. Pickett into the carriage of the horse ambulance
http://score.rims.k12.ca.us/activity/manswar/pages/medvocab.html
Joe was feeling stressed. So many wounded soldiers were coming into the hospital on a daily basis
Joe and Simon could care for most of the men, but some died. They

Silver Nanoparticle Synthesis Lab Report
Materials Used. For silver nanoparticle synthesis, silver acetate (AgAc–166.91g/mol) was procured
from Sigma Aldrich and oleylamine from. Thiol terminated polystyrene (PS–SH) Mn–1100, Mw–
1230, PDI–1.12 was procured from Polymer Source Inc. Canada. The polymer for micelles
Polystyrene–b–4vinylpyridine (PS–b–4VP) Mn(PS)=18,500; Mn(P4VP)=40,500; PDI–1.10 was
procured from Polymer Source Inc. Canada. The Si sol precursor tetra ethyl orthosilicate (TEOS)
was procured from Sigma Aldrich. Sodium borohydride and p–nitrophenol was procured from
Sigma Aldrich (99.9%) and Across Organics (95%) respectively. Organic solvents including Toluene
and Methanol were procured from Acros Organics and Chloroform from Fischer chemicals and
Ethanol from VWR PROLABO was of analytical grade and used as received. Millipore water (18.2
ohm cm at 25 degree C, cleaned with Pure Lab Plus ® ultra purification system) was used as solvent
throughout the experiment and used as received. Synthesis of Polystyrene Capped Silver
Nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles were synthesised using a simple method described by Hiramatsu
[Hir01]. For the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
10mg of PS–SH was dissolved in chloroform in 1:1 proportion with the nanoparticles and added to
silver nanoparticle/chloroform dispersion drop by drop under stirring. 5ml more chloroform was
added to the AgNP/PS mixture and was stirred for 24hours. Thereafter Ag/PS mixture was
reprecipitated in 10ml of Methanol and centrifuged at 13500 RPM for 10 minutes. To remove the
rest of OlAm and excess of PS–SH, repeated (6–8 times) centrifugation/redispersion steps were
performed by adding chloroform as a solvent (ca. 5 ml) and methanol as flocculating agent (ca. 10
ml for each step). Final product was collected and dried under argon to give a fine metallic powder
of ca. 11mg

Do Modern Risks Outweigh The Use Of Anesthetics?
Anesthetics are considered an essential element of modern surgical medicine. There are physical
and psychological risks associated with the use of anesthesia, however these risks tend to be
perceived as ethically acceptable. Over the past 20 years, the ability to perform longer, more
complicated surgical procedures has been facilitated by the development of powerful and
sophisticated drugs to achieve the desired affects of patient stability. The impact of anesthesia on
brain function is contested, specifically its potential impact on long–term memory and a possible
association with the onset of dementia. This is especially pertinent to several groups including the
very young, the very old and those with pre–existing health issues. This essay will explore the
history of anesthetics, and evaluate if the modern risks outweigh the long–standing benefits of using
advanced anesthetics in surgery. Furthermore, this essay will examine the role of the media in public
awareness of these risks. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Anesthetics are used to control a number of critical functions during surgery including inducing a
balanced state of unconsciousness, managing the sensation of pain, causing temporary paralysis of
skeletal muscle and slowing of the bodies autonomic responses thereby allowing the surgical team
to complete increasingly long, difficult and invasive procedures with minimal discomfort to the
patient and limited risk of post surgical

