This document discusses several ethical theories and principles that are explored in the course, including consequential ethics, utilitarian ethics, deontological ethics, and nonconsequential ethics. It provides brief overviews of each theory, including how right and wrong are determined and examples of theorists associated with each approach. It also outlines the key ethical principles of autonomy, beneficence, and nonmaleficence that guide ethical behavior for healthcare professionals.
Ethical Theories and Principles.htmlEthical Theories and Pri.docx
1. Ethical Theories and Principles.html
Ethical Theories and Principles
The term “ethics” is derived from Greek and Latin terms for
custom or habit, but current usage of the term communicates a
manner of action—doing what is right or good over what is
wrong or bad. It is important to note here that ethics involves
the how and why of what ought to be versus what is. The study
of ethics provides us with a framework to make appropriate
choices on the basis of some universal guidelines set by
community values and laws. There are a number of different
ethical theories that help to guide the development of such
community values and laws that, in turn, support ethical
decision making. In this course, you will explore the following
ethical theories in depth:Consequential Ethics: A value-based
theory that suggests the ends justify the means—the decision to
act in a certain manner must be driven by a desired outcome to
maximize goodUtilitarian Ethics: A result-based theory that
says the moral worth of an action is determined solely by its
ability to maximize happiness or pleasure for allDeontological
Ethics: A duty-based theory that originated from the work of
Kant suggests that doing the right thing is important whether it
results in maximum goodNonconsequential Ethics: An intent-
based theory that denies that the consequences of behavior are
the only criteria to determine moral action; right and wrong
stem from the intent of the action
Ethical Theories
Review each tab to learn more.
2. Consequential
Right and Wrong
Rightness and wrongness of actions are determined by the
consequences generated.
Goodness
Good breeds good.
Theorists
Milton Friedman and Niccolo Machiavelli
3. Utilitarian
Right and Wrong
Rightness and wrongness of actions are determined by a
decrease in pain and increase in pleasure. (Consequential)
Goodness
Maximize the greatest good; ends justify the means.
Theorists
4. Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mills
Deontological
Right and Wrong
Rightness and wrongness of actions are determined by the role
of respect and duty to others. (Nonconsequential)
5. Goodness
Identify and follow one’s duty, even if it does not maximize
good.
Theorists
W. D. Ross and Martin Buber
Nonconsequential
6. Right and Wrong
Rightness and wrongness of actions is determined by the intent
of the action itself, not the consequences.
Goodness
Intention-based theory, obligation is critical.
Theorists
Rene Descartes and Immanuel Kant
7. Ultimately, while there are a number of theories to help
influence ethical conduct, there are some agreed-upon
principles in healthcare that drive ethical behavior for
healthcare professionals. Following are the
principles:Autonomy: Recognizing the right of individuals to
make their own decisions without interference from
anotherBeneficence: Recognizing the principle of showing
kindness and compassion to others and doing
goodNonmaleficence: Recognizing the importance to avoid
causing harm and to avoid options that provide no short- or
long-term benefits
Developing a working knowledge of ethical theories and
principles helps to provide a moral compass. This moral
compass will guide the decisions you make throughout your life
as individuals and as healthcare administrators, particularly as
you align your organization to meet a growing body of
governing healthcare laws.Additional Materials
From your course textbook, Legal and Ethical Issues for Health
Professionals, review the following chapter:Introduction to
Ethics
From the South University Online Library, review the following
articles:The Burden of Choice: A Qualitative Study of
Healthcare Professionals’ Reactions to Ethical Challenges in
Humanitarian Crises Eliciting, Documenting, and Honoring
Patient's Goals of Care and Life-Sustaining Treatment
Decisions: Building Systems to Ensure Success (FR479)
From the Internet, review the following:American College of
8. Healthcare Executives. (n.d.). About ACHE. Retrieved from
https://www.ache.org/abt_ache/code.cfm
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//end here
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});
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//////console.log(count);
//alert("going");
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});
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function
ImageSliderButtonClickWithFeedbackTemplate(pid,feedbackAr
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var currentIndex = 0;
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related to the carousel
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currentIndex =
carouselData.getItemIndex(carouselData.$element.find('.item.ac
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var total = carouselData.$items.length;
94. //restartAudio();
});
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'Well done! This is the correct option.<br> In this image, you
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symmetrical. ', 'Sorry! This is incorrect. Try again.', 'Sorry!
