Version1.0 StartHTML000000212 EndHTML000116111 StartFragment0000

Version:1.0 StartHTML:000000212 EndHTML:000116111
StartFragment:000074954 EndFragment:000115997
StartSelection:000074954 EndSelection:000115997
SourceURL:https://learn.umuc.edu/d2l/le/content/348510/Home
.d2l-icon-0 { -ms-flex-align:center;-webkit-align-
items:center;align-items:center;color:#565a5c;display:-ms-
inline-flexbox;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:inline-
flex;fill:currentcolor;height:18px;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-
justify-content:center;justify-
content:center;stroke:none;vertical-align:middle;width:18px; }
.d2l-icon-0[icon*="d2l-tier2:"] { height:24px;width:24px; }
.d2l-icon-0[icon*="d2l-tier3:"] { height:30px;width:30px; }
.d2l-icon-0[hidden] { display:none; } .d2l-button-icon-1[d2l-
visible-on-ancestor-init] { visibility:hidden; } .d2l-button-
icon-1[d2l-visible-on-ancestor-transition] {
transition:transform 200ms ease-out, opacity 200ms ease-out
!important; } .d2l-button-icon-1[d2l-visible-on-ancestor-hide]
{ opacity:0 !important;transform:translateY(-10px) !important;
} @media only screen and (hover: none), only screen and (-
moz-touch-enabled: 1) { .d2l-button-icon-1[d2l-visible-on-
ancestor-hide] { opacity:1
!important;transform:translateY(0px) !important; } .d2l-button-
icon-1[d2l-visible-on-ancestor-hide][d2l-visible-on-ancestor-
no-hover-hide] { opacity:0 !important;transform:translateY(-
10px) !important; } } .d2l-button-icon-1 { display:inline-
block; } .d2l-button-icon-1[hidden] { display:none; } .d2l-
button-icon-1 button.d2l-button-icon { background-
color:transparent;border-color:transparent;font-
family:inherit;box-shadow:0 0 0 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);border-
radius:0.3rem;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;box-
sizing:border-box;cursor:pointer;display:inline-
block;margin:0;min-height:calc(2rem + 2px);outline:none;text-
align:center;transition:box-shadow 0.2s;-webkit-user-
select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-
select:none;vertical-align:middle;white-

space:nowrap;width:auto;border-radius:0.3rem;min-
height:calc(2rem + 2px);min-width:calc(2rem +
2px);position:relative; } .d2l-button-icon-1[h-align="text"]
button.d2l-button-icon { left:calc(((2rem + 2px - 0.9rem) / 2) *
-1); } [dir="rtl"] .d2l-button-icon-1[h-align="text"] button.d2l-
button-icon, .d2l-button-icon-1[dir="rtl"][h-align="text"]
button.d2l-button-icon { left:0;right:calc(((2rem + 2px -
0.9rem) / 2) * -1); } [dir="rtl"] .d2l-button-icon-1:host([h-
align="text"]) button.d2l-button-icon, .d2l-button-icon-
1[dir="rtl"]:host([h-align="text"]) button.d2l-button-icon {
left:0;right:calc(((2rem + 2px - 0.9rem) / 2) * -1); }
[dir="rtl"] .d2l-button-icon-1[h-align="text"] button.d2l-
button-icon, .d2l-button-icon-1[dir="rtl"][h-align="text"]
button.d2l-button-icon,.d2l-button-icon-1 [dir="rtl"] [h-
align="text"] button.d2l-button-icon { left:0;right:calc(((2rem
+ 2px - 0.9rem) / 2) * -1); } :host([dir="rtl"] .d2l-button-icon-
1[h-align="text"]) button.d2l-button-icon, :host(.d2l-button-
icon-1[dir="rtl"][h-align="text"]) button.d2l-button-icon {
left:0;right:calc(((2rem + 2px - 0.9rem) / 2) * -1); } .d2l-
button-icon-1 button.d2l-button-icon::-moz-focus-inner {
border:0; } .d2l-button-icon-1 button[disabled].d2l-button-
icon:hover,.d2l-button-icon-1 button[disabled].d2l-button-
icon:focus,.d2l-button-icon-1[active] button[disabled].d2l-
button-icon { background-color:transparent; } .d2l-button-
icon-1 button.d2l-button-icon:hover,.d2l-button-icon-1
button.d2l-button-icon:focus,.d2l-button-icon-1[active]
button.d2l-button-icon,.d2l-button-icon-1.d2l-button-icon-hover
button.d2l-button-icon,.d2l-button-icon-1.d2l-button-icon-focus
button.d2l-button-icon { background-color:#e6eaf0; } .d2l-
button-icon-1 button.d2l-button-icon:focus,.d2l-button-icon-
1.d2l-button-icon-focus button.d2l-button-icon { border-
color:rgba(0, 111, 191, 0.4);box-shadow:0 0 0 4px rgba(0, 111,
191, 0.3); } .d2l-button-icon-1 .d2l-button-icon.d2l-button-icon
{ height:0.9rem;width:0.9rem; } .d2l-button-icon-
1[translucent] button.d2l-button-icon { background-
color:rgba(0,0,0,0.5);transition:background-color 0.5s; } .d2l-

button-icon-1[translucent] .d2l-button-icon.d2l-button-icon {
color:white; } .d2l-button-icon-1[active][translucent]
button.d2l-button-icon,.d2l-button-icon-1[translucent].d2l-
button-icon-hover button.d2l-button-icon,.d2l-button-icon-
1[translucent].d2l-button-icon-focus button.d2l-button-
icon,.d2l-button-icon-1[translucent] button.d2l-button-
icon:hover,.d2l-button-icon-1[translucent] button.d2l-button-
icon:focus { border:none;background-color:#006fbf;box-
shadow:none; } .d2l-button-icon-1 button[disabled].d2l-button-
icon { cursor:default;opacity:0.5; } .d2l-button-icon-0[d2l-
visible-on-ancestor-init] { visibility:hidden; } .d2l-button-
icon-0[d2l-visible-on-ancestor-transition] {
transition:transform 200ms ease-out, opacity 200ms ease-out
!important; } .d2l-button-icon-0[d2l-visible-on-ancestor-hide]
{ opacity:0 !important;transform:translateY(-10px) !important;
} @media only screen and (hover: none), only screen and (-
moz-touch-enabled: 1) { .d2l-button-icon-0[d2l-visible-on-
!important;transform:translateY(0px) !important; } .d2l-button-
icon-0[d2l-visible-on-ancestor-hide][d2l-visible-on-ancestor-
no-hover-hide] { opacity:0 !important;transform:translateY(-
10px) !important; } } .d2l-button-icon-0 { display:inline-
block; } .d2l-button-icon-0[hidden] { display:none; } .d2l-
button-icon-0 button.d2l-button-icon { background-
color:transparent;border-color:transparent;font-
family:inherit;box-shadow:0 0 0 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);border-
radius:0.3rem;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;box-
sizing:border-box;cursor:pointer;display:inline-
space:nowrap;width:auto;border-radius:4px;min-
height:1.7rem;min-width:1.7rem;position:relative; } .d2l-
button-icon-0[h-align="text"] button.d2l-button-icon {
left:calc(((2rem + 2px - 0.9rem) / 2) * -1); } [dir="rtl"] .d2l-

button-icon-0[h-align="text"] button.d2l-button-icon, .d2l-
button-icon-0[dir="rtl"][h-align="text"] button.d2l-button-icon
{ left:0;right:calc(((2rem + 2px - 0.9rem) / 2) * -1); }
[dir="rtl"] .d2l-button-icon-0:host([h-align="text"]) button.d2l-
button-icon, .d2l-button-icon-0[dir="rtl"]:host([h-align="text"])
0.9rem) / 2) * -1); } [dir="rtl"] .d2l-button-icon-0[h-
align="text"] button.d2l-button-icon, .d2l-button-icon-
0[dir="rtl"][h-align="text"] button.d2l-button-icon,.d2l-button-
icon-0 [dir="rtl"] [h-align="text"] button.d2l-button-icon {
left:0;right:calc(((2rem + 2px - 0.9rem) / 2) * -1); }
:host([dir="rtl"] .d2l-button-icon-0[h-align="text"]) button.d2l-
button-icon, :host(.d2l-button-icon-0[dir="rtl"][h-align="text"])
0.9rem) / 2) * -1); } .d2l-button-icon-0 button.d2l-button-
icon::-moz-focus-inner { border:0; } .d2l-button-icon-0
button[disabled].d2l-button-icon:hover,.d2l-button-icon-0
button[disabled].d2l-button-icon:focus,.d2l-button-icon-
0[active] button[disabled].d2l-button-icon { background-
color:transparent; } .d2l-button-icon-0 button.d2l-button-
icon:hover,.d2l-button-icon-0 button.d2l-button-icon:focus,.d2l-
button-icon-0[active] button.d2l-button-icon,.d2l-button-icon-
0.d2l-button-icon-hover button.d2l-button-icon,.d2l-button-
icon-0.d2l-button-icon-focus button.d2l-button-icon {
background-color:#e6eaf0; } .d2l-button-icon-0 button.d2l-
button-icon:focus,.d2l-button-icon-0.d2l-button-icon-focus
button.d2l-button-icon { border-color:rgba(0, 111, 191,
0.4);box-shadow:0 0 0 4px rgba(0, 111, 191, 0.3); } .d2l-
button-icon-0 .d2l-button-icon.d2l-button-icon {
height:0.9rem;width:0.9rem; } .d2l-button-icon-0[translucent]
button.d2l-button-icon { background-
color:rgba(0,0,0,0.5);transition:background-color 0.5s; } .d2l-
button-icon-0[translucent] .d2l-button-icon.d2l-button-icon {
color:white; } .d2l-button-icon-0[active][translucent]
button.d2l-button-icon,.d2l-button-icon-0[translucent].d2l-
button-icon-hover button.d2l-button-icon,.d2l-button-icon-

0[translucent].d2l-button-icon-focus button.d2l-button-
icon,.d2l-button-icon-0[translucent] button.d2l-button-
icon:hover,.d2l-button-icon-0[translucent] button.d2l-button-
icon:focus { border:none;background-color:#006fbf;box-
shadow:none; } .d2l-button-icon-0 button[disabled].d2l-button-
icon { cursor:default;opacity:0.5; } .d2l-button-subtle-0 {
display:inline-block; } .d2l-button-subtle-0 button.d2l-button-
subtle { background-color:transparent;border-
color:transparent;font-family:inherit;padding:0.5rem
0.6rem;position:relative;box-shadow:0 0 0 4px rgba(0, 0, 0,
0);border-radius:0.3rem;border-style:solid;border-
width:1px;box-sizing:border-box;cursor:pointer;display:inline-
space:nowrap;width:auto;font-size:0.7rem;line-
height:1rem;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:0.2px; } .d2l-
button-subtle-0[h-align="text"] button.d2l-button-subtle {
left:-0.6rem; } [dir="rtl"] .d2l-button-subtle-0[h-align="text"]
button.d2l-button-subtle, .d2l-button-subtle-0[dir="rtl"][h-
align="text"] button.d2l-button-subtle { left:0;right:-0.6rem; }
[dir="rtl"] .d2l-button-subtle-0:host([h-align="text"])
button.d2l-button-subtle, .d2l-button-subtle-0[dir="rtl"]:host([h-
align="text"]) button.d2l-button-subtle { left:0;right:-0.6rem;
} [dir="rtl"] .d2l-button-subtle-0:host([h-align="text"])
button.d2l-button-subtle, .d2l-button-subtle-0[dir="rtl"]:host([h-
align="text"]) button.d2l-button-subtle,.d2l-button-subtle-0
[dir="rtl"] :host([h-align="text"]) button.d2l-button-subtle {
left:0;right:-0.6rem; } [dir="rtl"] .d2l-button-subtle-0[h-
align="text"] button.d2l-button-subtle, .d2l-button-subtle-
0[dir="rtl"][h-align="text"] button.d2l-button-subtle,.d2l-
button-subtle-0 [dir="rtl"] [h-align="text"] button.d2l-button-
subtle { left:0;right:-0.6rem; } .d2l-button-subtle-0
button.d2l-button-subtle::-moz-focus-inner { border:0; } .d2l-
button-subtle-0 button[disabled].d2l-button-subtle:hover,.d2l-