Effective Methods Of Pain Control During Surgical Operations
Introduction to Anesthesia Before 1846 there weren't any truly effective methods of pain control
during surgical operations. However, methods of relieving pain, inducing drowsiness, and
provoking stupor, have been used all over the world since the beginning of ancient civilizations.
Plants like opium, cannabis, and mandragora were used in ancient times as drugs that relived
general and procedural pain. There are ancient Chinese legends like Pien ch'iao and Hua T'o, whose
stories resemble early ideas of anesthesia. Pien Ch'iao was said to have used anesthesia to perform
heart transplants. Hua T'o legend was said to have "used a wine containing a certain effervescent
powder which, upon ingestion, caused insensibility to pain" (1). In the ... Show more content on
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James Moore's book in 1784, A Method of Diminishing Pain in Several Operations of Surgery dealt
with properties of anesthesia. He was a military surgeon, and successfully provided nerve
compression as an effective anesthetic technique before 1846. By placing pressure on sciatic,
obturator, and the crural nerves, the leg could be entirely numbed. Anesthesia by deadly levels of
intoxication was also applied as an anesthetic technique. However, this was highly unsuccessful and
proved to be more harmful than effective. Wardrop and John Syng Dorsey noted anesthesia by
exsanguination. They supported this method of anesthesia as they realized that exsanguination
produced a state of syncope, which allowed them to successfully perform surgical procedures with
an absence of patient discomfort.. Their findings are seen in some case histories. One noted a 50–
year–old man with a dislocated hip. He was successfully induced into a state of syncope via
puncturing of his vein for bloodletting. 34 ounces of blood was removed from this man. A
combination of blood loss, a warm bath, and antimony tartrate, caused a temporary loss of
consciousness; during this unconscious state the hip was reduced.
Description of the Time (Discovery) In 1275 Spanish alchemist Raymond Lullius discovered that, a
distilled mixture of sulfuric acid and

John Snow Research Paper
John Snow was well known for his support with the cholera outbreak during the 17th century, but
this essay covers other issues during the 18th century. This essay covers the issues surrounding
chloroform, the resolution, how society was affected and how this now contributes to society during
the 21st century. Also, how John Snow was able to contribute to the situation. .Covering the issues
surrounding chloroform, the resolution, how society was affected and how this now contributes to
society during the 21st century. Also, how John Snow was able to contribute to the situation.
Chloroform was accidentally discovered by Dr James Simpson and two other colleagues when the
scientists created it and mistakenly inhaled it. The drug left them lying ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Her doctors contemplated using Dr. Snow to administer the drug but Professor Charles Meigs, a
chief advisor to the Queen, advised against the use of chloroform. Prudence won and the Queen was
denied chloroform (Poovey, 1986). By the time of subsequent births, however, perspectives had
changed and doctors became increasingly confident with its use. When the Queen requested the
administration of chloroform her eighth and ninth births, it was provided to her with the support of
Prince Albert and Dr. Snow. The chloroform met the Queen's expectations and her recovery was
quick compared to previous births (Snow, 2008). Despite this, an opinion piece in the national
newspaper of the time, The Lancet, declared chloroform to be evil and stated in an article that in any
case it isn't justified to administer chloroform during a normal labour and advocating such a
procedure would be tremendously risky (Snow, 2008). Although the debate about the benefits of
using chloroform during births continued, once the Royal Seal of approval established chloroform
as "one of the best blessings of time" it overcame all strong objections about using drugs during
childbirth which had raised by both the church and select medical professionals (Plantevin, 1973).
At this point chloroform became more widely used and

Casey Anthony Research Paper
Casey Anthony should have been proven guilty and charged for the murder of her two–year–old
daughter Caylee Maree Anthony and sentenced to life in prison without parole. She is a very care–
free person and lives by her own rules and it's been that way her whole life. She is a very insensitive
woman and shouldn't be given the chance to have children again and that's exactly what the court
has allowed. Caylee Anthony was reported missing by her grandmother, Cindy, on July fifthtenth.
Her body was found in a wooded area near her home on December eleventh. Casey Anthony was
later arrested for child neglect. The jury should have charged and sentenced Casey with the murder
of Caylee for these reasons: she lied to the police multiple times during her integration, for example
her saying that Caylee was kidnapped by her nanny, another reason being that there were no other
suspects that had the motive to partake in this murder, lastly the medical records all point back to
Casey for more reasons ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One being that she told investigators that Caylee was kidnapped by her nanny, Zenaida Fernandez–
Gonzalez, when in fact Caylee never had a nanny. She even went as far as to tell prosecutors that
Fernandez moved all the time so she wasn't sure of her where abouts. On the day Caylee was
reported missing by Cindy, her grandmother, Casey had told Cindy that she had just talked to Caylee
earlier that day which ended up also being a lie. Casey Anthony told police and made a statement to
ABC News saying " I spoke to Caylee on July 15, 2008, the day Caylee was reported missing.
Caylee said, "Hi, mommy" and told me a story about her shoes and a book she was reading. "She
was excited to talk to me," Casey Anthony said" Hopper. Caylee was already dead. Caylee had been
missing for 30 days before anyone knew she was missing and Casey wasn't the one who called the
police, her mother Cindy