This is incorrect. Try again.', 'Sorry! This is incorrect. Try
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their proximity to one another.', 'Sorry! This is incorrect. Try
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incorrect. Try again.', 'Sorry! This is incorrect. Try again.',
'Sorry! This is incorrect. Try again.'];
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'Sorry! This is incorrect. Try again.', 'Well done! This is the
correct option.<br>In this image, you tend to perceive a cube,
even though no actual cube is drawn. If you couldn't
describe the image as a cube, how would you try and describe
them?', 'Sorry! This is incorrect. Try again.', 'Sorry! This is
incorrect. Try again.'];
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incorrect. Try again.', 'Sorry! This is incorrect. Try again.',
'Sorry! This is incorrect. Try again.', 'Sorry! This is incorrect.
Try again.', 'Well done! This is the correct option.<br>In this
picture, you can see either an old lady or a young lady; you
can't see both images at the same time. When you focus on
important features of one, the other features become background
and vice versa.', 'Sorry! This is incorrect. Try again.'];
var feedbackArr_5 = feedbackArr5 || ['Sorry! This is
incorrect. Try again.', 'Sorry! This is incorrect. Try again.',
'Sorry! This is incorrect. Try again.', 'Sorry! This is incorrect.
Try again.', 'Sorry! This is incorrect. Try again.', 'Well done!
This is the correct option.<br>The images in the foreground are
larger than the images in the background, still the viewer
assumes that the objects are actually of the same size. The
distance is inferred rather than the actual size.'];
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incorrect. Try again.', 'Well done! This is the correct
option.<br>In this image, you tend to perceive an "X," that is
two lines intersecting rather than two semicircles touching each
other.', 'Sorry! This is incorrect. Try again.', 'Sorry! This is
incorrect. Try again.', 'Sorry! This is incorrect. Try again.',
'Sorry! This is incorrect. Try again.'];
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$(pid+"#myTab_M1G36").css("padding-
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$(pid+".off").removeClass("selected");
$(pid+".button_content").removeClass("Right wrong");
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function ClickThroughHotspotTemplate(pid) {
pid = "#" + pid + ".click_through_hotspot_template ";
var wid =
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var hgt =
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$(pid).find(".button_icon").each(function(){
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var y = parseInt($(this).attr("data-y"),10);
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$('body').on('click', function (e) {
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/*window.onorientationchange = function () {
var orientation = window.orientation;
switch (orientation) {
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case 90: window.location.reload();
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function init() {
var flag = true;
$(pid + '.gallery__controls-prev').addClass('text-grey');
$(pid + '.gallery__controls-prev').css('cursor', 'default');
var width = $(window).width(), height =
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var lastItem = false;
$(pid +
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$(pid + '.timeline__step-marker').on('click', function () {
$(this).addClass('active');
$(this).parents('.gallery__item').siblings('div').find('a').removeC
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})
104. $(pid + '.carousel').carousel({
wrap: false
});
var isiPhone =
navigator.userAgent.toLowerCase().indexOf("iphone");
var isiPad =
navigator.userAgent.toLowerCase().indexOf("ipad");
var isiPod =
navigator.userAgent.toLowerCase().indexOf("ipod");
if (isiPhone > -1 || isiPad > -1) {
$(pid + ".carousel-inner").swipe({
//Generic swipe handler for all directions
105. swipeLeft: function (event, direction, distance,
duration, fingerCount) {
$(this).parent().carousel('next');
id = $(this).find('.active').attr('id').split('_')[1];
selectedId = parseInt(id) + 1;
$(pid + '#click_' +
selectedId).find('a').addClass('active');
$(pid + '#click_' +
selectedId).siblings('div').find('a').removeClass('active');
toGalleryItem($('#click_' + selectedId));
},
swipeRight: function () {
$(this).parent().carousel('prev');
id = $(this).find('.active').attr('id').split('_')[1];
106. selectedId = parseInt(id) - 1;
$(pid + '#click_' +
selectedId).find('a').addClass('active');
$(pid + '#click_' +
selectedId).siblings('div').find('a').removeClass('active');
toGalleryItem($('#click_' + selectedId));
},
//Default is 75px, set to 0 for demo so any distance
triggers swipe
threshold: 0
});
}
var totalWidth = 0;
// Total width is calculated by looping through each
gallery item and
107. // adding up each width and storing that in `totalWidth`
$(pid + ".gallery__item").each(function () {
totalWidth = totalWidth + $(this).outerWidth();
});
// The maxScrollPosition is the furthest point the items
should
// ever scroll to. We always want the viewport to be full of
images.