button-subtle-0 button[disabled].d2l-button-subtle:focus,.d2l-
button-subtle-0[active] button[disabled].d2l-button-subtle {
background-color:transparent; } .d2l-button-subtle-0
button.d2l-button-subtle:hover,.d2l-button-subtle-0 button.d2l-
button-subtle:focus,.d2l-button-subtle-0[active] button.d2l-
button-subtle,.d2l-button-subtle-0.d2l-button-subtle-hover
button.d2l-button-subtle,.d2l-button-subtle-0.d2l-button-subtle-
focus button.d2l-button-subtle { background-color:#e6eaf0; }
.d2l-button-subtle-0 button.d2l-button-subtle:focus,.d2l-button-
subtle-0.d2l-button-subtle-focus button.d2l-button-subtle {
border-color:rgba(0, 111, 191, 0.4);box-shadow:0 0 0 4px
rgba(0, 111, 191, 0.3); } .d2l-button-subtle-0 .d2l-button-
subtle-content.d2l-button-subtle { color:#006fbf;vertical-
align:middle; } .d2l-button-subtle-0[icon] .d2l-button-subtle-
content.d2l-button-subtle { padding-left:1.2rem; } .d2l-
button-subtle-0[icon][icon-right] .d2l-button-subtle-content.d2l-
button-subtle { padding-left:0;padding-right:1.2rem; }
[dir="rtl"] .d2l-button-subtle-0:host([icon]) .d2l-button-subtle-
content.d2l-button-subtle, .d2l-button-subtle-
0[dir="rtl"]:host([icon]) .d2l-button-subtle-content.d2l-button-
subtle { padding-left:0;padding-right:1.2rem; } [dir="rtl"]
.d2l-button-subtle-0:host([icon]) .d2l-button-subtle-content.d2l-
button-subtle, .d2l-button-subtle-0[dir="rtl"]:host([icon]) .d2l-
button-subtle-content.d2l-button-subtle,.d2l-button-subtle-0
[dir="rtl"] :host([icon]) .d2l-button-subtle-content.d2l-button-
subtle { padding-left:0;padding-right:1.2rem; } [dir="rtl"]
.d2l-button-subtle-0[icon] .d2l-button-subtle-content.d2l-
button-subtle, .d2l-button-subtle-0[dir="rtl"][icon] .d2l-button-
subtle-content.d2l-button-subtle,.d2l-button-subtle-0 [dir="rtl"]
[icon] .d2l-button-subtle-content.d2l-button-subtle { padding-
left:0;padding-right:1.2rem; } [dir="rtl"] .d2l-button-subtle-
0:host([icon]):host([icon-right]) .d2l-button-subtle-content.d2l-
button-subtle, .d2l-button-subtle-
0[dir="rtl"]:host([icon]):host([icon-right]) .d2l-button-subtle-
content.d2l-button-subtle { padding-left:1.2rem;padding-
right:0; } [dir="rtl"] .d2l-button-subtle-

0:host([icon]):host([icon-right]) .d2l-button-subtle-content.d2l-
button-subtle, .d2l-button-subtle-
0[dir="rtl"]:host([icon]):host([icon-right]) .d2l-button-subtle-
content.d2l-button-subtle,.d2l-button-subtle-0 [dir="rtl"]
:host([icon]):host([icon-right]) .d2l-button-subtle-content.d2l-
button-subtle { padding-left:1.2rem;padding-right:0; }
[dir="rtl"] .d2l-button-subtle-0[icon][icon-right] .d2l-button-
subtle-content.d2l-button-subtle, .d2l-button-subtle-
0[dir="rtl"][icon][icon-right] .d2l-button-subtle-content.d2l-
button-subtle,.d2l-button-subtle-0 [dir="rtl"] [icon][icon-right]
.d2l-button-subtle-content.d2l-button-subtle { padding-
left:1.2rem;padding-right:0; } .d2l-button-subtle-0 d2l-
icon.d2l-button-subtle-icon.d2l-button-subtle {
color:#006fbf;display:none;height:0.9rem;position:absolute;to
p:50%;transform:translateY(-50%);width:0.9rem; } .d2l-button-
subtle-0[icon] d2l-icon.d2l-button-subtle-icon.d2l-button-subtle
{ display:inline-block; } .d2l-button-subtle-0[icon][icon-
right] d2l-icon.d2l-button-subtle-icon.d2l-button-subtle {
right:0.6rem; } .d2l-button-subtle-0[dir="rtl"][icon][icon-
right] d2l-icon.d2l-button-subtle-icon.d2l-button-subtle {
left:0.6rem;right:auto; } [dir="rtl"] .d2l-button-subtle-
0[icon][icon-right] d2l-icon.d2l-button-subtle-icon.d2l-button-
subtle, .d2l-button-subtle-0[dir="rtl"][icon][icon-right] d2l-
icon.d2l-button-subtle-icon.d2l-button-subtle,.d2l-button-
subtle-0 [dir="rtl"] [icon][icon-right] d2l-icon.d2l-button-
subtle-icon.d2l-button-subtle { left:0.6rem;right:auto; } .d2l-
button-subtle-0 button[disabled].d2l-button-subtle {
cursor:default;opacity:0.5; } d2l-menu-item { background-
color:#ffffff;box-sizing:border-
box;cursor:pointer;display:block;font-
size:0.8rem;outline:none;width:100%; } d2l-menu-
item[disabled],d2l-menu-item[disabled]:hover,d2l-menu-
item[disabled]:focus { cursor:default;opacity:0.75; } d2l-
menu-item[hidden] { display:none; } d2l-menu-item {
display:flex;padding:0.75rem 1rem; } d2l-menu-item >
span.d2l-menu-item { flex:auto;line-height:1rem;overflow-

x:hidden;overflow-y:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-
space:nowrap; } d2l-menu-item > d2l-icon.d2l-menu-item {
flex:none;margin-top:0.1rem; } d2l-menu-item-separator {
display:block; } d2l-menu-item-return { background-
color:#ffffff;box-sizing:border-
size:0.8rem;outline:none;width:100%; } d2l-menu-item-
return[disabled],d2l-menu-item-return[disabled]:hover,d2l-
menu-item-return[disabled]:focus {
cursor:default;opacity:0.75; } d2l-menu-item-return[hidden] {
display:none; } d2l-menu-item-return {
display:flex;padding:0.75rem 1rem; } d2l-menu-item-return >
span.d2l-menu-item-return { flex:auto;line-
height:1rem;overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:hidden;text-
decoration:none;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap; }
d2l-menu-item-return > d2l-icon.d2l-menu-item-return {
flex:none;margin-right:1rem;margin-top:0.1rem; } [dir="rtl"]
d2l-menu-item-return > d2l-icon.d2l-menu-item-return, d2l-
menu-item-return[dir="rtl"] > d2l-icon.d2l-menu-item-return {
margin-right:0;margin-left:1rem; } [dir="rtl"] d2l-menu-item-
return > d2l-icon.d2l-menu-item-return, d2l-menu-item-
return[dir="rtl"] > d2l-icon.d2l-menu-item-return,d2l-menu-
item-return [dir="rtl"] > d2l-icon.d2l-menu-item-return {
margin-right:0;margin-left:1rem; } .d2l-menu-0 { box-
sizing:border-box;display:inline-
block;position:relative;left:0;overflow:hidden;width:100%;-
webkit-transition:height 300ms linear;transition:height 300ms
linear; } .d2l-menu-0[child-view] {
display:none;position:absolute;top:0;left:100%; } .d2l-menu-
0[shown] { display:inline-block; } .d2l-menu-0 .d2l-
hierarchical-view-content.d2l-child-view-show.d2l-menu { -
webkit-animation:show-child-view-animation-d2l-menu-0
forwards 300ms linear;animation:show-child-view-animation-
d2l-menu-0 300ms forwards linear; } .d2l-menu-0 .d2l-
hierarchical-view-content.d2l-child-view-hide.d2l-menu { -
webkit-animation:hide-child-view-animation-d2l-menu-0

forwards 300ms linear;animation:hide-child-view-animation-
d2l-menu-0 300ms forwards linear; } @keyframes show-child-
view-animation-d2l-menu-0 { 0% { transform:translate(0,0); }
100% { transform:translate(-100%,0); } } @-webkit-
keyframes show-child-view-animation-d2l-menu-0 { 0% { -
webkit-transform:translate(0,0); } 100% { -webkit-
transform:translate(-100%,0); } } @keyframes hide-child-
view-animation-d2l-menu-0 { 0% { transform:translate(-
100%,0); } 100% { transform:translate(0,0); } } @-webkit-
keyframes hide-child-view-animation-d2l-menu-0 { 0% { -
webkit-transform:translate(-100%,0); } 100% { -webkit-
transform:translate(0,0); } } .d2l-menu-0 { box-
sizing:border-box;display:block;width:100%;padding-top:1px; }
.d2l-menu-0[active] .d2l-menu-items.d2l-menu d2l-menu-item-
return[role="menuitem"].d2l-menu,.d2l-menu-0[active] .d2l-
menu-items.d2l-menu > [role="menuitem"],.d2l-menu-0[active]
.d2l-menu-items.d2l-menu > [role="menuitemcheckbox"],.d2l-
menu-0[active] .d2l-menu-items.d2l-menu >
[role="menuitemradio"] { position:relative; } .d2l-menu-0
.d2l-menu-items.d2l-menu d2l-menu-item-
return[role="menuitem"].d2l-menu,.d2l-menu-0 .d2l-menu-
items.d2l-menu > [role="menuitem"],.d2l-menu-0 .d2l-menu-
items.d2l-menu > [role="menuitemcheckbox"],.d2l-menu-0 .d2l-
menu-items.d2l-menu > [role="menuitemradio"] { margin-
top:-1px;border:1px solid transparent;border-top-
color:#e6eaf0;color:#565a5c; } .d2l-menu-0 .d2l-menu-
items.d2l-menu d2l-menu-item-return[role="menuitem"].d2l-
menu,.d2l-menu-0 .d2l-menu-items.d2l-menu > .d2l-menu-item-
first[role="menuitem"],.d2l-menu-0 .d2l-menu-items.d2l-menu
> .d2l-menu-item-first[role="menuitemcheckbox"],.d2l-menu-0
.d2l-menu-items.d2l-menu > .d2l-menu-item-
first[role="menuitemradio"] { border-top-color:transparent; }
.d2l-menu-0 .d2l-menu-items.d2l-menu d2l-menu-item-
return[role="menuitem"].d2l-menu:focus,.d2l-menu-0 .d2l-
menu-items.d2l-menu d2l-menu-item-
return[role="menuitem"].d2l-menu:hover,.d2l-menu-0 .d2l-