Lead Exposure Essay
Lead is a naturally occurring element we find in the earth crust, but even with its natural status, it's
highly dangerous to humans when exposed improperly. The reason I put lead as number one on my
list is because of its use in tons of mainstream products all throughout the world. Sure, chlordane in
pesticides is also a very harmful substance, but it's not used in as many common products that led is.
According to an article written by Dr. Edward Group, founder of the Global Healing Center, the
toxic medal that is lead can not only impact the way the body operates, but also completely shut
down different organs leading to death (Group). Group explains that lead exposure can affect the
kidneys, liver, reproductive system, and the nervous system. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Chloroform is a clear, natural occurring, sweet tasting liquid medal that can be extremely deadly.
Even though Chloroform is a natural occurring element, most chloroform is manmade. Chloroform
can be found in household cleaning products, swimming pools, and even in small amounts in water.
Chloroform can form by mixing alcohol and bleach, or just breaking down any type of chlorine
based substance ("How to Make Chloroform..."). Chloroform is ok if only exposed to small
amounts, but if over exposed to it the chemical can be extremely dangerous. Some of the main ways
people are exposed to chloroform is: contaminated water, household cleaning products, and even
swimming in a pool. The effects of chloroform vary based on how it was exposed, how long it was
exposed for, and individual health. Directly after being exposed to chloroform through the air, some
common side effects are: dizziness, feeling tired, and having headaches. If expose for too long some
much more severe impacts occur such as: cancer, kidney failure, liver failure, and infections in
blood flow ("Chloroform"). Chloroform isn't the most known substance, and its long–term effects
on humans aren't even really well documented so there is very little we know about what it does to
animals. We do know, just like humans, animals have several organ problems resulting from direct
over exposure to chloroform such as kidney failure, heart disease, and blood problems ("Medical
Discoveries"). According to EcoUSA.com, most

Theme Of The Poisoner's Handbook
Content Connections Pages
Content Connection 1
The theme of The Poisoner's Handbook: Murder and the Birth of Forensic Medicine in Jazz Age
New York is: there are many ethical, social, and medical issues surrounding advancements in
science. The following quote supports this theme because it demonstrates to social issues in the New
York political system. The coroners were hand chosen by a city's mayor; typically the mayors chose
a political friend or ally to occupy the coroner's office, rather than a medically trained individual.
Thanks to shady, ill–informed, untrained, and occasionally drunk coroners, murderers continually
walked free. In the subsequent case, the Mors murder case, the coroner's misinformation resulted in
a lack of evidence ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The following quote supports this theme because the discovery of that carbon monoxide cannot be
absorbed by a body after death led to innovations in forensic science in the courtroom. Ever since
forensic sciences had started, they were not really taken seriously as evidence in the courtroom.
Often forensic toxicologists were forced to prove themselves to jurors by poisoning cats or swaying
flasks of chloroform in front of them to prove their work. Now, they would be taken seriously with a
testimony and statistics. Through experiments with deceased people and carbon monoxide Gettler
proved that "soaking in carbon monoxide for hours after death had no effect at all...without breath,
carbon monoxide was just another gas aimlessly swirling in the air" (144). This connects to biology
because you need to be able to inhale carbon monoxide for it to have an effect on you. Once
breathed in, carbon monoxide bonds to the transport protein hemoglobin, muscling oxygen out of its
path. The result is carboxyhemoglobin, which is transported to your cells through the bloodstream.
You soon die because your cells are staved of