var maxScrollPosition = totalWidth - $(pid+".gallery-
wrap").outerWidth();
if (width >= 1024) {
maxScrollPosition = maxScrollPosition + 1;
} else if (width >= 768 && width <= 1023) {
108. maxScrollPosition = maxScrollPosition + 15;
} else if (width >= 480 && width <= 767) {
maxScrollPosition = maxScrollPosition + 10;
} else if (width >= 320 && width <= 479) {
maxScrollPosition = maxScrollPosition + 1;
}
// This is the core function that animates to the target item
//
===============================================
=====================
function toGalleryItem($targetItem) {
/*if($($targetItem).hasClass('firstgalleryitem')) {
112. $(pid + '.gallery__controls-
next').removeClass('text-grey');
$(pid + '.gallery__controls-next').css('cursor',
'pointer');
}
//alert(newPosition + " ---- " + maxScrollPosition)
if (newPosition <= maxScrollPosition) {
// Add active class to the target item
$targetItem.addClass("gallery__item--active");
// Remove the Active class from all other items
$targetItem.siblings().removeClass("gallery__item--active");
// Animate .gallery element to the correct left
position.
$(pid + ".gallery").animate({
left: - newPosition
113. });
} else {
// Animate .gallery element to the correct left
position.
/*$(".gallery").animate({
left : - maxScrollPosition
});*/
};
};
};
// Basic HTML manipulation
//
===============================================
=====================
114. // Set the gallery width to the totalWidth. This allows all
items to
// be on one line.
$(pid + ".gallery").width(totalWidth);
// Add active class to the first gallery item
$(pid + ".gallery__item:first").addClass("gallery__item--
active");
// When the prev button is clicked
//
===============================================
=====================
$(pid + ".gallery__controls-prev").on('click', function () {
// Set target item to the item before the active item
var $targetItem = $(pid + ".gallery__item--
active").prev();
toGalleryItem($targetItem);
});
115. // When the next button is clicked
//
===============================================
=====================
$(pid + ".gallery__controls-next").on('click', function () {
//alert($(".gallery__item--active").next())
// Set target item to the item after the active item
var $targetItem = $(pid + ".gallery__item--
active").next();
toGalleryItem($targetItem);
});
}
init();
}
/*** click_through_timeline template end here ***/
116. /**** bootstrap_image_video_slider template start here ****/
function BootstrapImageVideoSliderTemplate(pid) {
pid = "#" + pid + ".bootstrap_image_video_slider ";
var vimeosrcObj = [];
var audiosrcObj = [];
var currentIndex = 0;
// init();
//pauseAudio();
pauseAudio();
$(pid + "iframe.embed-responsive-item").each(function (i) {
vimeosrcObj.push({ value: $(this).attr('src') });
});
$(pid + ".audiosrc").each(function (i) {
audiosrcObj.push({ value: $(this).attr('src') });
});
function pauseAudio() {
117. var audio = $(pid + " #myAudio")[0];
var audio2 = $(pid + " #myAudio_2")[0];
var audio3 = $(pid + " #myAudio_3")[0];
audio.pause();
audio2.pause();
audio3.pause();
}
function restartAudio() {
var audio = $(pid + " #myAudio")[0];
var audio2 = $(pid + " #myAudio_2")[0];
var audio3 = $(pid + " #myAudio_3")[0];
$(pid + ".off").removeClass("show_1");
$(pid + ".off").off("click");
$(pid + ".off").addClass("disabled");
audio.currentTime = 0
118. audio2.currentTime = 0
audio3.currentTime = 0
pauseAudio();
}
$(pid + ".carousel-indicators").bind("click", function () {
////console.log("click event indicators");
$(pid + ".off").removeClass("show_1");
$(pid + ".button_content").hide();
//restartAudio();
});
////////////////
// Listen to the 'slid carousel' event
// to trigger our code after each slide change
$(pid + '.carousel').on('slid.bs.carousel', function () {
119. // This variable contains all kinds of data and methods
related to the carousel
var carouselData = $(this).data('bs.carousel');
// EDIT: Doesn't work in Boostrap >= 3.2
//var currentIndex = carouselData.getActiveIndex();
currentIndex =
carouselData.getItemIndex(carouselData.$element.find('.item.ac
tive'));
//alert(currentIndex);
var total = carouselData.$items.length;
// Create the text we want to display.
// We increment the index because humans don't count like
machines
var text = (currentIndex + 1) + " of " + total;
// You have to create a HTML element <div id="carousel-
index"></div>
// under your carousel to make this work
120. ////console.log("text =" + text);
var audio = $(pid + " #myAudio")[0];
var audio2 = $(pid + " #myAudio_2")[0];
var audio3 = $(pid + " #myAudio_3")[0];
audio.pause();
audio2.pause();
audio3.pause();
//$(".audiosrc").attr("src","");
if ((currentIndex + 1) == 3) {
if
(/Android|webOS|iPhone|iPad|iPod|BlackBerry|IEMobile|Opera
Mini/i.test(navigator.userAgent)) {
// some code..