menu-items.d2l-menu > [role="menuitem"]:focus,.d2l-menu-0
.d2l-menu-items.d2l-menu > [role="menuitem"]:hover,.d2l-
menu-0 .d2l-menu-items.d2l-menu >
[role="menuitemcheckbox"]:focus,.d2l-menu-0 .d2l-menu-
items.d2l-menu > [role="menuitemcheckbox"]:hover,.d2l-menu-
0 .d2l-menu-items.d2l-menu >
[role="menuitemradio"]:focus,.d2l-menu-0 .d2l-menu-items.d2l-
menu > [role="menuitemradio"]:hover,.d2l-menu-0 .d2l-menu-
items.d2l-menu > .d2l-menu-item-
first[role="menuitem"]:focus,.d2l-menu-0 .d2l-menu-items.d2l-
menu > .d2l-menu-item-first[role="menuitem"]:hover,.d2l-
menu-0 .d2l-menu-items.d2l-menu > .d2l-menu-item-
first[role="menuitemcheckbox"]:focus,.d2l-menu-0 .d2l-menu-
first[role="menuitemcheckbox"]:hover,.d2l-menu-0 .d2l-menu-
first[role="menuitemradio"]:focus,.d2l-menu-0 .d2l-menu-
first[role="menuitemradio"]:hover { z-index:2;background-
color:#e8f2f9;border-top:1px solid #29a6ff;border-bottom:1px
solid #29a6ff;color:#006fbf; } .d2l-menu-0 .d2l-menu-
last[role="menuitem"]:focus,.d2l-menu-0 .d2l-menu-items.d2l-
menu > .d2l-menu-item-last[role="menuitem"]:hover,.d2l-menu-
0 .d2l-menu-items.d2l-menu > .d2l-menu-item-
last[role="menuitemcheckbox"]:focus,.d2l-menu-0 .d2l-menu-
last[role="menuitemcheckbox"]:hover,.d2l-menu-0 .d2l-menu-
last[role="menuitemradio"]:focus,.d2l-menu-0 .d2l-menu-
last[role="menuitemradio"]:hover { border-bottom-
color:#29a6ff; } .d2l-menu-0 .d2l-menu-items.d2l-menu > d2l-
menu-item-separator { position:relative;z-index:1;margin-top:-
1px;border-top:1px solid #b9c2d0; } .d2l-dropdown-menu-1 {
box-sizing:border-

box;color:#565a5c;display:none;left:0;position:absolute;text-
align:left;top:calc(100% + 12px);width:100%;z-index:1000; }
.d2l-dropdown-menu-1[opened] { display:inline-block; }
.d2l-dropdown-menu-1[opened] { -webkit-animation:d2l-
dropdown-animation-d2l-dropdown-menu-1 300ms
ease;animation:d2l-dropdown-animation-d2l-dropdown-menu-1
300ms ease; } .d2l-dropdown-menu-1[opened-above] {
bottom:calc(100% + 12px);top:auto;-webkit-animation:d2l-
dropdown-above-animation-d2l-dropdown-menu-1 300ms
ease;animation:d2l-dropdown-above-animation-d2l-dropdown-
menu-1 300ms ease; } .d2l-dropdown-menu-1 .d2l-dropdown-
content-pointer.d2l-dropdown-menu {
position:absolute;display:inline-block;clip:rect(-5px, 21px,
8px, -7px);top:-7px;left:calc(50% - 7px);z-index:1; } .d2l-
dropdown-menu-1 .d2l-dropdown-content-pointer.d2l-
dropdown-menu > div.d2l-dropdown-menu { background-
color:#ffffff;border:1px solid #d3d9e3;border-
radius:0.1rem;box-shadow:-4px -4px 12px -5px rgba(86, 90, 92,
.2);height:16px;width:16px;transform:rotate(45deg);-webkit-
transform:rotate(45deg); } .d2l-dropdown-menu-1[opened-
above] .d2l-dropdown-content-pointer.d2l-dropdown-menu {
top:auto;clip:rect(9px, 21px, 22px, -3px);bottom:-8px; } .d2l-
dropdown-menu-1[opened-above] .d2l-dropdown-content-
pointer.d2l-dropdown-menu > div.d2l-dropdown-menu { box-
shadow:4px 4px 12px -5px rgba(86, 90, 92, .2); } .d2l-
dropdown-menu-1[no-pointer] .d2l-dropdown-content-
pointer.d2l-dropdown-menu { display:none; } .d2l-dropdown-
menu-1 .d2l-dropdown-content-position.d2l-dropdown-menu {
border-radius:0.3rem;display:inline-block;position:absolute; }
.d2l-dropdown-menu-1 .d2l-dropdown-content-width.d2l-
dropdown-menu { background-color:#ffffff;border:1px solid
#d3d9e3;border-radius:0.3rem;box-shadow:0 2px 12px 0 rgba(0,
0, 0, 0.15);box-sizing:border-box;min-width:70px;max-
width:370px;position:absolute;width:100vw; } .d2l-dropdown-
menu-1[opened-above] .d2l-dropdown-content-width.d2l-
dropdown-menu { bottom:100%; } .d2l-dropdown-menu-1

.d2l-dropdown-content-container.d2l-dropdown-menu { box-
sizing:border-box;display:inline-block;max-
width:100%;outline:none;padding:1rem; } .d2l-dropdown-
menu-1[no-padding] .d2l-dropdown-content-container.d2l-
dropdown-menu { padding:0; } .d2l-dropdown-menu-1 .d2l-
dropdown-content-top.d2l-dropdown-menu,.d2l-dropdown-
menu-1 .d2l-dropdown-content-bottom.d2l-dropdown-menu {
height:5px;position:relative;z-index:1; } .d2l-dropdown-
menu-1 .d2l-dropdown-content-top.d2l-dropdown-menu {
border-top-left-radius:0.3rem;border-top-right-radius:0.3rem;
} .d2l-dropdown-menu-1 .d2l-dropdown-content-bottom.d2l-
dropdown-menu { border-bottom-left-radius:0.3rem;border-
bottom-right-radius:0.3rem; } .d2l-dropdown-menu-1 .d2l-
dropdown-content-top-scroll.d2l-dropdown-menu { box-
shadow:0 3px 3px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05); } .d2l-dropdown-menu-
1 .d2l-dropdown-content-bottom-scroll.d2l-dropdown-menu {
box-shadow:0 -3px 3px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05); } [dir="rtl"]
.d2l-dropdown-menu-1, .d2l-dropdown-menu-1[dir="rtl"] {
left:auto;right:0;text-align:right; } [dir="rtl"] .d2l-dropdown-
menu-1, .d2l-dropdown-menu-1[dir="rtl"] {
left:auto;right:0;text-align:right; } @keyframes d2l-
dropdown-animation-d2l-dropdown-menu-1 { 0% {
transform:translate(0,-10px);opacity:0; } 100% {
transform:translate(0,0);opacity:1; } } @keyframes d2l-
dropdown-above-animation-d2l-dropdown-menu-1 { 0% {
transform:translate(0,10px);opacity:0; } 100% {
transform:translate(0,0);opacity:1; } } @-webkit-keyframes
d2l-dropdown-animation-d2l-dropdown-menu-1 { 0% { -
webkit-transform:translate(0,-10px);opacity:0; } 100% { -
webkit-transform:translate(0,0);opacity:1; } } @-webkit-
keyframes d2l-dropdown-above-animation-d2l-dropdown-menu-
1 { 0% { -webkit-transform:translate(0,10px);opacity:0; }
100% { -webkit-transform:translate(0,0);opacity:1; } } .d2l-
dropdown-menu-0 { box-sizing:border-

.d2l-dropdown-menu-0[opened] { display:inline-block; }
.d2l-dropdown-menu-0[opened] { -webkit-animation:d2l-
dropdown-animation-d2l-dropdown-menu-0 300ms
ease;animation:d2l-dropdown-animation-d2l-dropdown-menu-0
300ms ease; } .d2l-dropdown-menu-0[opened-above] {
dropdown-above-animation-d2l-dropdown-menu-0 300ms
menu-0 300ms ease; } .d2l-dropdown-menu-0 .d2l-dropdown-
content-pointer.d2l-dropdown-menu {
dropdown-menu-0 .d2l-dropdown-content-pointer.d2l-
dropdown-menu > div.d2l-dropdown-menu { background-
transform:rotate(45deg); } .d2l-dropdown-menu-0[opened-
above] .d2l-dropdown-content-pointer.d2l-dropdown-menu {
dropdown-menu-0[opened-above] .d2l-dropdown-content-
pointer.d2l-dropdown-menu > div.d2l-dropdown-menu { box-
shadow:4px 4px 12px -5px rgba(86, 90, 92, .2); } .d2l-
dropdown-menu-0[no-pointer] .d2l-dropdown-content-
pointer.d2l-dropdown-menu { display:none; } .d2l-dropdown-
menu-0 .d2l-dropdown-content-position.d2l-dropdown-menu {
border-radius:0.3rem;display:inline-block;position:absolute; }
.d2l-dropdown-menu-0 .d2l-dropdown-content-width.d2l-
dropdown-menu { background-color:#ffffff;border:1px solid
#d3d9e3;border-radius:0.3rem;box-shadow:0 2px 12px 0 rgba(0,
0, 0, 0.15);box-sizing:border-box;min-width:70px;max-
menu-0[opened-above] .d2l-dropdown-content-width.d2l-
dropdown-menu { bottom:100%; } .d2l-dropdown-menu-0
.d2l-dropdown-content-container.d2l-dropdown-menu { box-

menu-0[no-padding] .d2l-dropdown-content-container.d2l-
dropdown-menu { padding:0; } .d2l-dropdown-menu-0 .d2l-
dropdown-content-top.d2l-dropdown-menu,.d2l-dropdown-
menu-0 .d2l-dropdown-content-bottom.d2l-dropdown-menu {
height:5px;position:relative;z-index:1; } .d2l-dropdown-
menu-0 .d2l-dropdown-content-top.d2l-dropdown-menu {
border-top-left-radius:0.3rem;border-top-right-radius:0.3rem;
} .d2l-dropdown-menu-0 .d2l-dropdown-content-bottom.d2l-
dropdown-menu { border-bottom-left-radius:0.3rem;border-
bottom-right-radius:0.3rem; } .d2l-dropdown-menu-0 .d2l-
dropdown-content-top-scroll.d2l-dropdown-menu { box-
shadow:0 3px 3px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05); } .d2l-dropdown-menu-
0 .d2l-dropdown-content-bottom-scroll.d2l-dropdown-menu {
box-shadow:0 -3px 3px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05); } [dir="rtl"]
.d2l-dropdown-menu-0, .d2l-dropdown-menu-0[dir="rtl"] {
left:auto;right:0;text-align:right; } [dir="rtl"] .d2l-dropdown-
menu-0, .d2l-dropdown-menu-0[dir="rtl"] {
left:auto;right:0;text-align:right; } @keyframes d2l-
dropdown-animation-d2l-dropdown-menu-0 { 0% {
transform:translate(0,-10px);opacity:0; } 100% {
transform:translate(0,0);opacity:1; } } @keyframes d2l-
dropdown-above-animation-d2l-dropdown-menu-0 { 0% {
d2l-dropdown-animation-d2l-dropdown-menu-0 { 0% { -
keyframes d2l-dropdown-above-animation-d2l-dropdown-menu-
0 { 0% { -webkit-transform:translate(0,10px);opacity:0; }
100% { -webkit-transform:translate(0,0);opacity:1; } } d2l-
menu-item-link { background-color:#ffffff;box-sizing:border-
size:0.8rem;outline:none;width:100%; } d2l-menu-item-
link[disabled],d2l-menu-item-link[disabled]:hover,d2l-menu-
item-link[disabled]:focus { cursor:default;opacity:0.75; } d2l-

menu-item-link[hidden] { display:none; } d2l-menu-item-link
{ display:block;padding:0; } d2l-menu-item-link > a.d2l-
menu-item-link { color:inherit;display:block;line-
height:1rem;outline:none;overflow-x:hidden;padding:0.75rem
1rem;text-decoration:none;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-
space:nowrap; } d2l-dropdown { display:inline-
block;outline:none;overflow:visible;position:relative; } .d2l-
dropdown-content-1 { box-sizing:border-
.d2l-dropdown-content-1[opened] { display:inline-block; }
.d2l-dropdown-content-1[opened] { -webkit-animation:d2l-
dropdown-animation-d2l-dropdown-content-1 300ms
ease;animation:d2l-dropdown-animation-d2l-dropdown-content-
1 300ms ease; } .d2l-dropdown-content-1[opened-above] {
dropdown-above-animation-d2l-dropdown-content-1 300ms
content-1 300ms ease; } .d2l-dropdown-content-1 .d2l-
dropdown-content-pointer.d2l-dropdown-content {
dropdown-content-1 .d2l-dropdown-content-pointer.d2l-
dropdown-content > div.d2l-dropdown-content { background-
transform:rotate(45deg); } .d2l-dropdown-content-1[opened-
above] .d2l-dropdown-content-pointer.d2l-dropdown-content {
dropdown-content-1[opened-above] .d2l-dropdown-content-
pointer.d2l-dropdown-content > div.d2l-dropdown-content {
box-shadow:4px 4px 12px -5px rgba(86, 90, 92, .2); } .d2l-
dropdown-content-1[no-pointer] .d2l-dropdown-content-
pointer.d2l-dropdown-content { display:none; } .d2l-
dropdown-content-1 .d2l-dropdown-content-position.d2l-