Civil War Medical Advances Essay
Have you ever needed to have surgery? Have you or anyone you known needed an ambulance?
Have you ever heard of a life saving blood transfusion? Have you ever gotten an X–Ray for a
broken bone? If you answered yes to any of these then you have the Civil War and WWl to thank for
creating these medical advances. Many medical procedures and advancements that are used today
were discovered during The Civil War and World War I. Without the discoveries in The Civil War
and World War I, today we may not have X–rays, anesthesia administration, ambulances, be able to
understand and perform blood transfusions or the importance of sterilization today. Because of the
advancements from the Civil War in the areas of surgical techniques, treating a patient, ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another way this invention was so successful was because the chloroform was inserted through this
device instead of a soaked cloth, others in the room were not affected by the anesthesia. This new
way to give chloroform was important in ensuring they had enough available since they were using
less and it paved the way of administering medicines through the nasal tubes since nasal tubes are
still used today to give oxygen to patients. Another medical advancement that was discovered
during war time was the X–ray in WW1. Doctors used x–rays to locate bullets in the person's body,
and to find shrapnel. The creation of the X–Ray was made by accident. When Wilhelm Conrad
Roentgen was in his lab working with a cathode–ray tube (like a fluorescent light bulb) when he
saw that the light passed through his skin to show his bones. He named it the X–Ray because the ray
that came off of it was unknown. Without x–rays it would be hard for a doctor to find a bullet and
remove it from the person's body. This made surgeries easier for doctors because they could see
where they needed to go in. This accidental discovery is still used widely today to look for broken
bones and foreign things in patients. Additionally, it was important to help wounded soldiers

Chloroform Research Paper
Another kind of incident that occurred before when Ken should've done something when he had the
chance was when David sniffed chloroform. This substance, chloroform, was known as a very
dangerous substance to have around your house. A chloroform is a, "primitive anesthetic commonly
used during surgery in the mid–18002"(silverstein 17). Chloroform was initially used to make
people sleep so they wouldn't feel the pain of surgeries. It could be dangerous if you sniff it a lot.
But David didn't care about that. Reading his favorite book, the golden book, it, "urged readers to
sniff carefully...David took the challenge, but apparently sniffed too vigorously and ended up flat on
his back. He estimated he was out for more than an hour"(Silverstein 17).

Using Polystyrene ( Ps ) Standards For Calibration Essay
Introduction: Polyimides are high performance polymers with excellent electrical properties, high
thermal stability, and high strength and stiffness at elevated temperatures. They also have a high
chemical resistance and are therefore typically not soluble in common solvents. Because of
solubility issues the molecular weight (MW) and molecular weight distribution (MWD) of
polyimides is near impossible to obtain and in some cases the data listed is based on soluble
precursors to the particular polyimide of interest. These precursors are typically only soluble in
amide solvents and because of this the results obtained are questionable due to strong interactions
that the polymer, mobile phase/eluent, and stationary phase/column have with one another due to
the polyelectrolyte effect. This article aims to determine MW and MWD of polyimides via gel
permeation chromatography (GPC) by using solution imidization and thus not having to deal with
the occurrence of the polyelectrolyte effect. Therefore, the overall objective of this paper is to
establish the proper chromatographic conditions required to carry out this analysis with the use of
polystyrene (PS) standards for calibration.
Experimental:
Polyimide samples were prepared in N–methylpyrrolidine (NMP) by using a step wise reaction and
end capping with m–ethynylaniline in order to control the molecular weight. Via this process,
theoretical molecular weights of 5000, 10000, and 15000 g/mol were achieved and analyzed with
the

Methanol And Water Procedure: A Case Study
After the transesterification process was complete the LEA was separated from the biofuel, and
water/methanol mixture using an Erlenmeyer filtering funnel utilizing both course and fine filters
(Whatman 1541–125 and 1542–125). A 1:1 solvent to water ratio (300 mL) and a 3:1 solvent to
chloroform ratio (100 mL) were added to induce a phase separation. Phase separation was allowed
to occur overnight. Biofuel and chloroform were separated from the methanol/water mixture using a
separation funnel. The chloroform and biofuel were separated by evaporating and recovering the
chloroform by heating the mixture to 62°C and then running the chloroform gas through a
condenser. Samples were taken of each product and byproduct excluding chloroform so that

Surgeons During Civil War
Medicine played and still plays a major part in the world. However, modern medicine did not
prosper until long after the civil war, which we can assure are some of the reasons many soldiers
and residents lives were compromised. From amputations, sanitation, a lack of surgeons and
supplies with, contagious fevers and diseases a great deal of people went long winters and summers
suffering from things that doctors were incapable of curing solely based on the fact medicine had
not reached the level of quality and quantity it needed to be at the time.
Surgeons in the time of the civil war would have most likely learned from Samuel Cooper who
wrote the book "The First Lines of: The Practice of surgery" written in 1807 along with his other
books.

