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The recently reported observation of VFTS 243 is the first example of a massive black-hole binary system with negligible binary interaction following black-hole formation. The black-hole mass (≈10M⊙) and near-circular orbit (e ≈ 0.02) of VFTS 243 suggest that the progenitor star experienced complete collapse, with energy-momentum being lost predominantly through neutrinos. VFTS 243 enables us to constrain the natal kick and neutrino-emission asymmetry during black-hole formation. At 68% confidence level, the natal kick velocity (mass decrement) is ≲10 km=s (≲1.0M⊙), with a full probability distribution that peaks when ≈0.3M⊙ were ejected, presumably in neutrinos, and the black hole experienced a natal kick of 4 km=s. The neutrino-emission asymmetry is ≲4%, with best fit values of ∼0–0.2%. Such a small neutrino natal kick accompanying black-hole formation is in agreement with theoretical predictions.

Constraints on Neutrino Natal Kicks from Black-Hole Binary VFTS 243

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The highest priority recommendation of the Astro2020 Decadal Survey for space-based astronomy was the construction of an observatory capable of characterizing habitable worlds. In this paper series we explore the detectability of and interference from exomoons and exorings serendipitously observed with the proposed Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO) as it seeks to characterize exoplanets, starting in this manuscript with Earth-Moon analog mutual events. Unlike transits, which only occur in systems viewed near edge-on, shadow (i.e., solar eclipse) and lunar eclipse mutual events occur in almost every star-planet-moon system. The cadence of these events can vary widely from ∼yearly to multiple events per day, as was the case in our younger Earth-Moon system. Leveraging previous space-based (EPOXI) lightcurves of a Moon transit and performance predictions from the LUVOIR-B concept, we derive the detectability of Moon analogs with HWO. We determine that Earth-Moon analogs are detectable with observation of ∼2-20 mutual events for systems within 10 pc, and larger moons should remain detectable out to 20 pc. We explore the extent to which exomoon mutual events can mimic planet features and weather. We find that HWO wavelength coverage in the near-IR, specifically in the 1.4 µm water band where large moons can outshine their host planet, will aid in differentiating exomoon signals from exoplanet variability. Finally, we predict that exomoons formed through collision processes akin to our Moon are more likely to be detected in younger systems, where shorter orbital periods and favorable geometry enhance the probability and frequency of mutual events.

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The magnetic dynamo cycle of the Sun features a distinct pattern: a propagating region of sunspot emergence appears around 30° latitude and vanishes near the equator every 11 years (ref. 1). Moreover, longitudinal flows called torsional oscillations closely shadow sunspot migration, undoubtedly sharing a common cause2. Contrary to theories suggesting deep origins of these phenomena, helioseismology pinpoints low-latitude torsional oscillations to the outer 5–10% of the Sun, the near-surface shear layer3,4. Within this zone, inwardly increasing differential rotation coupled with a poloidal magnetic field strongly implicates the magneto-rotational instability5,6, prominent in accretion-disk theory and observed in laboratory experiments7. Together, these two facts prompt the general question: whether the solar dynamo is possibly a near-surface instability. Here we report strong affirmative evidence in stark contrast to traditional models8 focusing on the deeper tachocline. Simple analytic estimates show that the near-surface magneto-rotational instability better explains the spatiotemporal scales of the torsional oscillations and inferred subsurface magnetic field amplitudes9. State-of-the-art numerical simulations corroborate these estimates and reproduce hemispherical magnetic current helicity laws10. The dynamo resulting from a well-understood near-surface phenomenon improves prospects for accurate predictions of full magnetic cycles and space weather, affecting the electromagnetic infrastructure of Earth.

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Mars is a particularly attractive candidate among known astronomical objects to potentially host life. Results from space exploration missions have provided insights into Martian geochemistry that indicate oxychlorine species, particularly perchlorate, are ubiquitous features of the Martian geochemical landscape. Perchlorate presents potential obstacles for known forms of life due to its toxicity. However, it can also provide potential benefits, such as producing brines by deliquescence, like those thought to exist on present-day Mars. Here we show perchlorate brines support folding and catalysis of functional RNAs, while inactivating representative protein enzymes. Additionally, we show perchlorate and other oxychlorine species enable ribozyme functions, including homeostasis-like regulatory behavior and ribozyme-catalyzed chlorination of organic molecules. We suggest nucleic acids are uniquely wellsuited to hypersaline Martian environments. Furthermore, Martian near- or subsurface oxychlorine brines, and brines found in potential lifeforms, could provide a unique niche for biomolecular evolution.

