Review lecture 14 chapter 14

1. PART V: Adolescence
TOPIC 14: Biosocial Development

2. 2
1. Introduction
2. Fact or Fiction?
3. Puberty Begins
4. The Transformations of Puberty
5. Possible Problems
6. Closing Thoughts
PART V: ADOLESCENCE
TOPIC 14: Biosocial Development

3. Fact or Fiction? Fiction Fact
1. Although the sequence of puberty
is variable, the age of onset is not.
2. The level of stress in a child’s family
can influence the onset of puberty.
3. Girls and boys who mature earlier or later than
their friends have a difficult time adjusting to puberty.
4. By the end of adolescence, cognitive ability
is equal to that of a fully mature adult.
Physical Development
3
PART V: Adolescence
TOPIC 14: Biosocial Development

4. Hypothalamus
Hormones
Pituitary
Adrenal
glands
Gonads
(ovaries or
testicles)
Increase in
many
hormones,
including
testosterone
and estrogen
Growth spurt
Primary sex
characteristics
Secondary sex
characteristics
Growth
hormone (GH)
Gonadotropin
- releasing
hormone
HPA axis and HPG axis
What is the biological sequence of puberty?
hormone: An organic chemical substance;
produced by one body tissue and conveyed
via the bloodstream to another to affect
some physiological function.
Hormones
4
PART V: Adolescence
TOPIC 14: Biosocial Development

5. Genes and Gender Body Fat
2/3 of variation in age of
puberty is genetic, evident in
families and ethnic groups
Most girls reach at least
100 pounds (45 kilograms)
before they can experience
their first period
What is the relationship between age and puberty?
(Ge et al., 2007; Susman et al., 2010;
van den Berg & Boomsma, 2007) (Berkey et al., 2000)
Stress
Although the link between stress and
puberty is known, not every scientist
agrees that stress causes early puberty
(Ellis, 2004)
Age and
Puberty
secular trend: long-term upward or downward
direction of a certain set of statistical measurements.
5
When Will Puberty Start?
Heidi van der Westhuizen/Getty Images
PART V: Adolescence
TOPIC 14: Biosocial Development

6. What are some effects of early- or late-arriving puberty?
Early-maturing girls
Tend to have lower self-esteem, more depression,
and poorer body image than do other girls
(Compian et al., 2009).
Less exercise contributes to their difficulties
(Davison et al., 2007).
Those with older boyfriends are at increased risk
for using drugs and alcohol (Wiechold et al., 2003).
May face relational bullying and physical violence
(Shreck et al., 2007).
Early- and late-maturing boys
Today, early maturing boys are more aggressive,
law-breaking, and alcohol abusing than later-maturing
boys (Biehl et al., 2007; Lynne et al, 2007).
According to research from Finland, slow-developing
boys tend to be more anxious, depressed, and afraid
of sex (Lindfors et al., 2007).
Too Early, Too Late
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INDIVIDUALS SHOWN ARE MODELS-
ILLUSTRATIVE PURPOSES ONLY.
PART V: Adolescence
TOPIC 14: Biosocial Development

7. When Will Puberty Start?
7
Video:
11 to 14 Years of Age: The Female Journey
PART V: Adolescence
TOPIC 14: Biosocial Development

8. When Will Puberty Start?
8
Video:
11 to 14 Years of Age: The Male Journey
PART V: Adolescence
TOPIC 14: Biosocial Development

9. Nutrition
9
Video:
Overcoming Anorexia
PART V: Adolescence
TOPIC 14: Biosocial Development

10. Nutrition
10
Video:
The Face of Anorexia
PART V: Adolescence
TOPIC 14: Biosocial Development

11. Growing Bigger and Stronger
What are some differences in growth between boys and girls?
Throwing Performance of Boys and Girls, Age 6 to 18
Ball throw for distance
Meters
Age (years)
Source: Malina et al., 2004, p. 221.
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Running Speed of Girls and Boys, Age 6 to 18
30-yard (27.4-m) dash
Running
time
(seconds)
3
Age (years)
Source: Malina et al., 2004, p. 222.
4
5
6
7
6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Boys
Girls
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PART V: Adolescence
TOPIC 14: Biosocial Development

12. What are symptoms of the eating disorders anorexia and bulimia nervosa?
Anorexia Bulimia
Refusal to maintain a
weight that is at least
85 percent of BMI.
Intense fear of
weight gain.
Disturbed body
perception and denial
of the problem.
Absence of
menstruation (in
adolescent and adult
females).
Bingeing and purging
at least once a week
for three months.
Uncontrollable urges
to overeat.
A distorted
perception
of body size.
Eating Habits and Body Image
12
FancyCollection/SuperStock
INDIVIDUALS SHOWN ARE MODELS-ILLUSTRATIVE PURPOSES ONLY.
PART V: Adolescence
TOPIC 14: Biosocial Development

13. Brain Development
13
Video:
Brain Growth, Infancy Through Age 18
PART V: Adolescence
TOPIC 14: Biosocial Development

14. Sexual Maturation
By percent, how many adolescents are sexually active and use condoms?
Sources: Nic Gabhainn et al., 2009; MMWR, June 4, 2010
Country
France
Israel
Canada
United States
England
Russia
Sexually Active
(% of total)
Used Condom at Last Intercourse
(% of those sexually active)
20
14
23
41
29
33
84
72
78
68
83
75
Condom Use Among 15-Year-Olds (Tenth Grade)
14
© Mickael David/age fotostock
PART V: Adolescence
TOPIC 14: Biosocial Development

15. What are some hazards that teenage mothers face?
Fact or Fiction? Fiction Fact1. What does early sex correlate with?
2. Compared with 100 years ago, how
many teenage mothers are unwed?
3. What is the expense
of raising a child today?
4. What about receiving help from
the mothers of teenage mothers?
5. What other complication
can teenage mothers face?
Depression and drug use.
85 percent today, compared with 100 years
ago when most teenage mothers were wed.
Raising a child is more complex and
expensive than in the past.
Mothers of teenagers are usually employed
and less available to help with their young
daughters and new grandchildren.
These days, sexually transmitted infections
are more common and dangerous.
Sex Too Soon
15
PART V: Adolescence
TOPIC 14: Biosocial Development

16. Sex Too Soon
16
Video:
A Young Mother in Brazil
PART V: Adolescence
TOPIC 14: Biosocial Development

17. Sex Too Soon
17
Video:
A Young Mother in Nepal
PART V: Adolescence
TOPIC 14: Biosocial Development

18. Sex Too Soon
18
Video:
A Young Mother in Uganda
PART V: Adolescence
TOPIC 14: Biosocial Development

19. Learning from Experience
What are some learning benefits that occur due to physical growth during adolescence?
Benefits of Adolescence
More active reward center in
brain and production of positive
neurotransmitters
Reactions become lightning fast with
increased myelination and slower inhibition
Synaptic brain growth occurs
before another wave of pruning
Prefrontal cortex of brain
still developing
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Topright:shadow216/Shutterstock.com;Bottomright:BertholdTrenkel/GettyImages
PART V: Adolescence
TOPIC 14: Biosocial Development

20. How does the behavior of
adolescents change as a result
of some of the physical changes
they experience during this
phase of life?
Closing Thoughts
20
PART V: Adolescence
TOPIC 14: Biosocial Development

21. PART V: Adolescence
TOPIC 14: Biosocial Development