Medicine Vs. Simpson In The History Of Medicine
Some people may say that Simpson is more important in the history of medicine than Lister.
Simpson dealt with the 'pain' section during the 19th century, and after many years of previous
surgeons/doctors attempting to find a thing to fight pain, Simpson found the answer in Chloroform.
This was important because it was used widely for military purposes and also aided in childbirth;
Queen Elizabeth 1st and Charles Dickens' wife, both used Chloroform during the birth of their
children. Although, there were many setbacks in the use of anaesthesia and Chloroform. A patient
took Chloroform for an ingrown toenail and died. This was important because it showed that
Simpson didn't know how much Chloroform to use for each patient. However, other people

Synthesis Of Alkyl Azide Lab Report
Experimental:
1. Synthesis of alkyl azide (I–IV Scheme–1)
To a stirred solution of alkyl chloride in DMSO (10ml) was added sodium azide (1.2 equivalent) at
80oC. The reaction mixture was stirred for overnight. After completion of reaction the solvent was
distilled off and water was then poured into reaction mixture. The solid residue was filtered and
filtrate washed with chloroform three times. Filtrate was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and solvent
was distilled off leaving pure white solid crude compound (2) (about 90 % yield).
2. Synthesis of 3–Prop–2–ynyl–pentane–2,4–dione (Scheme–2)
Acetylacetone (2, 4–pentadione) is an active methylene compound that exists in keto–enol forms in
equilibrium. C–alkylation of acetyl acetone (1 equivalent) was done by refluxing it with propargyl
bromide (1.1 equivalents) for 12 hours. After completion of reaction the solvent was distilled off and
chloroform is added. The suspension was filtered and the solid residue was washed with chloroform
three times. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To the above solution, n–butylamine (0.90 mL, 0.90 mmol, 1.5 equivalent) dissolved in DMF (5.0
mL) was added drop wise for 15 min with stirring. The reaction mixture is continuous stirred for 24
h at 60 0C, and then it was quenched by the addition of 4 N HCl (20 mL). The mixture was stirred at
600C for 30 min, neutralised with saturated aqueous NaHCO3 and then the aqueous layer was
extracted with EtOAc (3 x 50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over
Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography (SiO2, 5%
methanol in chloroform) to afford compound

Chloroform In The United States
As known by all, the United States Environmental Protection Agency was created for the purpose of
protecting the health of the environment and all organisms residing within it, including humans, by
composing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by the United States government. The
EPA has taken a variety of steps in order to ensure the safety of all who reside within the Unites
States, such as amending the Clean Air Act, banning the use of the cancer–causing pesticide DDT,
and limiting industrial discharges of pollution into waterways. The people could not thank you all
enough for your service and aid towards the environment and its people. However, it is due to recent
events that this letter is being sent to the agency, in hopes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
In terms of surgical procedures, much of society refrains from using chloroform as an anesthetic due
to its life–threatening effects on the human body and this chemical is not commonly used by the
average individual within society, so its absence will be barely noticed from the daily lives of
Americans. Yet, despite the fact that chloroform is an environmental hazard and is barely used by
the average individual, its is acknowledged that the chemical is also used as a reagent and a solvent
by factories in order to produce other chemicals. The hydrogen attached to carbon within this
organic compound allows it to participate in hydrogen bonding and serve as a solvent for pesticides,
fats, rubber, and oils. Next, chloroform also serves as a reagent (a compound added to a system to
cause a chemical reaction, that is not necessarily consumed throughout the reaction), as it usually
reacts with aqueous sodium hydroxide in order to produce the compound CCl2, which can then be
inserted into the bonds of other compounds to create new substances. As a result, it can be noted that
the economy, specifically the rubber and pesticide industries, will be hindered for a short amount of
time. It is only a short amount of time, as there are many replacements available for chloroform that
will result in the same or similar chemicals that factories want to produce. These alternatives include
the chemical dimethoxyethane, which can replaced chloroform's role as a solvent due to its ability to
mix in all proportions with a variety of solutes, including water and ethanol, and ethyl acetate,
which can replace chloroform's role as a reagent to react with sodium hydroxide, as the reactivity of
its elements are similar to the elements found within chloroform. As such, many of the possible
economical harms can be easily repaired through the simple substitution of other chemicals that do
not