dropdown-content { border-radius:0.3rem;display:inline-
block;position:absolute; } .d2l-dropdown-content-1 .d2l-
dropdown-content-width.d2l-dropdown-content { background-
radius:0.3rem;box-shadow:0 2px 12px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);box-
sizing:border-box;min-width:70px;max-
content-1[opened-above] .d2l-dropdown-content-width.d2l-
dropdown-content { bottom:100%; } .d2l-dropdown-content-1
.d2l-dropdown-content-container.d2l-dropdown-content { box-
content-1[no-padding] .d2l-dropdown-content-container.d2l-
dropdown-content { padding:0; } .d2l-dropdown-content-1
.d2l-dropdown-content-top.d2l-dropdown-content,.d2l-
dropdown-content-1 .d2l-dropdown-content-bottom.d2l-
dropdown-content { height:5px;position:relative;z-index:1; }
.d2l-dropdown-content-1 .d2l-dropdown-content-top.d2l-
dropdown-content { border-top-left-radius:0.3rem;border-top-
right-radius:0.3rem; } .d2l-dropdown-content-1 .d2l-dropdown-
content-bottom.d2l-dropdown-content { border-bottom-left-
radius:0.3rem;border-bottom-right-radius:0.3rem; } .d2l-
dropdown-content-1 .d2l-dropdown-content-top-scroll.d2l-
dropdown-content { box-shadow:0 3px 3px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0,
0.05); } .d2l-dropdown-content-1 .d2l-dropdown-content-
bottom-scroll.d2l-dropdown-content { box-shadow:0 -3px 3px
0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05); } [dir="rtl"] .d2l-dropdown-content-1,
.d2l-dropdown-content-1[dir="rtl"] { left:auto;right:0;text-
align:right; } [dir="rtl"] .d2l-dropdown-content-1, .d2l-
dropdown-content-1[dir="rtl"] { left:auto;right:0;text-
align:right; } @keyframes d2l-dropdown-animation-d2l-
dropdown-content-1 { 0% { transform:translate(0,-
10px);opacity:0; } 100% { transform:translate(0,0);opacity:1;
} } @keyframes d2l-dropdown-above-animation-d2l-
dropdown-content-1 { 0% {

d2l-dropdown-animation-d2l-dropdown-content-1 { 0% { -
keyframes d2l-dropdown-above-animation-d2l-dropdown-
content-1 { 0% { -webkit-
transform:translate(0,10px);opacity:0; } 100% { -webkit-
transform:translate(0,0);opacity:1; } } d2l-dropdown-button-
subtle { display:inline-
block;outline:none;overflow:visible;position:relative; } d2l-
dropdown-more { display:inline-
dropdown-more[d2l-visible-on-ancestor-init] {
visibility:hidden; } d2l-dropdown-more[d2l-visible-on-
ancestor-transition] { transition:transform 200ms ease-out,
opacity 200ms ease-out !important; } d2l-dropdown-more[d2l-
visible-on-ancestor-hide] { opacity:0
!important;transform:translateY(-10px) !important; } @media
only screen and (hover: none), only screen and (-moz-touch-
enabled: 1) { d2l-dropdown-more[d2l-visible-on-ancestor-hide]
{ opacity:1 !important;transform:translateY(0px) !important; }
d2l-dropdown-more[d2l-visible-on-ancestor-hide][d2l-visible-
on-ancestor-no-hover-hide] { opacity:0
!important;transform:translateY(-10px) !important; } } d2l-
dropdown-more { display:inline-block; } iron-a11y-announcer
{ display:inline-
block;position:fixed;clip:rect(0px,0px,0px,0px); } iron-input {
display:inline-block; } .shown.d2l-course-image { opacity:1;
} img.d2l-course-image { object-fit:cover;object-
position:center;height:100%;width:100%;opacity:0;transition:op
acity 0.5s; } iron-scroll-threshold { display:block; } d2l-
sticky-element { position:-webkit-
sticky;position:sticky;top:0;z-index:4;line-height:0; } d2l-
table-wrapper { background-
color:transparent;display:block;width:100%; } d2l-table {
background-color:transparent;display:block;width:100%; }

d2l-rubric-criteria-groups { display:block; } d2l-rubric-
criteria-group.d2l-rubric-criteria-groups { padding-
bottom:24px; } d2l-alert-toast { display:block; } d2l-alert-
toast .d2l-alert-toast-container.d2l-alert-toast { display:none; }
d2l-alert-toast[open] .d2l-alert-toast-container.d2l-alert-toast {
border-radius:0.3rem;bottom:1rem;box-shadow:0 0.1rem
0.6rem 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.10);display:block;left:0;margin:0
auto;max-
width:710px;opacity:0;position:fixed;right:0;transition-
duration:250ms;transition-property:transform, opacity,
visibility;transition-timing-function:ease-
in;transform:translateY(0);visibility:hidden;width:100%;z-
index:10000; } d2l-alert-toast[open] .d2l-alert-toast-
container.d2l-alert-toast-container-opened.d2l-alert-toast {
opacity:1;transform:translateY(-0.5rem);visibility:visible; }
d2l-dropdown-button { display:inline-
dropdown-button d2l-icon.d2l-dropdown-button {
height:0.8rem;width:0.8rem; } d2l-dropdown-button .d2l-
dropdown-button-text.d2l-dropdown-button { margin-
right:0.6rem; } d2l-dropdown-button[primary] d2l-icon.d2l-
dropdown-button { color:white; } [dir="rtl"] d2l-dropdown-
button .d2l-dropdown-button-text.d2l-dropdown-button, d2l-
dropdown-button[dir="rtl"] .d2l-dropdown-button-text.d2l-
dropdown-button { margin-left:0.6rem;margin-right:0; }
[dir="rtl"] d2l-dropdown-button .d2l-dropdown-button-text.d2l-
dropdown-button, d2l-dropdown-button[dir="rtl"] .d2l-
dropdown-button-text.d2l-dropdown-button,d2l-dropdown-
button [dir="rtl"] .d2l-dropdown-button-text.d2l-dropdown-
button { margin-left:0.6rem;margin-right:0; } d2l-button-
group-menu[mini] .d2l-dropdown-opener.d2l-button-group-
menu { padding-left:0.5rem;padding-right:0.5rem; } d2l-
button-group { display:block; } d2l-button-group .d2l-button-
group-container.d2l-button-group { display:flex;flex:0 1
auto;flex-wrap:wrap; } d2l-button-group .d2l-button-group-
container.d2l-button-group > d2l-button,d2l-button-group .d2l-

button-group-container.d2l-button-group > d2l-button-
subtle,d2l-button-group .d2l-button-group-container.d2l-button-
group > d2l-button-icon,d2l-button-group .d2l-button-group-
container.d2l-button-group > d2l-link,d2l-button-group .d2l-
button-group-container.d2l-button-group > span,d2l-button-
group .d2l-button-group-container.d2l-button-group > d2l-
dropdown,d2l-button-group .d2l-button-group-container.d2l-
button-group > d2l-dropdown-button,d2l-button-group .d2l-
button-group-container.d2l-button-group > .d2l-button-group-
custom-item { margin-right:0.75rem; } d2l-button-group .d2l-
button-group-container.d2l-button-group > [chomped] {
display:none !important; } d2l-button-subtle-group-
menu[mini] .d2l-dropdown-opener.d2l-button-subtle-group-
menu { padding-left:0.5rem;padding-right:0.5rem; } d2l-
action-button-group { display:block; } d2l-action-button-
group .d2l-button-group-container.d2l-action-button-group {
display:flex;flex:0 1 auto;flex-wrap:wrap; } d2l-action-
button-group .d2l-button-group-container.d2l-action-button-
group > d2l-button,d2l-action-button-group .d2l-button-group-
container.d2l-action-button-group > d2l-button-subtle,d2l-
action-button-group .d2l-button-group-container.d2l-action-
button-group > d2l-button-icon,d2l-action-button-group .d2l-
button-group-container.d2l-action-button-group > d2l-link,d2l-
action-button-group .d2l-button-group-container.d2l-action-
button-group > span,d2l-action-button-group .d2l-button-group-
container.d2l-action-button-group > d2l-dropdown,d2l-action-
group > d2l-dropdown-button,d2l-action-button-group .d2l-
button-group-container.d2l-action-button-group > .d2l-button-
group-custom-item { margin-right:0.75rem; } d2l-action-
group > [chomped] { display:none !important; } d2l-
dropdown-context-menu { display:inline-
dropdown-context-menu[d2l-visible-on-ancestor-init] {
visibility:hidden; } d2l-dropdown-context-menu[d2l-visible-

on-ancestor-transition] { transition:transform 200ms ease-out,
opacity 200ms ease-out !important; } d2l-dropdown-context-
menu[d2l-visible-on-ancestor-hide] { opacity:0
!important;transform:translateY(-10px) !important; } @media
only screen and (hover: none), only screen and (-moz-touch-
enabled: 1) { d2l-dropdown-context-menu[d2l-visible-on-
!important;transform:translateY(0px) !important; } d2l-
dropdown-context-menu[d2l-visible-on-ancestor-hide][d2l-
visible-on-ancestor-no-hover-hide] { opacity:0
!important;transform:translateY(-10px) !important; } } d2l-
dropdown-context-menu { display:inline-block; } .d2l-input-
search-0 { ; } .d2l-input-search-0 input[type="text"].d2l-
input.d2l-input-search,.d2l-input-search-0
input[type="search"].d2l-input.d2l-input-search,.d2l-input-
search-0 input[type="tel"].d2l-input.d2l-input-search,.d2l-input-
search-0 input[type="url"].d2l-input.d2l-input-search,.d2l-
input-search-0 input[type="email"].d2l-input.d2l-input-
search,.d2l-input-search-0 input[type="password"].d2l-
input.d2l-input-search,.d2l-input-search-0
input[type="number"].d2l-input.d2l-input-search { border-
radius:0.3rem;border-style:solid;box-sizing:border-
box;display:inline-block;margin:0;min-width:calc(2rem +
1em);vertical-align:middle;width:100%;transition:background-
color 0.5s ease, border-color 0.5s ease;color:#565a5c;font-
size:0.8rem;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:0.02rem;line-
height:1.2rem;min-height:calc(2rem + 2px);background-
color:#ffffff;border-color:#d3d9e3;border-width:1px;box-
shadow:inset 0 2px 0 0 rgba(185, 194, 208, .2);padding:0.4rem
0.75rem;height:auto; } .d2l-input-search-0 textarea.d2l-
input.d2l-input-search { border-radius:0.3rem;border-
style:solid;box-sizing:border-box;display:inline-
block;margin:0;min-width:calc(2rem + 1em);vertical-
align:middle;width:100%;transition:background-color 0.5s ease,
border-color 0.5s ease;color:#565a5c;font-size:0.8rem;font-
weight:400;letter-spacing:0.02rem;line-height:1.2rem;min-

