Review lecture 20 chapter 20
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Review lecture 20 chapter 20
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Review lecture 20 chapter 20
- 1. PART VII: Middle Adulthood TOPIC 20: Biosocial Development
- 2. 2 1. Introduction 2. Fact or Fiction? 3. The Aging Process 4. The Sexual-Reproductive System 5. Health Habits 6. Measuring Health 7. Variations 8. Closing Thoughts PART VII: MIDDLE ADULTHOOD TOPIC 20: Biosocial Development
- 3. Fact or Fiction? Fiction Fact 1. Fifteen percent of all couples in the United States are infertile. 2. Menopause is a time of difficulty and depression for most women. 3. The average level of testosterone in men declines markedly during adulthood. 4. Fifty percent or more of American adults are obese. 3 PART VII: Middle Adulthood TOPIC 20: Biosocial Development
- 4. senescence: A gradual physical decline related to aging. Senescence How does a person’s appearance change from childhood through adulthood? 4 PART VII: Middle Adulthood TOPIC 20: Biosocial Development
- 5. Senescence 5 Video: Brain Development Animation: Middle Adulthood PART VII: Middle Adulthood TOPIC 20: Biosocial Development
- 6. How does vision change with age? Changes in Aging Vision Accuracy of vision overall Age (years) (a) (b) Age (years) Ability to focus on a point a foot away Source: Meisami, 1994. 20/60 20/50 20/40 20/30 20/20 20/10 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 5 15 25 35 45 55 65 presbyopia 6 0 20 40 60 80 100 PART VII: Middle Adulthood TOPIC 20: Biosocial Development
- 7. Organ Reserve 7 Video: Signs of Aging: Changes in Vision PART VII: Middle Adulthood TOPIC 20: Biosocial Development
- 8. Fertility What are some causes and treatments for infertility? Common reason: low sperm count Anything that impairs the body over a 75-day period and reduces sperm count, shape, and motility (activity)—like fever, radiation, prescription drugs, drug abuse, alcoholism, cigarette smoking Anything that impairs physical functioning—like certain diseases, smoking, extreme dieting, and obesity Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) that scars tissue and blocks fallopian tubes, preventing sperm from reaching the ovum Assisted reproductive technology (ART) overcomes obstacles such as low sperm count and blocked fallopian tubes In vitro fertilization (IVF) is one ART procedure that involves the help of donor sperm, ova, and wombs to help the partner that is infertile or a person with no partner of the other sex Male cause Female cause Infertility treatments Infertility 8 Allphotos:Stockbyte/GettyImages PART VII: Middle Adulthood TOPIC 20: Biosocial Development
- 9. Menopause andropause: A term coined to signify a drop in testosterone levels in older men, which normally results in reduced sexual desire, erections, and muscle mass (also called male menopause). menopause: The time in middle age, usually around age 50, when a woman’s menstrual periods cease and the production of estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone drops. Strictly speaking, menopause is dated one year after a woman’s last menstrual period, although many months before and after that date are menopausal. 9 What happens to the sexual-reproductive life of men and women in middle age? INDIVIDUALS SHOWN ARE MODELS- ILLUSTRATIVE PURPOSES ONLY. PART VII: Middle Adulthood TOPIC 20: Biosocial Development
- 10. Drug Use How does smoking affect adult health in the United States? Source: National Center for Health Statistics, 2010. Cigarette Smoking in the United States Emerging Adults Adults (25-64) Older Adults (over 65) Men Women Year 1970 1990 2007 0 10 20 30 40 50 Percent Percent Year 1970 1990 2007 0 10 20 30 40 50 Percent Year 1970 1990 2007 0 10 20 30 10 Because North American men have been quitting for decades, lung cancer deaths for 55- to 64-year- old males are about half what they were in 1970. PART VII: Middle Adulthood TOPIC 20: Biosocial Development
- 11. How many adults in the world are obese? Eating Source: World Health Organization Global InfoBase, 2010. Obesity Worldwide: Percent Adults, Age 30 to 100, Whose BMI Is 30 or More Men Women Country Argentina Australia Brazil Canada China France Germany India Israel Italy Jamaica 48 32 16 30 5 13 31 3 23 14 10 Obesity Worldwide: Percent Adults, Age 30 to 100, Whose BMI Is 30 or More Men Women Country Japan Mexico New Zealand Nigeria Peru Poland Russian Federation South Africa Spain United Kingdom United States 3 37 37 4 24 19 14 11 25 32 50 47 37 32 32 5 11 31 3 37 14 53 2 51 48 11 50 27 35 48 25 34 55 11 PART VII: Middle Adulthood TOPIC 20: Biosocial Development
- 12. What can adults do to help prevent common, chronic diseases? Preventative Medicine Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2009. Percent of U.S. Residents Who Say They Exercise at Least Half an Hour a Day Age 1998 18-24 24-44 45-64 37 32 29 37 33 30 2007 12 USDA PART VII: Middle Adulthood TOPIC 20: Biosocial Development
- 13. mortality: Death; usually refers to the number of deaths each year per 1,000 members of a given population. morbidity: Disease; usually refers to the rate of disease in a given population—physical and emotional, acute (sudden) and chronic (ongoing). How does the United States compare to other countries in life expectancy? Mortality and Morbidity Australia France Germany Japan Mexico Norway Poland Spain Turkey United States United Kingdom 60 70 80 90 60 70 80 90 Life Expectancy at Birth, 2006 Female Male 13 PART VII: Middle Adulthood TOPIC 20: Biosocial Development