History Of Anesthesia
History of anesthesia
In the last quarter of the football game the running back Greg breaks his leg. Accidents and injuries
happen to everyone; Greg is no exception. As he is rushed to the hospital he thinks of how much
pain he is in and how much pain he will be for the next few hours. But what he doesn't know is how
much pain he would be if the medic didn't give him anesthesia for his broken leg. Greg also doesn't
realize that when his grandfather played football, there wasn't any anesthesia and that the pain was
excruciating. Before him surgery was agony. As you could probably guess I will discuss the history
of anesthesia with you. First off anesthesia is medicine dedicated to the relief of pain and total care
of the surgical patient before and after surgery. The creation of anesthesia was a turning point in
history, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Through extensive research I found that from ancient times too mid–1800s pain in medical
procedures could be elevated but never eliminated. Early forms of anesthesia ranges from opium,
acupuncture, to herb mixtures. But the medical field has yet to see a huge break through until Dr.
Horace Wells discovers, as we know it, laughing gas. It is because of him that you can have painless
surgeries, so you can have painless recoveries, so you can bypass the agony. It began when Wells
attended a demonstration of laughing gas, known as nitrous. In the late 1800s, laughing gas was a
form of entertainment where performers inhaled the gas causing them to laugh, sing, dance, speak,
or fight according the leading trait of their character. During the

The Problem Analysis Of Acetone And Chloroform
1. Problem statement
Acetone and chloroform are two molecules which have an attraction for each other and form a
maximum–boiling azeotrope. Their boiling points (acetone = 329.4 K and chloroform = 334.3 K)
are very close, however, they have considerably different molecular weights (acetone = 58.08
kg/kmol and chloroform = 117.4 kg/kmol). xy diagram of acetone/chloroform mixture at 1 atm is
shown in Fig. 1 where the azeotropic composition is 36.28mol% of acetone and the temperature is
64.47°C (Kojima et al., 1991).
Among the various solvents including water, chlorobenzene, ethylene glycol, DMSO and xylene
investigated by Luyben (Luyben, 2008) to be used in the separation of acetone/chloroform mixture
using extractive distillation, DMSO was found to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Dependent variables, which are obtained from the solution of the model equations after decision
variables are set by the decision maker (i.e., optimizer).
The number of decision variables determines the degree of the freedom of a model. The degrees of
the freedom of the extractive distillation plant which has two distillation units can be divided into
two categories: design and operating degrees of freedom.
The analysis of the operating degrees of freedom of the model of a simple distillation column
having one reboiler and one condenser reveals that two parameters among the various parameters
such as reflux ratio, distillate flow rate, components recovery, condenser/reboiler temperature and
condenser/reboiler heat duty should be specified to set the degrees of the freedom to zero (Hanson et
al., 1962).
Despite the fact that considering reflux ratio and distillate flow rate is a common choice as the
operating degree of freedom for a distillation column, however, the two columns in the plant under
study are coupled through a recycle stream, which makes obtaining a converged solutions for the
simulations a very challenging

Lab Report On Plant Cell Walls
Introduction:
Plant cell walls are composed of: Pectin matrices, cellulose microfibrils and branches of
hemicellulose. Cell walls give plant cells their rigid oblong shape (in morphogenesis) and its
strength aids the plant cell's maintenance of osmotic stability–preventing lysis and crenation when
exposed to hypertonic or hypotonic environments respectively. The apoplast pathway in the cell
wall is also completely permeable to ions and small particles–while preventing the entry of toxic
macromolecules.
Second to cell walls, plant cell membranes contain a variety of different lipids (made of fatty acids),
proteins and carbohydrates. The two–molecule thick–layered structure of membranes is made of a
bilayer of amphipathic phospholipids ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The tonoplast is similar the external plasma membrane–in that there are also intrinsic
transmembrane proteins which govern the movement of a variety of ions and the one–way entry of
betalain molecules–produced via the flavonoid pathway in the cytoplasm.
In fig.1, the absorbance values of the resultant beetroot solutions show a clear increase with
increasing temperature, this is gradual from 23°C to 60°C, but this steeply increases until 70°C–
which was the last data point. Extrapolation may show an exponential increase, until all the red
pigment has been liberated from all of the beetroot cells, and the trend line would thus plateau
horizontally.
In fig.2, the absorbance readings of H2O and chloroform are relatively very small–almost
negligible, IMS has the second highest reading and Rapid freezing did the most damage to the
beetroot cells' membranes with a very high absorbance reading. This was so high that it couldn't be
detected by the monochromatic light from the spectrophotometer–dilutions were made as a result
and the absorbance was multiplied to its true value.
Discussion:
The monochromatic light of the spectrophotometer was set to a value of 540nm (the green region of
the visual spectrum). This is essential because the betacyanin pigments present in the vacuoles of
beetroot cells are what give the vegetable its distinctive red colour (light transmitted), so the
'compromise' green wavelength is absorbed in the greatest