//restartAudio();
$(pid + ".off").removeClass("show_1");
$(pid + ".off").off("click");
126. bghfgf bvgfgfgt vbgfgr vgfgrt fgfgr</p>', '<p>jhghhghghg b
bfgf bghfgf bvgfgfgt vbgfgr vgfgrt fgfgr</p>', '<p>jkhjjjh b
bfgf bghfgf bvgfgfgt vbgfgr vgfgrt fgfgr</p>'];
var a=[]
// $(".off").on("click", function()
// {
function showContent(){
//alert("show");
var i=$(this).attr("id").split("a_")[1];
$(".button_content").css("display", "block");
$(".button_content").html(feedbackArr[i-1]);
}*/
127. //});
var feedbackArr_1 = ['<p>When you are at a school, it is
very unlikely that you may get professional hands-on experience
just by completing your academic part of the graduation.</p>' +
'<p>So does that mean you cannot get a job right after you
graduate? No! To meet the gap of professional hands-on
experience in the field of photojournalism, most of the
universities and schools either facilitate internships with local
firms or provide counselors or advisors at school to help
students get into an internship with a company or an
agency.</p>' + '<p>Internship or apprenticeship can be thought
of as a trial job where you get an opportunity to see how your
work measures up to the skills being sought in the professional
field.</p>' + '<p>The internships can be either paid or unpaid
depending on the period of stay, amount of work, and your
employer. For example, some low-budget newspaper agencies
do not pay their interns.</p>' + '<p>The salary or stipend you
get as an intern is irrelevant. The advantages of an internship
are the hands-on experience you gain from the assignments you
work on and the networking you establish with the professionals
in the field.</p>', '<p>In the digital era, where information
transfer is instantaneous, media companies and news agencies
prefer photographers who can themselves write stories for their
images A photographer with good writing skills helps in getting
information published without any delays and retaining the
original intent of the shot image Therefore, a photographer with
good writing skills has better prospects of being hired than
others.</p>' + '<p>You can develop good writing skills by
practicing, imbibing basic grammar rules, proofreading, and
reading good written samples.</p>', '<p>As you have learned in
Milestone 1 of this course, joining an organization such as
NPPA can provide you opportunities to get into internship
programs and exclusive job openings.<p> ' + '<p>You can
129. <ul class="text-left">' + '<li>Includes more news-telling images
and some sports-action images</li>' + '<li>Adds images that
show his skills and diversity in capturing low-light, action, and
still-life photographs</li>' + '<li>Keeps composition, lighting,
and creativity at the forefront of his objectives when editing his
images for the portfolio</li>' + '<li>Checks that the number of
images compiled in the portfolio is not more than
20–25</li>' + '</ul>'];
var feedbackArr_3 = ['<p></p>'];
var a = []
function showContent() {
////alert("show11");
var i = $(this).attr("id").split("a_")[1];
$(pid + ".button_content").css("display", "block");
if ((currentIndex + 1) == 3) {
$(pid + ".button_content").html(feedbackArr_1[i - 1]);
}
else if ((currentIndex + 1) == 4) {
$(pid + ".button_content").html(feedbackArr_2[i - 1]);
158. loadScripts("https://myclasses.argosy.edu/shared/plugins/image
maps/jquery.rwdImageMaps.min.js",function(){
$(pid + 'img[usemap]').rwdImageMaps();
var feedbackArr = ['All preceding levels of need must be
realized before the needs for self-actualization are attained.
This level represents a person’s need to do what s/he
was "born to do". The needs make themselves
known in signs of restlessness. It is not always apparent what a
person wants for a need of self-actualization to be attained.',
'All three previous levels of needs must be met before the needs
for esteem become evident. These needs involve self-esteem,
and the recognition people receive from others. When these
needs are met, people feel self-confident and valuable. When
these needs are not met, a person feels frustrated, inferior,
weak, and worthless.', 'These needs become evident as people
try to overcome feelings of loneliness and alienation. This
involves both giving and receiving love, affection, and a sense
of belonging.', 'When physiological needs are met, the need for
safety is activated. Adults rarely recognize these needs, except
in times of emergency, but children often display signs of
insecurity and the need to feel safe.', 'Biological needs that
consist of needs for food, water, air, and shelter. They are the
strongest needs because without these, humans would search for
them in order to survive.'];
$(pid + " .colorbarBtn").on("click", function (e) {
var colorId =
$(this).attr("dataname").split("colorbarBtn_")[1];