height:calc(2rem + 2px);background-color:#ffffff;border-
color:#d3d9e3;border-width:1px;box-shadow:inset 0 2px 0 0
rgba(185, 194, 208, .2);padding:0.4rem 0.75rem;height:auto;; }
.d2l-input-search-0 input.d2l-input.d2l-input-
search::placeholder,.d2l-input-search-0 textarea.d2l-input.d2l-
input-search::placeholder { color:#d3d9e3;font-
size:0.8rem;font-weight:400; } .d2l-input-search-0 input.d2l-
input.d2l-input-search::-webkit-input-placeholder,.d2l-input-
search-0 textarea.d2l-input.d2l-input-search::-webkit-input-
placeholder { color:#d3d9e3;font-size:0.8rem;font-weight:400;
} .d2l-input-search-0 input.d2l-input.d2l-input-search::-moz-
placeholder,.d2l-input-search-0 textarea.d2l-input.d2l-input-
search::-moz-placeholder { color:#d3d9e3;font-
size:0.8rem;font-weight:400; } .d2l-input-search-0 input.d2l-
input.d2l-input-search:-ms-input-placeholder,.d2l-input-search-
0 textarea.d2l-input.d2l-input-search:-ms-input-placeholder {
color:#d3d9e3;font-size:0.8rem;font-weight:400;font-
size:0.8rem; } .d2l-input-search-0 input.d2l-input.d2l-input-
search:hover:disabled,.d2l-input-search-0 textarea.d2l-
input.d2l-input-search:hover:disabled { background-
color:#ffffff;border-color:#d3d9e3;border-width:1px;box-
shadow:inset 0 2px 0 0 rgba(185, 194, 208, .2);padding:0.4rem
0.75rem; } .d2l-input-search-0 input.d2l-input.d2l-input-
search:hover,.d2l-input-search-0 input.d2l-input.d2l-input-
search:focus,.d2l-input-search-0 textarea.d2l-input.d2l-input-
search:hover,.d2l-input-search-0 textarea.d2l-input.d2l-input-
search:focus { border-color:#006fbf;border-width:2px;outline-
style:none;outline-width:0;padding:calc(0.4rem - 1px)
calc(0.75rem - 1px); } .d2l-input-search-0 input.d2l-input[aria-
invalid='true'].d2l-input-search,.d2l-input-search-0 input.d2l-
input.d2l-input-search:invalid,.d2l-input-search-0 textarea.d2l-
input[aria-invalid='true'].d2l-input-search,.d2l-input-search-0
textarea.d2l-input.d2l-input-search:invalid { border-
color:#cd2026; } .d2l-input-search-0 input.d2l-input.d2l-input-
search:disabled,.d2l-input-search-0 textarea.d2l-input.d2l-input-
search:disabled { opacity:0.5; } .d2l-input-search-0 input.d2l-

input.d2l-input-search::-webkit-search-cancel-button {
display:none; } .d2l-input-search-0 input.d2l-input.d2l-input-
search::-ms-clear { display:none;width:0;height:0; } .d2l-
input-search-0 { display:inline-
block;position:relative;width:100%; } .d2l-input-search-0
input[type="text"].d2l-input.d2l-input-search { font-
family:inherit;padding-right:2.4rem;overflow:hidden;text-
overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap; } [dir="rtl"] .d2l-input-
search-0 input[type="text"].d2l-input.d2l-input-search, .d2l-
input-search-0[dir="rtl"] input[type="text"].d2l-input.d2l-input-
search { padding-right:0.75rem;padding-left:2.4rem; }
[dir="rtl"] .d2l-input-search-0 input[type="text"].d2l-input.d2l-
input-search, .d2l-input-search-0[dir="rtl"]
input[type="text"].d2l-input.d2l-input-search,.d2l-input-search-
0 [dir="rtl"] input[type="text"].d2l-input.d2l-input-search {
padding-right:0.75rem;padding-left:2.4rem; } .d2l-input-
search-0 .d2l-input-search-hover.d2l-input-search
input[type="text"].d2l-input.d2l-input-search,.d2l-input-search-
0 .d2l-input-search-focus.d2l-input-search
input[type="text"].d2l-input.d2l-input-search { border-
color:#006fbf;border-width:2px;outline-style:none;outline-
width:0;padding:calc(0.4rem - 1px) calc(0.75rem -
1px);padding-right:calc(2.4rem - 1px); } [dir="rtl"] .d2l-input-
search-0 input[type="text"].d2l-input.d2l-input-search:hover,
.d2l-input-search-0[dir="rtl"] input[type="text"].d2l-input.d2l-
input-search:hover,[dir="rtl"] .d2l-input-search-0
input[type="text"].d2l-input.d2l-input-search:focus, .d2l-input-
search-0[dir="rtl"] input[type="text"].d2l-input.d2l-input-
search:focus,[dir="rtl"] .d2l-input-search-0 .d2l-input-search-
hover.d2l-input-search input[type="text"].d2l-input.d2l-input-
search, .d2l-input-search-0[dir="rtl"] .d2l-input-search-
search,[dir="rtl"] .d2l-input-search-0 .d2l-input-search-
focus.d2l-input-search input[type="text"].d2l-input.d2l-input-

search { padding-right:calc(0.75rem - 1px);padding-
left:calc(2.4rem - 1px); } [dir="rtl"] .d2l-input-search-0
input[type="text"].d2l-input.d2l-input-search:hover, .d2l-input-
search-0[dir="rtl"] input[type="text"].d2l-input.d2l-input-
search:hover,.d2l-input-search-0 [dir="rtl"]
input[type="text"].d2l-input.d2l-input-search:hover,[dir="rtl"]
.d2l-input-search-0 input[type="text"].d2l-input.d2l-input-
search:focus, .d2l-input-search-0[dir="rtl"]
input[type="text"].d2l-input.d2l-input-search:focus,.d2l-input-
search-0 [dir="rtl"] input[type="text"].d2l-input.d2l-input-
search:focus,[dir="rtl"] .d2l-input-search-0 .d2l-input-search-
search,.d2l-input-search-0 [dir="rtl"] .d2l-input-search-
search,[dir="rtl"] .d2l-input-search-0 .d2l-input-search-
search,.d2l-input-search-0 [dir="rtl"] .d2l-input-search-
search { padding-right:calc(0.75rem - 1px);padding-
left:calc(2.4rem - 1px); } .d2l-input-search-0 d2l-button-
icon.d2l-input-search {
;position:absolute;height:1.7rem;width:1.7rem;top:0.2rem;righ
t:0.2rem; } [dir="rtl"] .d2l-input-search-0 d2l-button-icon.d2l-
input-search, .d2l-input-search-0[dir="rtl"] d2l-button-icon.d2l-
input-search { left:0.2rem;right:auto; } [dir="rtl"] .d2l-input-
search-0 d2l-button-icon.d2l-input-search, .d2l-input-search-
0[dir="rtl"] d2l-button-icon.d2l-input-search,.d2l-input-search-0
[dir="rtl"] d2l-button-icon.d2l-input-search {
left:0.2rem;right:auto; } .d2l-input-search-0 d2l-button-
icon[hidden].d2l-input-search { display:none; } .d2l-
navigation-band-0 { border-top-color:#a30606;border-top-
style:solid;border-top-width:4px;display:block; } .d2l-

navigation-0 { ; } .d2l-navigation-0 .d2l-navigation-
centerer.d2l-navigation { margin:0 auto;max-width:1230px; }
.d2l-navigation-0 .d2l-navigation-gutters.d2l-navigation {
padding-left:2.439%;padding-right:2.439%;position:relative; }
@media (max-width: 615px) { .d2l-navigation-0 .d2l-
navigation-gutters.d2l-navigation { padding-
left:15px;padding-right:15px; } } @media (min-width:
1230px) { .d2l-navigation-0 .d2l-navigation-gutters.d2l-
navigation { padding-left:30px;padding-right:30px; } } .d2l-
navigation-0 .d2l-navigation-shadow-gradient.d2l-navigation {
background:linear-gradient(to bottom, rgba(249,250,251,1)
0%,rgba(249,250,251,0) 100%);bottom:-
150px;display:block;height:150px;width:100%;pointer-
events:none;position:absolute;z-index:-100; } .d2l-navigation-0
{ display:block;position:relative; } .d2l-navigation-0 .d2l-
navigation-shadow-drop-border.d2l-navigation { background-
color:rgba(0,0,0,0.02);bottom:-4px;height:4px;pointer-
events:none;position:absolute;width:100%; } .d2l-navigation-
button-1 { ; } .d2l-navigation-button-1 { display:inline-
block;height:100%; } .d2l-navigation-button-1 button.d2l-
navigation-button::-moz-focus-inner { border:0; } .d2l-
navigation-button-1 button.d2l-navigation-button > * {
pointer-events:none; } .d2l-navigation-button-1 button.d2l-
navigation-button:hover,.d2l-navigation-button-1 button.d2l-
navigation-button:focus,.d2l-navigation-button-1 button.d2l-
navigation-button:hover > *,.d2l-navigation-button-1
button.d2l-navigation-button:focus > * {
color:#006fbf;outline:none; } .d2l-navigation-button-1
button.d2l-navigation-button:hover > * *,.d2l-navigation-
button-1 button.d2l-navigation-button:focus > * * {
button.d2l-navigation-button:hover .d2l-navigation-button-top-
border.d2l-navigation-button,.d2l-navigation-button-1
button.d2l-navigation-button:focus .d2l-navigation-button-top-
border.d2l-navigation-button { background:#006fbf; } .d2l-
navigation-button-1 button.d2l-navigation-button { align-

items:center;background:transparent;border:none;color:#565a5c
;cursor:pointer;font-size:inherit;height:100%;margin:0;min-
height:40px;outline:none;overflow:visible;padding:0;position:re
lative;text-decoration:none;font-family:inherit;outline:none; }
.d2l-navigation-button-1 .d2l-navigation-button-top-border.d2l-
navigation-button { background:transparent;border-bottom-
left-radius:4px;border-bottom-right-
radius:4px;display:block;height:4px;left:-
7px;position:absolute;top:0;width:calc(100% + 14px); } .d2l-
navigation-button-1 .d2l-offscreen-description.d2l-navigation-
button { ; } [dir="rtl"] .d2l-navigation-button-1 .d2l-
offscreen-description.d2l-navigation-button, .d2l-navigation-
button-1[dir="rtl"] .d2l-offscreen-description.d2l-navigation-
button,[dir="rtl"] .d2l-navigation-button-1 .d2l-offscreen-
description.d2l-navigation-button, .d2l-navigation-button-
1[dir="rtl"] .d2l-offscreen-description.d2l-navigation-
button,.d2l-navigation-button-1 [dir="rtl"] .d2l-offscreen-
description.d2l-navigation-button { ; } .d2l-navigation-
button-1[disabled] button.d2l-navigation-button {
opacity:.5;cursor:default; } .d2l-navigation-button-0 { ; }
.d2l-navigation-button-0 { display:inline-block;height:100%;
} .d2l-navigation-button-0 button.d2l-navigation-button::-moz-
focus-inner { border:0; } .d2l-navigation-button-0 button.d2l-
navigation-button > * { pointer-events:none; } .d2l-
navigation-button-0 button.d2l-navigation-button:hover,.d2l-
navigation-button-0 button.d2l-navigation-button:focus,.d2l-
navigation-button-0 button.d2l-navigation-button:hover >
*,.d2l-navigation-button-0 button.d2l-navigation-button:focus >
* { color:#006fbf;outline:none; } .d2l-navigation-button-0
button.d2l-navigation-button:hover > * *,.d2l-navigation-
button-0 button.d2l-navigation-button:focus > * * {
button.d2l-navigation-button:hover .d2l-navigation-button-top-
border.d2l-navigation-button,.d2l-navigation-button-0
button.d2l-navigation-button:focus .d2l-navigation-button-top-
border.d2l-navigation-button { background:#006fbf; } .d2l-