How To Make Chloroform
This project was all in all, one of the most impactful and positive things to happen. This was a
success, it was successful, it impacted the community which is the main goal that I set. Specific
things that happened during certain shows were what the theatre community is based upon. There
were so many times when my actors exceeded all of my expectations, they really dedicated
themselves to the performance. The one time I had to yell at them was to reprimand them for
attempting to drink fake chloroform, that was it. What better way to end a grueling rehearsal than to
yell not to drink chloroform from thirty feet away. In the end it was what I wanted, there were little
things here and there but it was good, I told people with begging determination in my eyes before
the project started that "It was going to be good. Guys it's gonna be good." Since this was a
performance piece, I had to tell people what to do, and how to do it.

Analisis of Human Exposure to Chloroform in a Hot Tub
Abstract Hot tubs are very popular across America due to their relaxation as well as health benefits.
Hot tubs have been attributed health benefits ranging from relief of muscle and joint pain, to help in
treatment of HIV and other viral infections. Because of this, many people own hot tubs and many
more go to health spas where they can use them. On the other hand, hot tubs are not that easy to
maintain. A consistent disinfectant level must be maintained in order to inhibit the growth of
bacteria which could cause infections to the people who use them. The disinfectant of choice for
most hot tubs is chlorine, mainly because of its effectiveness, persistence in the water, and the
familiarity with its properties. Since the 70's, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The problem with chlorine is that it reacts with organic matter in water to form chloroform, a known
carcinogen. The efficiency of chlorines disinfection capabilities depends on the free chlorine in the
water. Free chlorine refers to the amount of chlorine in the water after the demand for chlorine in the
water has been satisfied. In other words, the free chlorine is the one that's available to disinfect or
kill microorganisms. Since the free chlorine in hot tub water is recommended to be around 3–5 ppm,
this means that there will be a higher concentration of chloroform in the tub water than in for
example tap water that has free chlorine level of only 1–2ppm when leaving the treatment plant. In
addition the high temperature of the water combined with the aeration by the jet bubbles will
enhance the 2 volatilization of the chloroform into the air and this increases the exposure due to
inhalation. The high temperature of water will also increase dermal absorption of chloroform. Of
special interest, are wooden hot tubs. In this case, there is a constant source of organic matter(wood)
for the chlorine to react with, and therefore increased concentrations of chloroform. This study will
try to prove the hypothesis that using hot tubs, results in elevated exposures to chloroform due to
various factors that enhance

Medical Inventions During The Civil War
The American Civil War was a gruesome war. Brother against brother fighting with one another.
Over five hundred men lost their lives fighting in one of the nations biggest, bloodiest battles.
Obviously, the leading factor in deaths during the Civil War was wounded soldiers. Limbs were
being shattered and wounds were becoming infected and spreading through out the body. Even
though the Civil War was a gruesome battle, many lifesaving procedures were born. Because of the
high medical need during the American Civil War, necessary advances such as medical inventions,
lifesaving procedures; and reconstructive surgery established the foundation for our current medical
methods Innovations of the Civil War included things such as medical inventions ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Amputations were nothing new, but became increasingly popular during the Civil War. Before the
Civil War people would receive infections in their injured limbs causing death. The book
Eyewitnesses to the Civil War stated, "The grisly procedure of amputation became emblematic of
the Civil War medicine because it was often the only option for saving a wounded soldiers life."
(344) Daniel Sickles was one of the first people during the Civil War to receive and amputation. His
right leg was shattered by a bomb, and he was rushed to the doctors. From the time the bomb hit
him to the time his leg was amputated was a total of one hour! Amputations became popular during
the Civil War because of the large amount of injured limbs. After preforming so many amputations,
Civil War surgeons were able to complete an amputation in just fifteen minutes,(Eyewitness to the
Civil War 342) and luckily, patients were now given chloroform pain killer through the inhaler. In
his book Gangrene and Glory Frank Freemon stated: "Surgery was quick, bloody, and brutal...
Taking the knife in his [Surgeon] bloody hands he called out 'Next'. Another solider was lifted and
placed, not too gently on the operating table" (Freemon 109) Amputations were life savers, because
without amputations a wounded limb would become infected and spread throughout the body
causing infection and leading to

