CLASS XII - BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT - Thrishul study center - Rajapalayam

1. A PROJECT REPORT ON
TRANSGENIC ORGANISMS
s______________
SUBMITTED BY
V.SHRI RAJALAKSMI
CLASS - XII
Academic Year 2021-2022
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
Mrs.S.JAYALAKSHMI, M.Sc, B.Ed
DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY
MAHARISHI VIDYA MANDIR
RAJAPALAYAM

2. DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY
MAHARISHI VIDYA MANDIR
RAJAPALAYAM
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that V.SHRI RAJALAKSHMIofClass XII has prepared
the investigatory Biology project entitled “TRANSGENIC
ORGANISMS”The report is the result of her effort and endeavours.
The report is found worthly of acceptance as final project report
for the subject biology of Class XII. She has prepared the report
under my guidance.
Mrs.S.JAYALAKSHMI, M.Sc, B.Ed
DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY
MAHARISHI VIDYA MANDIR
RAJAPALAYAM

3. DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY
MAHARISHI VIDYA MANDIR
RAJAPALAYAM
CERTIFICATE
The project report entitled “TRANSGENIC ORGANISMS”
Submitted by V.SHRIRAJALAKSHMIofClass XII for the CBSE Senior
Secondary School Examination class XII of BIOLOGY at Maharishi
Vidya Mandir,Rajapalayam has been examined.
SIGNATURE OF SIGNATURE OF SIGNATURE OF
PRINCIPAL INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

4. Primarly I would like thank God for being able to complete this
project with success.
Then I would like to express a deep sense of thanks and
graduate to my biology teacher Mrs.S.JAYALAKSHMI for her
able guidance and support in completing my project. Her
constant guidance and willingness to share her vast knowlege
made me understand this project and its manifestations in great
depths and helped me to complete assigned task on time.
I would also like to extend my gratitude to the Principal
sir Shri V. Suresh , for providing me all the facility that was
required.
Then I would like to thank my parents and my brother
who have helped me with their valuable suggestions and
guidance has been very helpful in various phases of the
completion of the project.
Last but not the least I would like to thank my classmates
who have helped me a lot.
V.SHRIRAJALAKSHMI
CLASS XII

6. INTRODUCTION
Plants, Animals, fungi and animals whose geners have been altered by
manipulationis Transgenic Organismsor GeneticallyModified Organisms
(GMO`s). It is a foreigngene or genetic materialthat hasbeentransferred
naturallyor by any of a number of genetic engineering techniques
from one organism to another.
TRANSGENESIS- The phenomenon of introductionof
exogenousDNA intothe genome to createand maintaina
stableand heritablecharacter.
GeneticallyModified Organism (GMO) and
transgenic organismaretwotermswe use interchangeably.
Although both have altered genomes, a transgenic organism is
a GMO containing a DNA sequenceor a gene from a different species. Thus,all
transgenic organisms are GMOs, but not all GMOs are transgenic.

7. TRANSGENIC PLANTS
The plant whose genome is altered by adding one or more transgenes
are known as transgenic plants.
ADVANTAGES :

8. TRANSGENIC TOMATO PLANT – FLAVR SAVR
Thisis produced byantisensetechnology. The
polygalactouronasegene, which is responsiblefor fruit
decayis silenced. The varietywas made
by introducing agene from the model plant
Arabidopsis thaliana—called AtMYB12—intothe
tomatogenome. The gene codes for a transcription
factor that bindsto thepromoter regionsof genes
encoding variousmetabolic enzymes. The
first trialgeneticallymodified food was a
tomatoengineered tohave a longer shelf
life (the Flavr Savr), which was on the
market brieflybeginning on May21,
1994. The first direct consumptiontomato
was approved in Japanin2021 . Wild
tomatoesaresmall, green and largely
unappetizing, but after centuries
of breeding therearenow thousandsof
varieties grownworldwide. Don
Grierson wasinvolved in the research to makethe geneticallymodified
tomato. Genetic materialcanalso be inserted intoa tomato
cell's chloroplast and chromoplast plastomes using biolistics.