navigation-button-0 button.d2l-navigation-button { align-
.d2l-navigation-button-0 .d2l-navigation-button-top-border.d2l-
navigation-button { background:transparent;border-bottom-
left-radius:4px;border-bottom-right-
radius:4px;display:block;height:4px;left:-
navigation-button-0 .d2l-offscreen-description.d2l-navigation-
button { position:absolute
!important;overflow:hidden;width:1px;height:1px;white-
space:nowrap;left:-10000px; } [dir="rtl"] .d2l-navigation-
button-0 .d2l-offscreen-description.d2l-navigation-button, .d2l-
navigation-button-0[dir="rtl"] .d2l-offscreen-description.d2l-
navigation-button,[dir="rtl"] .d2l-navigation-button-0 .d2l-
offscreen-description.d2l-navigation-button, .d2l-navigation-
button-0[dir="rtl"] .d2l-offscreen-description.d2l-navigation-
button,.d2l-navigation-button-0 [dir="rtl"] .d2l-offscreen-
description.d2l-navigation-button { left:0;right:-10000px; }
.d2l-navigation-button-0[disabled] button.d2l-navigation-
button { opacity:.5;cursor:default; } .d2l-navigation-button-
notification-icon-0 { ; } .d2l-navigation-button-notification-
icon-0 { display:inline-block;height:100%; } .d2l-navigation-
button-notification-icon-0[notification] .d2l-navigation-button-
notification-indicator.d2l-navigation-button-notification-icon {
display:inline-block; } .d2l-navigation-button-notification-
icon-0 .d2l-navigation-button-icon-container.d2l-navigation-
button-notification-icon { display:inline-
block;position:relative; } .d2l-navigation-button-notification-
icon-0 .d2l-navigation-button-notification-indicator.d2l-
navigation-button-notification-icon {
display:none;height:100%;position:absolute;right:calc(-50% -
4px);top:calc(-50% + 11px);width:100%; } [dir="rtl"] .d2l-
navigation-button-notification-icon-0 .d2l-navigation-button-

notification-indicator.d2l-navigation-button-notification-icon,
.d2l-navigation-button-notification-icon-0[dir="rtl"] .d2l-
navigation-button-notification-indicator.d2l-navigation-button-
notification-icon,[dir="rtl"] .d2l-navigation-button-notification-
icon-0 .d2l-navigation-button-notification-indicator.d2l-
navigation-button-notification-icon, .d2l-navigation-button-
notification-icon-0[dir="rtl"] .d2l-navigation-button-
notification-indicator.d2l-navigation-button-notification-
icon,.d2l-navigation-button-notification-icon-0 [dir="rtl"] .d2l-
navigation-button-notification-indicator.d2l-navigation-button-
notification-icon { left:calc(-50% - 4px);right:auto; } .d2l-
navigation-button-notification-icon-0 .d2l-navigation-button-
notification-indicator-icon.d2l-navigation-button-notification-
icon { background:#e87511;border:2px solid
white;height:10px;width:10px;border-radius:50%; } d2l-
navigation-button-close { display:inline-block;height:100%; }
d2l-navigation-button-notification-icon.d2l-navigation-button-
close { height:100%; } .d2l-navigation-link-0 { ; } .d2l-
navigation-link-0 { display:flex;height:100%; } .d2l-
navigation-link-0 a.d2l-navigation-link { align-
.d2l-navigation-link-0:not([href]) a.d2l-navigation-link {
cursor:default; } .d2l-navigation-link-0 a.d2l-navigation-
link:hover,.d2l-navigation-link-0 a.d2l-navigation-link:focus {
color:#006fbf;outline:none; } .d2l-navigation-link-0 a.d2l-
navigation-link:hover .d2l-navigation-link-top-border.d2l-
navigation-link,.d2l-navigation-link-0 a.d2l-navigation-
link:focus .d2l-navigation-link-top-border.d2l-navigation-link {
background:#006fbf; } .d2l-navigation-link-0 .d2l-navigation-
link-top-border.d2l-navigation-link {
background:transparent;border-bottom-left-radius:4px;border-
bottom-right-radius:4px;display:block;height:4px;left:-

navigation-main-header-0 { ; } .d2l-navigation-main-header-0
.d2l-navigation-centerer.d2l-navigation-main-header {
margin:0 auto;max-width:1230px; } .d2l-navigation-main-
header-0 .d2l-navigation-gutters.d2l-navigation-main-header {
@media (max-width: 615px) { .d2l-navigation-main-header-0
.d2l-navigation-gutters.d2l-navigation-main-header { padding-
1230px) { .d2l-navigation-main-header-0 .d2l-navigation-
gutters.d2l-navigation-main-header { padding-
left:30px;padding-right:30px; } } .d2l-navigation-main-
header-0 .d2l-navigation-shadow-gradient.d2l-navigation-main-
header { background:linear-gradient(to bottom,
rgba(249,250,251,1) 0%,rgba(249,250,251,0) 100%);bottom:-
events:none;position:absolute;z-index:-100; } .d2l-navigation-
main-header-0 { display:block; } .d2l-navigation-main-
header-0 .d2l-navigation-header-container.d2l-navigation-main-
header { align-items:center;display:flex;height:90px; }
@media (max-width: 767px) { .d2l-navigation-main-header-0
.d2l-navigation-header-container.d2l-navigation-main-header {
height:72px; } } .d2l-navigation-main-header-0 div.d2l-
navigation-main-header > .d2l-navigation-header-left,.d2l-
navigation-main-header-0 div.d2l-navigation-main-header >
.d2l-navigation-header-right { align-
items:center;display:flex;height:100%; } .d2l-navigation-main-
header-0 div.d2l-navigation-main-header > .d2l-navigation-
header-left { flex:0 1 auto; } .d2l-navigation-main-header-0
div.d2l-navigation-main-header > .d2l-navigation-header-right {
flex:0 0 auto; } .d2l-navigation-main-header-0 .d2l-
navigation-gutter.d2l-navigation-main-header { display:inline-
block;flex:1 1 auto;min-width:30px; } @media (max-width:
615px) { .d2l-navigation-main-header-0 .d2l-navigation-
gutter.d2l-navigation-main-header { min-width:30px / 2; } }
.d2l-navigation-main-footer-0 { ; } .d2l-navigation-main-
footer-0 .d2l-navigation-centerer.d2l-navigation-main-footer {

margin:0 auto;max-width:1230px; } .d2l-navigation-main-
footer-0 .d2l-navigation-gutters.d2l-navigation-main-footer {
@media (max-width: 615px) { .d2l-navigation-main-footer-0
.d2l-navigation-gutters.d2l-navigation-main-footer { padding-
1230px) { .d2l-navigation-main-footer-0 .d2l-navigation-
gutters.d2l-navigation-main-footer { padding-
left:30px;padding-right:30px; } } .d2l-navigation-main-footer-
0 .d2l-navigation-shadow-gradient.d2l-navigation-main-footer {
background:linear-gradient(to bottom, rgba(249,250,251,1)
0%,rgba(249,250,251,0) 100%);bottom:-
events:none;position:absolute;z-index:-100; } .d2l-navigation-
main-footer-0 { display:block; } d2l-navigation-link-image {
display:inline-block;height:100%; } img.d2l-navigation-link-
image { vertical-align:middle;border:none;max-
height:60px;max-width:260px; } .d2l-navigation-link-image-
container.d2l-navigation-link-image { height:100%;vertical-
align:middle;align-items:center;display:inline-flex; } .d2l-
navigation-separator-0 { display:inline-block;margin:0 9px; }
.d2l-navigation-separator-0 d2l-icon.d2l-navigation-separator {
color:#d3d9e3; } body {transition: opacity ease-in 0.2s; }
body[unresolved] {opacity: 0; display: block; overflow:
hidden; position: relative; } Week 8: Current and Future Legal
& Ethical Challenges in Health Care Organizations - HMGT
372 6381 Legal and Ethical Issues in Health Care (2192)
// .d2l-button-spacing:not([style-
scope]):not(.style-scope) { margin-right:0.75rem; }
[dir='rtl']:not([style-scope]):not(.style-scope) .d2l-button-
spacing:not([style-scope]):not(.style-scope) { margin-
left:0.75rem;margin-right:0; } [hidden]:not([style-
scope]):not(.style-scope) { display:none !important; }
html { font-size:18px; } .d2l-branding-
navigation-background-color {background-color: #FFFFFF;}
.d2l_1_83_791 {margin:10px;}

.d2l_1_84_998 {width:500px;}
.d2l_1_85_560 {background-position:left top;}
.d2l_1_86_962 {padding:1em;}
.d2l_1_87_886 {background-
image:url('https://s.brightspace.com/lib/bsi/10.8.10-
21/images/tier1/alert.svg');} .d2l_1_88_997
{background-position:right top;} .d2l_1_89_308
{padding-right:31px;} .d2l_1_90_321 {min-
height:18px;} .d2l_1_91_866 {background-
21/images/tier1/check.svg');} .d2l_1_92_278
{padding:3.4em;} .d2l_1_93_734 {table-layout:
Inherit;} .d2l_1_94_631 {vertical-align:top;}
.d2l_1_96_589 {margin-left:0px;}
.d2l_1_97_854 {width:67%;} .d2l_1_98_18
{line-height:1.5rem;} .d2l_1_100_262
{float:right;} .d2l_1_102_471 {padding:0.3rem
0.15rem;} .d2l_1_103_661 {min-width:1.5rem;}
.d2l_1_104_742 {background-color:#FFFFFF;}
.d2l_1_105_296 {border:2px solid
#E57231;border-radius:0.4rem;} .d2l_1_106_861
{text-align:center;} .d2l_1_107_866
{color:#E57231;} .d2l_1_108_569 {font-
size:0.8rem;} .d2l_1_109_27 {line-height:100%;}
.d2l_1_115_419 {margin-right:0.65rem;}
21/images/tier2/check.svg');background-position:0
0;background-repeat:no-
repeat;width:24px;height:24px;background-size:24px 24px;}
.d2l_1_126_698 {margin-left:20px;}
.d2l_1_130_432 {vertical-align:baseline;}
.d2l_1_131_884 {width:100%;}
.d2l_1_132_226 {table-layout: Fixed;}
.d2l_1_136_154 {margin-bottom:10px;}
.d2l_1_137_274 {padding:5px 0 10px 0;}

21/images/tier1/download.svg');background-position:0
0;background-repeat:no-
repeat;width:18px;height:18px;background-size:18px 18px;}
.d2l_1_148_972 {max-width:100%;}
.d2l_1_149_211 {height:20px;}
.d2l_1_150_121 {margin-right:10px;}
.d2l_1_155_636 {padding-top:23px;}
.d2l_1_283_144 {width:70%;}
.d2l_1_284_448 {overflow:hidden;}
21/images/tier1/link.svg');} .d2l_1_286_526
{background-position:left center;} .d2l_1_287_22
{padding-left:31px;} .d2l_1_288_897 {margin:0
0.8rem 0 0;} .d2l_1_289_332 {background-
21/images/tier1/discussions.svg');} .d2l_1_290_109
{background-
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Assignment #4
IMPORTANT NOTE: This paper must be submitted by Saturday
in the last week of class no later than 11:59pm EST and if late
will not be accepted. In addition to the written instructions,
there are 2 VIDEOS that explain this assignment. See above
links for videos.
The final project for this course is an analysis of the legal and
or ethical issues involved in the below health care scenario. See
questions to be answered at end of this factual scenario below. I
have also provided, after the formatting requirements for the
paper, two articles that will aid you in your analyzing the
scenario and writing your paper. The two articles to base the
analysis of your paper are entitled:
Clinical Ethics Issues and Discussion andA Framework for
Thinking Ethically
This is the final paper for the class and must be double spaced
and be approximately 4-5 pages in 12 point New Times Roman
font. Include a cover page [not counted as a page] which should
have student name and title of your paper. See more formatting
requirements later in these paper instructions.NOTE: For this
paper it is unnecessary to do any research beyond the two
articles I furnished with this assignment. Both are after the
specific paper requirements. You may use all the articles in the
class also. To do internet research would only be wasting your
valuable time.
Case Scenario
A 72 year old woman was admitted to the Neurological
Intensive Care Unit following a cerebral hemorrhage which left