- 14. Disability and Vitality disability: Difficulty in performing normal activities of daily life. vitality: A measure of health that refers to how healthy and energetic an individual actually feels. Why do DALY and QALY measurements matter? DALY calculations measure the reduced quality of life caused by disability QALY calculations compare mere survival without vitality to survival with good health. A full year of health is a full QALY; people with less than full health have a fraction of QALY each year. Thus, their total QALY is less than the total years they live. 70 years old DALY: Disability-adjusted life years QALY: Quality-adjusted life years 14 x 10 % reduced function 63 DALYs = 70 years old x 100 % vitality 70 QALYs = PART VII: Middle Adulthood TOPIC 20: Biosocial Development
- 15. Black Hispanic 0 10 20 30 40 50 Ethnicity and Health Which U.S. group, on average, is healthier: Those who are foreign-born or native-born? Risk of Heart Attack in U.S. Immigrants and Native-Born Americans Prevalenceofplaque (percent) Source:Lutseyetal.,2008. Race/Ethnicity White Chinese Foreign-born U.S.-born 15 PART VII: Middle Adulthood TOPIC 20: Biosocial Development
- 16. From what you learned in this presentation, what are some ways in which senescence influences major life choices for adults between the ages of 25 and 65? 16 Closing Thoughts Stockbyte/GettyImages PART VII: Middle Adulthood TOPIC 20: Biosocial Development
- 17. PART VII: Middle Adulthood TOPIC 20: Biosocial Development
Editor's Notes
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- Instructions: Click to start video. According to the animation, what are the indicators of senescence in the brain during middle adulthood?
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- Instructions: Click to play a video about changes in vision during adulthood. Based on the demonstration in this video clip, how would you describe what seeing is like for someone who has experienced age-related vision changes?
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- Instruction: Click on each of the graphs to reveal data. Rates of smoking for women increased in the twentieth century, so decreased later than for men. Fifty years ago, more women died form the “female cancers” (breast, uterine, or ovarian) than from lung cancer, but in 2008, about twice as many women died from lung cancer as from the combined total of those other three types (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2009). The World Health Organization calls tobacco “the single largest preventable cause of death and chronic disease in the world today” (Blas & Kurup, 2010, p. 199). In China, for example, where 350 million adults now smoke, the rate of lung cancer deaths almost tripled from 1975 to 2005 (Xin, 2008).
- Instruction: Click twice to reveal the corresponding data for all countries by gender. In the United States, longitudinal research finds that adults gain one two pounds a year on average, much more than their grandparents’ generation did during adulthood. The basic problem is consumption of too many high-calorie foods combined with too little activity—a combination that leads to obesity for about half of all U.S. adults over 30 and about one-fourth of adults worldwide (World Health Organization Global InfoBase, 2010).
- Instruction: Click each group to reveal the data from the year 2007. Excess weight increases the risk of every chronic disease; one example is diabetes, rapidly becoming more common and causing eye, heart, and foot problems as well as early death. The United States is the world leader in obesity and diabetes. Regular physical activity protects against serious illness even if a person has other undesirable health habits such as smoking and overeating. Exercise reduces blood pressure; strengthens the heart and lungs; and makes depression, osteoporosis, heart disease, arthritis, and even some cancers less likely. In general, eating fewer calories and less fat is more important for weight loss than are specifics. Also, the best predictor of maintaining weight loss is an hour of exercise a day (Shai & Stampfer, 2009).
- Instruction: Click to reveal the data. On average women live five years longer than men. This gender difference could be biological—the second X chromosome or extra estrogen could protect women from some illnesses. It also might be cultural since women tend to have more friends and take better care of themselves. Morbidity does not necessarily correlate with mortality. In the United States, almost half of older women have osteoarthritis, but none die of it. Women also have higher rates of morbidity for almost every chronic disease.
- Instructions: Disability occurs because of some physical, mental, or emotional condition. Vitality refers to how a person feels physically, intellectually, and socially. Click to reveal one person’s DALY calculation. Click to reveal one person’s QALY calculation. A major reason for calculating DALYs or QALYs is to decide how to allocate public funds for health. No society spends enough to enable everyone to live life to the fullest. Without some measure of disability and vitality, the best health care goes to whoever has the most money. Here’s one example involving the use of tax dollars: Does a community spend this money on extremely low-birth-weight newborns or young college students’ kidney dialysis? If care of 500-gram babies costs $10 million per life saved yet those infants who survived were severely disabled, while dialysis cost $10,000 per life saved and the survivors led vital adult lives, then dialysis would be the priority. But would it matter if those damaged kidneys were the result of drug abuse?
- Instruction: Click to reveal data for each racial group. This study shows that in the United States, those who are foreign-born appear to be healthier than those who are native-born. Could an explanation be that higher SES and healthier people immigrate—even though in the United States they may be at he bottom of the social ladder? Research suggests that something more than this “healthy immigrant” theory is at work (Bates et al., 2008). Perhaps there are psychological or ethnic influences in other cultures that reduce drug use and increase nutrition and exercise.