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1. VENDLER’S
CLASSIFICATION OF
PREDICATES

2. VENDLER’S CLASSIFICATION
OF PREDICATES
States Activities
Accomplis
hments
Achievem
ents

3. STATES
– Stative verbs are verbs that express a state rather than an action
– They usually relate to thoughts, emotions, relationships, senses, states
of being and measurements
– When a verb describes a state and not an action, we do not use the
continuous tense

4. EXAMPLE
– State verbs generally fall into 4 groups: emotion, possesion, sense,
thought
– E.g. She hated ice cream, I love you
– Some words can be state verbs and action verbs. The meaning of these
verbs is then different. Take a look at these:
– 'I have a car.' – state verb showing possession
– 'I am having a bath.' – action verb which, in this case, means 'taking'.

5. ACTIVITIES
– An activity verb explains what the subject of the sentence is doing or has
done
– Examples :
– Anthony is throwing the football.
– She accepted the job offer.
– He thought about his stupid mistake in the test.
– John visited his friend for a while and then went home

6. STATE VS ACTIVITY
– What separates action verbs from non-action verbs (stative verbs) is that
they can be used in continuous tenses, meaning they have a present,
past and future tense. The following are examples:
– Action verb: eat
– Present tense: I eat when I am hungry.
– Past tense: She ate dinner last night at six.
– Future tense: We will eat lunch tomorrow at noon.

7. ACCOMPLISHMENTS
– Accomplishment verbs have a termination that is logical in terms of their
action
– They are called as bounded processes
– Examples :
– He wrote a book about language teaching
– Her boss learned Japanese
– She knitted this sweater

8. ACTIVITIES VS
ACCOMPLISHMENTS
– Both are kinds of processes. They are described by dynamic verbs.
– The verbs also allow progressive aspect
– Main difference is one of boundedness
– Activities : I am pushing a cart
– Accomplishment : I am drawing a circle

9. ACHIEVEMENTS
– Achievement verbs describe an action that occurs instanteneously,
either punctually or as change of state, with an outcome of a new state
– Examples :
– He bounced the ball several times (punctual)
– She crossed the finish line (change of state)
– She won the race (punctual)
– My brother reaches the top (change of state)

10. CHECK YOUR
UNDERSTANDING
– Sean was sleeping
– Sean was asleep
– She found her soulmate
– Mr. Arya recovers from illness

11. GRAMMATICAL
EXPRESSIONS OF
ASPECT

12. Grammatical
Aspect
Simple
aspect
Progressive
aspect
Perfect
aspect
Perfect-
progressive
aspect

13. SIMPLE ASPECT
– The simple aspect allows speakers to express discrete or habitual actions
or states
– Examples :
– The little girl reads a book every morning
– He painted me a picture
– She will meet me tomorrow

14. PROGRESSIVE ASPECT
– The progressive aspect allows speakers to express incomplete or ongoing
actions or states
– Progressives are used with dynamic situations rather than states and
provide a way of describing processes as being extended through time
without any implication of completion
– In past and future, progressives can be used to provide background
activities
– Examples :
– I am listening to the song
– She was hiding the money when the doorbell rang

15. PERFECT ASPECT
– The perfect aspect allows speakers to express and emphasize the
consequences of a previous action or state
– In another word, it is a relative aspect
– Examples :
– I have studied for the test
– He was too late. The train had left.

16. PERFECT-PROGRESSIVE
ASPECT
– The perfect-progressive aspect allows speakers to express and
emphasize the consequences of a previous ongoing or incomplete action
or states
– Examples :
– Her grandfather has been smooking again
– He had been jogging when the storm hit