Anesthesia During The Civil War
The Experience of a Civil War surgeon. Without chloroform and ether, the death rate in the Civil
War would have been much higher. In the book Civil War medicine; Challenges and Triumphs by,
Alfred Bollet, the Chapter called Desperate Measures for Desperate Wounds talks about surgery and
the use of anesthesia during the Civil War. Drawing on the experiences of European military
surgeons, Civil War surgeons used the best information available at the time to help their patients.
Although hampered by the lack of knowledge about bacteria, surgeon adapted and invented
techniques to solve new surgical problems. The area around the wound was shaved and debrided to
improve anesthesia. Chloroform was the anesthetic used during the Civil War . During

PRACTICAL REPORT ON THE ISOLATION AND
IDENTIFICATION OF...
PRACTICAL REPORT ON THE ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF CODEINE AND
PARACETAMOLPRACTICAL REPORT ON THE ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF
CODEINE AND PARACETAMOL
AIM: To extract codeine and paracetamol from its tablet by solvent extraction and tentatively
identify in comparison to standards using Thin Layer Chromatography.
INTRODUCTION:
Codeine or methyl morphine, an alkaloid, was first isolated in 1832 from raw opium. It
concentration ranges from 0.2% to 0.8%. Mostly used for its analgesic, anti–tussive and anti–
diarrheal capabilities (Tremlett, Anderson and Wolf, 2010). Paracetamol also known as
acetaminophen (n–acetyl–p–aminophenol, APAP) on the other hand, is a useful non– steroidal anti–
inflammatory drug (NSAID). It is commonly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On a thin chromatography plate, five spots were placed ( as shown in table 2) and the plate was
developed using chloroform/methanol. This was later visualized with dragendorff's reagent under
the UV light. All separated components were observed, identified and recorded.
RESULTS:
Table of observed pH
SOLUTION Initial pH Final pH
Basified sample 10 12 TABLE 1
Table of Retention factor (RF value)
Rf = Distance travelled by the substance (cm) Distance travelled by the solvent (cm)
SUBSTANCE Distance travelled by substance (cm) Distance travelled by Solvent (cm) Retention
factor value (Rf)
Chloroform extract 3.0 4.0 0.75
Codeine positive control 3.0 4.0 0.75
Paracetamol positive control 4.0 4.0 1.00
Chloroform (negative control) 3.5 4.0 0.86
Diluted sample 4.0 4.0 1.00 TABLE 2
DIAGRAM:
Fig 3: The Developed Chromatographic Plate.
DISCUSSION:
Running the chloroform extracts and diluted sample together with two positive controls and a
negative control on a single chromatographic plate simultaneously, the retention factor(Rf) of five

different samples were determined. The RF value of the chloroform extract(0.75) tallied with that of
the codeine positive control and that of diluted sample(1.00) with the paracetamol positive control.

Anesthesia After The Civil War
Another way anesthesia improved healthcare was through continued public acknowledgement of its
versatility. It also led to new discoveries in the medical field and impacted the rest of America's
medical–related future. First off, it was widely used in the Crimean War over in Europe from 1853–
1856. Because of anesthesia's success in the Crimean War, American physicians read up on the use
of chloroform through pamphlets and documents that detailed how chloroform was used in the
Crimean War and how it was used in civilian practices (Devine). As the war raged on, it soon
became a common realization, after trial and error, that doctors should use chloroform during
surgical operations when needed. By the end of the Civil War, Union records showed

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