9. TRANSGENIC MUSTARD PLANT – BRASSICA NAPUS
Brassica napusor the rapeseed plant is a candidate
for the productionof hirudin. It is genetically
modified such that itsseeds producehirudininlarge
quantities. Hirudinisan anticoagulant produced in
the salivaryglands of the blood-sucking leeches.
Blood anticoagulant for
treatment of
thrombosis,Hirudinis a
potent inhibitor of
thrombin. Thus, it has a
high therapeutic value in
the treatment of
thrombosis.
Hirudin gene inserted
inBrassica napus was
synthesized chemically inE. coli and yeast and was found to
be a reasonable success. Extended work suggested the
production of this protein in a plant system, particularly oil-
producing crop.
TRANSGENIC RICE PLANT – GOLDEN RICE
Goldenriceisa geneticallymodified,
biofortified crop. Biofortification
increasesthenutritionalvalueofcrops.
Goldenriceisgeneticallymodified to
producebeta-carotene, which isnot
normallypresent inrice.Beta-caroteneis
convertedintovitaminA when
metabolized bythehumanbody. Weneed vitaminA for healthierskin, immune
systems, and vision.Itcontains37 mg/g of carotenoid ofwhich 84% is β-carotene.
TheGoldenRiceProjectwasintroduced in 1999, whentwoprofessors, Ingo
Potrykusand PeterBeyer, proposeda plantoTheRockefeller Foundationto
geneticallyengineerricetoincreaseitsnutritionalvalue.

10. TRANSGENIC MAIZE PLANT
Bt maize/Bt corn is a variant of maize that has been geneticallyaltered to express
one or more proteins from the bacteriumBacillusthuringiensis including Delta
endotoxins. The proteinis poisonous to certaininsect pests. Sporesof thebacillus
are widely used in organic gardening. It was
carried out by Barbara McClintock.
The Bt proteinis expressed throughout theplant.
When a vulnerableinsect eats the Bt-containing
plant, the proteinis activated inits gut, which
is alkaline. In the alkaline environment, the
proteinpartially
unfolds and is cut
by other proteins,
forming a toxin that paralyzesthe insect'sdigestive
system and forms holes in the gut wall. The insect
stops eating withina few hours and eventually
starves. In 1996, thefirst GM maizeproducing a Bt
Cry proteinwas approved, which killed the
Europeancorn borer and related species;
subsequent Bt genes were introduced that killed
corn rootworm larvae.
SWEET CORNvarietiesinclude"Attribute", thebrand namefor insect-resistant
sweet corn developed by Syngenta and PerformanceSeries insect-resistant sweet
corn developed by Monsanto.

11. TRANSGENIC ANIMALS
A Transgenic Animal is one whose genome has been altered by the transfer of
a gene or genes from another species or breed.Transgenic animals are routinely
used in the laboratory as models in biomedical research. Over 95 per cent of
those used are genetically modified rodents, predominantly mice. They are
important tools for researching human disease, being used to understand gene
function in the context of disease susceptibility, progression and to determine
responses to a therapeutic intervention.Transgenic farm animals are also being
explored as a means to produce large quantities of complex human proteins for
the treatment of human disease. Such therapeutic proteins are currently
produced in mammalian cell-based reactors, but this production process is
expensive. In 2008, for example, the building of a new cell-based manufacturing
facility for one therapeutic protein was estimated to cost over US$500 million. A
cheaper option would be to develop a means to produce recombinant proteins in
the milk, blood or eggs of transgenic animals. Progress in this area, however, has
been slow to-date. Only two biomedical products have so far received regulatory
approval. The first is human antithrombin III, a therapeutic protein produced in the
milk of transgenic goats, which is used to prevent clots in patients with hereditary
antithrombin deficiency receiving surgery or undergoing childbirth.

12. TRANSGENIC FISH – SALMON
Naturally, salmonare slow
growers, in the first year of life they
may achievea weight of between
20-30 grams. Transgenic salmon
could changethat.Dr Stotish
explained that taking thegrowth
hormone from Chinook salmon,
and putting it intofertilised
Atlantic salmon
eggs, allows the
Atlantic salmon
to grow morelike
a trout, reaching desired market weight ina much faster
time.Allowing productionof salmonclose to populationswill
meanthat a fresh supply of fish is availableat all times.
TRANSGENIC RABBIT
Transgenic rabbitshavebeenmost commonly
used as models for studies of
cardiovascular diseases, such as
atherosclerosis, hypertrophiccardiomyopathy,
and long QT syndrome, in additiontotheir use in
studiesof cancers, AIDS, and other human
diseases. The technology for producing transgenic
(Tg) rabbitswasalmost concurrentlyreported by
German(Brem et al., 1985) and US (Hammer et
al., 1985) groups in 1985, but the actualuse of Tg
rabbit technologyasan experimentaltoolin the
field of cardiovascular diseaseswasnot realized
until 1994 when John Taylor's laboratoryat the
GladstoneInstituteof Cardiovascular Diseasein
SanFranciscocreated thefirst Tg rabbit
expressing humanhepatic lipase.