her with severe brain damage and ventilator dependent. One
year before this event, the patient and her husband had drawn
up "living wills" with an attorney. She was diagnosed by her
treating physician as being in a permanent unconscious
condition. The patient's living will specified that the patient did
not want ventilator support or other artificial life support in the
event of a permanent unconscious condition or terminal
condition.The patient's husband is her legal next of kin and the
person with surrogate decision-making authority. When the
living will was discussed with him, he insisted that the patient
had not intended for the document to be used in a situation like
the present one. Further discussion with him revealed that he
understood that the patient would not be able to recover any
meaningful brain function but he argued that the living will did
not apply because her condition was not imminently terminal.
He further indicated that he did not consider his wife to be in a
permanent unconscious condition. The immediate family
members (the couple’s adult children) disagreed with their
father’s refusal to withdraw life support.The treatment team
allowed a week to pass to allow the husband more time to be
supported in his grief and to appreciate the gravity of his wife’s
situation. Nevertheless, at the end of this time, the husband was
unwilling to authorize withdrawal of life support measures
consistent with the patient's wishes as expressed in her living
will. End of scenario.You paper should have 3 major sections.
Each is numbered 1, 2 and 3.
Questions to be discussed based on the facts above. You must
weave into your discussion the relevant facts from above
scenario to support your discussion in discussion areas 2 and 3
below. And for discussion area 3 you must weave into your
discussion the ethics philosophy you pick for each issue from
the article A Framework for Thinking Ethically. A penalty will
be deducted if you fail to use appropriate headings in your
paper.
1. Three Legal/Ethical Issues
. Just list the three most important legal/ethics issues in this

scenario that you will discuss. They must be three separate,
different and distinct issues. Pay particular attention to the
article I furnished with this assignment. No explanation needed,
just state them 1, 2, 3.
2. Discussion of Three Legal/Ethical Issues.
Discuss the three most important ethical/legal issues you listed
above. Must use the relevant facts in the scenario to support
your discussion of the legal/ethical issues. Must use
headings below. Headings will be:
Legal/Ethical Issue 1
[state the issue] then discussion
[state the issue] then discussion
[state the issue] then discussion For each legal/ethical issue
above discuss a. Why each is a legal /ethical issue?
b. Discuss each issue in the context of the scenario facts and
c. Define the concepts you use
3. How I would Handle Each Issue.
First, in this section and for each issue, as a health care
provider, how would you handle each of the three issues
discussed above and why? Must use the relevant facts in the
scenario to support your positions. Secondly for each issue,
using the article in these requirements, entitled "A Framework
of Thinking Ethically" fully discuss the specific ethics
philosophy that would epitomize your handling of each issue.
Fully define the specific ethics philosophy used and weave the
ethics philosophy into your discussion. See article below
entitled A Framework for Thinking Ethically. Must use
headings below. Headings will be:
Handling of Legal/Ethical Issue #1
(followed by the discussion)

[A penalty will be deducted if you fail to use appropriate
headings in your paper. ]
This is an independent paper and you are on the honor system
not to discuss or consult with any students or other individuals
about this paper. You may use the information we have
discussed in the class, the articles in the class, and the two
articles I have furnished below. Just so you know, all you need
to read to analyze the questions for your paper are the two
articles I have furnished with this assignment and information
in the class.
All you need to read to analyze the questions for this paper are
the two articles below entitled:Clinical Ethics Issues and
Discussion & A Framework for Thinking Ethically
The paper must be:
Late submission – No late assignment 4 papers will be accepted.
Paper is due Saturday in the last week of class no later than
11:59pm EST.
. Paper must be in narrative format not outline or
bullets. Double spaced and be 4-5 pages in 12 point New Times
Roman font. [No deduction if paper exceeds a page or so. Thus
3 and half page paper will be penalized.]Must cite to source of
all your facts in the text of your paper in APA format. You can
cite directly to the original source. Here are the links to the
sources where the University received copyright permissions for
the materials:Clinical Ethics and Law:
http://depts.washington.edu/bioethx/topics/law.html
A Framework for Ethical Decision Making:
https://www.scu.edu/ethics/ethics-resources/ethical-decision-
making/a-framework-for-ethical-decision-making/
Include a cover page [not counted as a page] which should have
student name and title of your paper [Provide a short name for
the legal responsibility the specific health care organization has
for one type of patient right in a specific setting ] A the end of
the paper a list of references [not counted as a page] Be
prepared using word-processing software and saved with a .doc,

.docx, or .rtf extension. No pdf.Be uploaded to your
Assignments Folder by 11:59 p.m. EST on the due date. The
paper is to be posted in Assignment #4 drop box.Grading rubric
for assignment is with assignment in Assignments area of class.
Background articles to support the issues you will discuss in the
paper.
Article One of Two Clinical Ethics Issues and Discussion
ArticleRelationships: I. clinical ethics, law & risk
managementDefinitions and sources of authority
In the course of practicing medicine, a range of issues may arise
that lead to consultation with a medical ethicist, a lawyer,
and/or a risk manager. The following discussion will outline
key distinctions between these roles.
Clinical ethics
may be defined as: a discipline or methodology for considering
the ethical implications of medical technologies, policies, and
treatments, with special attention to determining what ought to
be done (or not done) in the delivery of health care.
Law
may be defined as: established and enforceable social rules for
conduct or non-conduct; a violation of a legal standard may
create criminal or civil liability.
Risk Management
may be defined as: a method of reducing risk of liability
through institutional policies/practices.Many health care
facilities have in-house or on-call trained ethicists to assist
health care practitioners, caregivers and patients with difficult
issues arising in medical care, and some facilities have formally
constituted institutional ethics committees. In the hospital
setting, this ethics consultation or review process dates back to
at least 1992 with the formulation of accreditation requirements
that mandated that hospitals establish a “mechanism” to
consider clinical ethics issues.Ethics has been described as
beginning where the law ends. The moral conscience is a
precursor to the development of legal rules for social order.
Ethics and law thus share the goal of creating and maintaining

social good and have a symbiotic relationship as expressed in
this quote:[C]onscience is the guardian in the individual of the
rules which the community has evolved for its own
preservation.
William Somerset Maugham
The role of lawyers and risk managers are closely linked in
many health care facilities. Indeed, in some hospitals, the
administrator with the title of Risk Manager is an attorney with
a clinical background. There are, however, important
distinctions between law and risk management. Risk
management is guided by legal parameters but has a broader
institution-specific mission to reduce liability risks. It is not
uncommon for a hospital policy to go beyond the minimum
requirements set by a legal standard. When legal and risk
management issues arise in the delivery of health care, ethics
issues may also exist. Similarly, an issue originally identified as
falling within the clinical ethics domain may also raise legal
and risk management concerns.To better understand the
significant overlap among these disciplines in the health care
setting, consider the sources of authority and expression for
each.
Ethical norms may be derived from:
LawInstitutional policies/practicesPolicies of professional
organizationsProfessional standards of care, fiduciary
obligationsNote: If a health care facility is also a religious
facility, it may adhere to religious tenets. In general, however,
clinical ethics is predominantly a secular professional analytic
approach to clinical issues and choices.
Law may be derived from:
Federal and state constitutions (fundamental laws of a nation or
state establishing the role of government in relation to the
governed)Federal and state statutes (laws written or enacted by
elected officials in legislative bodies, and in some states, such
as Washington and California, laws created by a majority of
voters through an initiative process) Federal and state
regulations (written by government agencies as permitted by

statutory delegation, having the force and effect of law
consistent with the enabling legislation)Federal and state case
law (written published opinions of appellate-level courts
regarding decisions in individual lawsuits)City or town
ordinances, when relevant
Risk Management may be derived from
law, professional standards and individual institution’s mission
and public relations strategies and is expressed through
institutional policies and practices.
Conceptual Models
Another way to consider the relationship among the three
disciplines is through conceptual
models:LinearDistinctionsInterconnectednessOrientation to law
for non-lawyersPotential legal actions against health care
providersThere are two primary types of potential civil actions
against health care providers for injuries resulting from health
care: (1
) lack of informed consent
, and (2)
violation of the standard of care
. Medical treatment and malpractice laws are specific to each
state.Informed Consent. Before a health care provider delivers
care, ethical and legal standards require that the patient provide
informed consent. If the patient cannot provide informed
consent, then, for most treatments, a legally authorized
surrogate decision-maker may do so. In an emergency situation
when the patient is not legally competent to give informed
consent and no surrogate decision-maker is readily available,
the law implies consent on behalf of the patient, assuming that
the patient would consent to treatment if he or she were capable
of doing so. Information that must be conveyed to and
consented to by the patient includes: the treatment’s nature and
character and anticipated results, alternative treatments
(including non-treatment), and the potential risks and benefits
of treatment and alternatives. The information must be
presented in a form that the patient can comprehend (i.e., in a

language and at a level which the patient can understand) and
that the consent must be voluntary given. An injured patient
may bring an informed consent action against a provider who
fails to obtain the patient’s informed consent in accordance with
state law.From a clinical ethics perspective, informed consent is
a communication
process,
and should not simply be treated as a required
form
for the patient’s signature. Similarly, the legal concept of
informed consent refers to a state of mind, i.e., understanding
the information provided to make an informed choice. Health
care facilities and providers use consent forms to document the
communication process. From a provider’s perspective, a signed
consent form can be valuable evidence the communication
occurred and legal protection in defending against a patient’s
claim of a lack of informed consent. Initiatives at the federal
level (i.e., the Affordable Care Act) and state level (e.g.,
Revised Code of Washington § 7.70.060) reflect approaches
that support shared decision-making and the use of patient
decision aids in order to ensure the provision of complete
information for medical decision-making.Failure to follow
standard of care. A patient who is injured during medical
treatment may also be able to bring a successful claim against a
health care provider if the patient can prove that the injury
resulted from the provider’s failure to follow the accepted
standard of care. The duty of care generally requires that the
provider use reasonably expected knowledge and judgment in
the treatment of the patient, and typically would also require the
adept use of the facilities at hand and options for treatment.
The standard of care emerges from a variety of sources,
including professional publications, interactions of professional
leaders, presentations and exchanges at professional meetings,
and among networks of colleagues. Experts are hired by the
litigating parties to assist the court in determining the
applicable standard of care.Many states measure the provider’s

actions against a national standard of care (rather than a local
one) but with accommodation for practice limitations, such as
the reasonable availability of medical facilities, services,
equipment and the like. States may also apply different
standards to specialists and to general practitioners. As an
example of a statutory description of the standard of care,
Washington State currently specifies that a health care provider
must “exercise that degree of care, skill, and learning expected
of a reasonably prudent health care provider at that time in the
profession or class to which he belongs, in the State of
Washington, acting in the same or similar circumstances.”
III.
Common clinical ethics issues: medical decision-making and
provider-patient communication
There are a number of common ethical issues that also implicate
legal and risk management issues. Briefly discussed below are
common issues that concern medical decision-making and
provider-patient communication.If a patient is capable of
providing informed consent, then the patient’s choices about
treatment, including non-treatment, should be followed. This is
an established and enforceable legal standard and also
consistent with the ethical principle of respecting the autonomy
of the patient. The next two sections (Surrogate decision-
making; Advance directives) discuss how this principle is
respected from a legal perspective if a patient lacks capacity,
temporarily or permanently, to make medical decisions. The
third section briefly introduces the issue of provider-patient
communication, and highlights a contemporary dilemma raised
in decisions regarding the disclosure of medical error to
patients.
Surrogate decision-making
The determination as to whether a patient has the
capacity
to provide informed consent is generally a professional
judgment made and documented by the treating health care

provider. The provider can make a determination of temporary
or permanent incapacity, and that determination should be
linked to a specific decision. The legal term
competency
(or
incompetency
) may be used to describe a judicial determination of decision-
making capacity. The designation of a specific
surrogate decision-maker
may either be authorized by court order or is specified in state
statutes.If a court has determined that a patient is incompetent,
a health care provider must obtain informed consent from the
court-appointed decision-maker. For example, where a guardian
has been appointed by the court in a guardianship action, a
health care provider would seek the informed consent of the
guardian, provided that the relevant court order covers personal
or health care decision-making.If, however, a physician
determines that a patient lacks the capacity to provide informed
consent, for example, due to dementia or lack of consciousness,
or because the patient is a minor and the minor is legally
proscribed from consenting, then a legally authorized surrogate
decision-maker may be able to provide consent on the patient’s
behalf. Most states have specific laws that delineate, in order
of priority, who can be a legally authorized surrogate decision-
maker for another person. While these laws may vary, they
generally assume that legal relatives are the most appropriate
surrogate decision-makers. If, however, a patient has
previously, while capable of consenting, selected a person to act
as her decision-maker and executed a legal document known as
a
durable power of attorney for health care
or
health care proxy,
then that designated individual should provide informed
consent.In Washington State, a statute specifies the order of
priority of authorized decision-makers as follows: guardian,

holder of durable power of attorney; spouse or state registered
partner; adult children; parents; and adult brothers and sisters.
If the patient is a minor, other consent provisions may apply,
such as: court authorization for a person with whom the child is
in out-of-home placement; the person(s) that the child’s
parent(s) have given a signed authorization to provide consent;
or, a competent adult who represents that s/he is a relative
responsible for the child’s care and signs a sworn declaration
stating so. Health care providers are required to make
reasonable efforts to locate a person in the highest possible
category to provide informed consent. If there are two or more
persons in the same category, e.g., adult children, then the
medical treatment decision must be unanimous among those
persons. A surrogate decision-maker is required to make the
choice she believes the patient would have wanted, which may
not be the choice the decision-maker would have chosen for
herself in the same circumstance. This decision-making standard
is known as
substituted judgment.
If the surrogate is unable to ascertain what the patient would
have wanted, then the surrogate may consent to medical
treatment or non-treatment based on what is in the patient's
best interest.
Laws on surrogate decision-making are slowly catching up with
social changes. Non-married couples (whether heterosexual or
same sex) have not traditionally been recognized in state law as
legally authorized surrogate decision-makers. This lack of
recognition has left providers in a difficult legal position,
encouraging them to defer to the decision-making of a distant
relative over a spouse-equivalent unless the relative concurs.
Washington law, for example, now recognizes spouses and
domestic partners registered with the state as having the same
priority status.
Parental decision-making and minor children.

A parent may not be permitted in certain situations to consent
to non-treatment of his or her minor child, particularly where
the decision would significantly impact and perhaps result in
death if the minor child did not receive treatment. Examples
include parents who refuse medical treatment on behalf of their
minor children because of the parents’ social or religious views,
such as Jehovah’s Witnesses and Christian Scientists. The
decision-making standard that generally applies to minor
patients in such cases is known as the
best interest
standard. The substituted judgment standard may not apply
because the minor patient never had decision-making capacity
and therefore substituted judgment based on the minor’s
informed choices is not able to be determined. It is important to
note that minors may have greater authority to direct their own
care depending on their age, maturity, nature of medical
treatment or non-treatment, and may have authority to consent
to specific types of treatment. For example, in Washington
State, a minor may provide his or her own informed consent for
treatment of mental health conditions, sexually transmitted
diseases, and birth control, among others. Depending on the
specific facts, a health care provider working with the
provider’s institutional representatives could potentially legally
provide treatment of a minor under implied consent for
emergency with documentation of that determination,
assume temporary protective custody of the child under child
neglect laws, or if the situation is non-urgent, the provider
could seek a court order to authorize treatment.
Advance directives
The term
advance directive
refers to several different types of legal documents that may be
used by a patient while competent to record future wishes in the
event the patient lacks decision-making capacity. The choice
and meaning of specific advance directive terminology is

dependent on state law. Generally, a
living will
expresses a person’s desires concerning medical treatment in
the event of incapacity due to terminal illness or permanent
unconsciousness. A
durable power of attorney for health care
or
health care proxy
appoints a legal decision- maker for health care decisions in the
event of incapacity. An
advance health care directive
or
health care directive
may combine the functions of a living will and durable power of
attorney for health care into one document in one state, but may
be equivalent to a
living will
in another state. The
Physician Orders for Life Sustaining Treatment
(
POLST) form
is a document that is signed by a physician and patient which
summarizes the patient’s wishes concerning medical treatment
at the end of life, such as resuscitation, antibiotics, other
medical interventions and artificial feeding, and translates them
into medical orders that follow patients regardless of care
setting. It is especially helpful in effectuating a patient’s wishes
outside the hospital setting, for example, in a nursing care
facility or emergency medical response context. This relatively
new approach is available in about a dozen states, although the
programs may operate under different names: POST (Physician
Orders for Scope of Treatment), MOST (Medical Orders for
Scope of Treatment), MOLST (Medical Orders for Life-
Sustaining Treatment), and COLST (Clinician Orders for Life-
Sustaining Treatment). The simple one page treatment orders
follow patients regardless of care setting. Thus it differs from

an advance directive because it is written up by the clinician in
consultation with the patient and is a portable, actionable
medical order. The POLST form is intended to complement
other forms of advance directives. For example, Washington
State recognizes the following types of advance directives: the
health care directive (living will), the durable power of attorney
for health care, and the POLST form. Washington also
recognizes another legal document known as a
mental health advance directive
, which can be prepared by individuals with mental illness who
fluctuate between capacity and incapacity for use during times
when they are incapacitated.State laws may also differ on the
conditions that can be covered by an individual in an advance
directive, the procedural requirements to ensure that the
document is effective (such as the number of required
witnesses) and the conditions under which it can be
implemented (such as invalidity during pregnancy).Advance
directives can be very helpful in choosing appropriate treatment
based upon the patient’s expressed wishes. There are situations,
however, in which the advance directive’s veracity is
questioned or in which a legally authorized surrogate believes
the advance directive does not apply to the particular care
decision at issue. Such conflicts implicate clinical ethics, law
and risk management.
Provider-patient communications: disclosing medical error
Honest communication to patients by health care providers is an
ethical imperative. Excellent communication eliminates or
reduces the likelihood of misunderstandings and conflict in the
health care setting, and also may affect the likelihood that a
patient will sue.One of the more contentious issues that has
arisen in the context of communication is whether providers
should disclose medical errors to patients, and if so, how and
when to do so. Disclosure of medical error creates a potential
conflict among clinical ethics, law and risk management.
Despite a professional ethical commitment to honest
communication, providers cite a fear of litigation as a reason for

non-disclosure. Specifically, the fear is that those statements
will stimulate malpractice lawsuits or otherwise be used in
support of a claim against the provider. An increase in
malpractice claims could then negatively affect the provider’s
claims history and malpractice insurance coverage. There is
some evidence in closed systems (one institution, one state with
one malpractice insurer) that an apology coupled with
disclosure and prompt payment may decrease either the
likelihood or amount of legal claim. In addition, a number of
state legislatures have recently acted to protect provider
apologies, or provider apologies coupled with disclosures, from
being used by a patient as evidence of a provider’s liability in
any ensuing malpractice litigation. It is currently too early to
know whether these legal protections will have any impact on
the size or frequency of medical malpractice claims. For this
reason and others, it is advisable to involve risk management
and legal counsel in decision-making regarding error disclosure.
Article Two of TwoA Framework for Thinking Ethically Article
This document is designed as an introduction to thinking
ethically. We all have an image of our better selves-of how we
are when we act ethically or are "at our best." We probably also
have an image of what an ethical community, an ethical
business, an ethical government, or an ethical society should be.
Ethics really has to do with all these levels-acting ethically as
individuals, creating ethical organizations and governments, and
making our society as a whole ethical in the way it treats
everyone.
What is Ethics?
Simply stated, ethics refers to standards of behavior that tell us
how human beings ought to act in the many situations in which
they find themselves-as friends, parents, children, citizens,
businesspeople, teachers, professionals, and so on.It is helpful
to identify what ethics is NOT:• Ethics is not the same as
feelings. Feelings provide important information for our ethical
choices. Some people have highly developed habits that make

them feel bad when they do something wrong, but many people
feel good even though they are doing something wrong. And
often our feelings will tell us it is uncomfortable to do the right
thing if it is hard.• Ethics is not religion. Many people are not
religious, but ethics applies to everyone. Most religions do
advocate high ethical standards but sometimes do not address
all the types of problems we face.• Ethics is not following the
law. A good system of law does incorporate many ethical
standards, but law can deviate from what is ethical. Law can
become ethically corrupt, as some totalitarian regimes have
made it. Law can be a function of power alone and designed to
serve the interests of narrow groups. Law may have a difficult
time designing or enforcing standards in some important areas,
and may be slow to address new problems.• Ethics is not
following culturally accepted norms. Some cultures are quite
ethical, but others become corrupt -or blind to certain ethical
concerns (as the United States was to slavery before the Civil
War). "When in Rome, do as the Romans do" is not a
satisfactory ethical standard.• Ethics is not science. Social and
natural science can provide important data to help us make
better ethical choices. But science alone does not tell us what
we ought to do. Science may provide an explanation for what
humans are like. But ethics provides reasons for how humans
ought to act. And just because something is scientifically or
technologically possible, it may not be ethical to do it.
Why Identifying Ethical Standards is Hard
There are two fundamental problems in identifying the ethical
standards we are to follow:
1. On what do we base our ethical standards?
2. How do those standards get applied to specific situations we
face?If our ethics are not based on feelings, religion, law,
accepted social practice, or science, what are they based on?
Many philosophers and ethicists have helped us answer this
critical question. They have suggested at least five different

sources of ethical standards we should use.
Five Sources of Ethical StandardsThe Utilitarian Approach
Some ethicists emphasize that the ethical action is the one that
provides the most good or does the least harm, or, to put it
another way, produces the greatest balance of good over harm.
The ethical corporate action, then, is the one that produces the
greatest good and does the least harm for all who are affected-
customers, employees, shareholders, the community, and the
environment. Ethical warfare balances the good achieved in
ending terrorism with the harm done to all parties through
death, injuries, and destruction. The utilitarian approach deals
with consequences; it tries both to increase the good done and
to reduce the harm done.
The Rights Approach
Other philosophers and ethicists suggest that the ethical action
is the one that best protects and respects the moral rights of
those affected. This approach starts from the belief that humans
have a dignity based on their human nature per se or on their
ability to choose freely what they do with their lives. On the
basis of such dignity, they have a right to be treated as ends and
not merely as means to other ends. The list of moral rights -
including the rights to make one's own choices about what kind
of life to lead, to be told the truth, not to be injured, to a degree
of privacy, and so on-is widely debated; some now argue that
non-humans have rights, too. Also, it is often said that rights
imply duties-in particular, the duty to respect others' rights.
The Fairness or Justice Approach
Aristotle and other Greek philosophers have contributed the
idea that all equals should be treated equally. Today we use this
idea to say that ethical actions treat all human beings equally-or
if unequally, then fairly based on some standard that is
defensible. We pay people more based on their harder work or
the greater amount that they contribute to an organization, and

say that is fair. But there is a debate over CEO salaries that are
hundreds of times larger than the pay of others; many ask
whether the huge disparity is based on a defensible standard or
whether it is the result of an imbalance of power and hence is
unfair.
The Common Good Approach
The Greek philosophers have also contributed the notion that
life in community is a good in itself and our actions should
contribute to that life. This approach suggests that the
interlocking relationships of society are the basis of ethical
reasoning and that respect and compassion for all others-
especially the vulnerable-are requirements of such reasoning.
This approach also calls attention to the common conditions that
are important to the welfare of everyone. This may be a system
of laws, effective police and fire departments, health care, a
public educational system, or even public recreational areas.
The Virtue Approach
A very ancient approach to ethics is that ethical actions ought to
be consistent with certain ideal virtues that provide for the full
development of our humanity. These virtues are dispositions
and habits that enable us to act according to the highest
potential of our character and on behalf of values like truth and
beauty. Honesty, courage, compassion, generosity, tolerance,
love, fidelity, integrity, fairness, self-control, and prudence are
all examples of virtues. Virtue ethics asks of any action, "What
kind of person will I become if I do this?" or "Is this action
consistent with my acting at my best?"
Putting the Approaches Together
Each of the approaches helps us determine what standards of
behavior can be considered ethical. There are still problems to
be solved, however.The first problem is that we may not agree
on the content of some of these specific approaches. We may
not all agree to the same set of human and civil rights.We may
not agree on what constitutes the common good. We may not

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