13. TRANSGENIC MICE
Transgenic rats have been very importantfor understanding genefunctionand
for providing new animalmodels of humandisease. A transgenic rat isone in which
foreignDNA is incorporatedintothegenome, by pronuclear microinjection ofa
fertilized oocyte. To obtaintransgenic rats, femalesaresuperovulated, mated, and
sacrificed thenext dayfor recovery of the oocytes. The transgeneconstruct
containing thegene, promoter, etc., of interest is then microinjected intothe
male pronucleus of the individualoocyte. The embryosare transplanted intoa foster
mother, and the pupsare screened for the presenceof the transgene. Thosethat
carrythe transgenearethen bred to determineif the transgeneispresent in
the germ-line. Once the transgeneisgerm-line, a straincanbe produced that is
homozygous for the transgene.
TRANSGENIC GOATS
These goatsare evaluated as Bioreactors. Some Humangenes have been introduced
in goats and their expressionachieved in mammary glands.

14. TRANSGENIC SHEEP - DOLLY
Dolly wasa female Finnish Dorset transgenic sheep and the first mammalcloned
from an adult somatic cell. She
was cloned by associatesof the
Roslin Institute in
Scotland, using the processof
nuclear transfer from a cell
takenfrom a mammarygland.
TRANSGENIC PIGEON – FANTAIL
There is a feathermutation
called Silky that gives an interesting
lace effect to a Fantail's tail
feathers. Fantails with this mutation are
known as Silky or Lace Fantails. It is
characterised by a fan-shaped tail
composed of 30 to 40 feathers,
abnormally more than most members of
the dove and pigeon family,which
usually have 12 to 14 tail feathers. The
gene present in male peacock to fantail
their feathers was introduced to the
pigeons.
TRANSGENIC COW – ROSIE
Rosie was the first transgenic cow inwhich the
Human-alpha-lactalbumin genewas
introduced. It produced human protein-
enriched milk, which wasa nutritionallymore
balanced product for humanbabiesthannatural
cow milk as it contains2.4 gm protein/L.

15. TRANSGENIC DOG – DOGIE
Dogie is thefirst trasgenic
dog with excellent smelling
power . It was used during
attackonworld trade
center (WTC) of the USA in
2001to recover injured
people from heaps of
Devastated buildings.
TRANSGENIC PIG
The first report was by Nagoya's group at
the III Congress of the International
XenotransplantationAssociationin1995.
They actuallyproduced transgenic pigswith
α1,2FT. The pig is genetically engineered to
eliminate the presence of alpha-gal, a
type of sugar found in manymammals. The
sugar makesits way intomany products —
including medications, cosmeticsand food —
and cancauseallergic reactionsinsome
people.
TRANSGENIC BACTERIA – E.COLI PRODUCES INSULIN
The group, led by John accomplished thefeat
by mixing and matchinggenesfrom several
different bacteriaspeciesand inserting
them into the E. coli used in the experiment.
These genes each codefor particular enzymes,
so when the genes areinserted into the E.coli
Biotechnologicaldrug manufacturing, relying
on geneticallyengineered organismssuch
as Escherichiacoli and the yeasts
Saccharomycescerevisiaeand Pichia pastoris
is nowadaysan industry
standard. Thefirst exampleof
thisoccurred in 1978when
Herbert Boyer, working at a
Universityof California
laboratory, took a version of the
humaninsulin gene and inserted
into thebacterium Escherichia
coli to producesynthetic
"human" insulin.

16. Bibliography
1. NCERTBOOK-CLASSXIIBIOLOGY(PRIM ARYSOURCE).
2. VERMA.P.S,TYAGI.B.S,AGARWAL.V.K.(1979),ANIMALPHYSIOLOGY.
3. TRUEMAN’S OBJECTIVE BIOLOGY FOR NEET.
4. SEEMAN SCHOOL OF MEDICAL ENTRANCE.
5. ALLEN – BOOK OF BIOLOGY – NEET.