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Sérgio Sacani

There are two types of lymphocytes namely B-cells and T-cells, which are critical for the immune system. In addition, several accessory cells and effector cells also participate. The site of development and maturation of B-cells occurs in bursa fabricius in birds, and bone marrow in mammals. During the course of immune response. B-cells mature into plasma cells and secrete antibodies (immunoglobulins). The B-cells possess the capability to specifically recognize each antigen and produce antibodies (i.e. immunoglobulins) against it.

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The thermal continuum emission observed from accreting black holes across X-ray bands has the potential to be leveraged as a powerful probe of the mass and spin of the central black hole. The vast majority of existing ‘continuum fitting’ models neglect emission sourced at and within the innermost stable circular orbit (ISCO) of the black hole. Numerical simulations, however, find non-zero emission sourced from these regions. In this work, we extend existing techniques by including the emission sourced from within the plunging region, utilizing new analytical models that reproduce the properties of numerical accretion simulations. We show that in general the neglected intra-ISCO emission produces a hot-and-small quasi-blackbody component, but can also produce a weak power-law tail for more extreme parameter regions. A similar hot-and-small blackbody component has been added in by hand in an ad hoc manner to previous analyses of X-ray binary spectra. We show that the X-ray spectrum of MAXI J1820+070 in a soft-state outburst is extremely well described by a full Kerr black hole disc, while conventional models that neglect intra-ISCO emission are unable to reproduce the data. We believe this represents the first robust detection of intra-ISCO emission in the literature, and allows additional constraints to be placed on the MAXI J1820 + 070 black hole spin which must be low a• < 0.5 to allow a detectable intra-ISCO region. Emission from within the ISCO is the dominant emission component in the MAXI J1820 + 070 spectrum between 6 and 10 keV, highlighting the necessity of including this region. Our continuum fitting model is made publicly available.

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Pursuing an M.Tech degree at IISc Bangalore provides access to world-class educational opportunities, innovative research avenues, and passionate professionals. Completing a master’s from IISc opens many opportunities in research and industries. Whether pursuing higher studies, venturing into entrepreneurship, or exploring diverse career paths, IISc Bangalore graduates are equipped with the skills and knowledge to make a lasting impact in their chosen fields. By choosing IISc Bangalore, students embark on a journey of growth, discovery, and endless possibilities, creating a solid foundation for a successful and fulfilling career. Check out this blog to learn more about the scopes after MTech and ME from IISc.

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Presentation for the Most Influential Paper (MIP) award at the IEEE International Conference on Software Analysis, Evolution and Reengineering (SANER) 2024 Abstract: Existing defect prediction models use product or process metrics and machine learning methods to identify defect- prone source code entities. Different classifiers (e.g., linear regression, logistic regression, or classification trees) have been investigated in the last decade. The results achieved so far are sometimes contrasting and do not show a clear winner. In this paper we present an empirical study aiming at statistically analyzing the equivalence of different defect predictors. We also propose a combined approach, coined as CODEP (COmbined DEfect Predictor), that employs the classification provided by different machine learning techniques to improve the detection of defect-prone entities. The study was conducted on 10 open source software systems and in the context of cross-project defect prediction, that represents one of the main challenges in the defect prediction field. The statistical analysis of the results indicates that the investigated classifiers are not equivalent and they can complement each other. This is also confirmed by the superior prediction accuracy achieved by CODEP when compared to stand-alone defect predictors.

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In the Nice model of solar system formation, Uranus and Neptune undergo an orbital upheaval, sweeping through a planetesimal disk. The region of the disk from which material is accreted by the ice giants during this phase of their evolution has not previously been identified. We perform direct N-body orbital simulations of the four giant planets to determine the amount and origin of solid accretion during this orbital upheaval. We find that the ice giants undergo an extreme bombardment event, with collision rates as much as ∼3 per hour assuming km-sized planetesimals, increasing the total planet mass by up to ∼0.35%. In all cases, the initially outermost ice giant experiences the largest total enhancement. We determine that for some plausible planetesimal properties, the resulting atmospheric enrichment could potentially produce sufficient latent heat to alter the planetary cooling timescale according to existing models. Our findings suggest that substantial accretion during this phase of planetary evolution may have been sufficient to impact the atmospheric composition and thermal evolution of the ice giants, motivating future work on the fate of deposited solid material.

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From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world. With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively. The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage. Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience. See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers See the original article on Forbes here: http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b

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Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world. Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance. For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age. Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.

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This video by Simplilearn will explain to you Introduction to C Programming Language. Introduction to C Programming Language Tutorial For Beginners will explain to you the C language's history, C's importance, its features, real-world applications, and some of its advantages and disadvantages. 00:00 Introduction to C 1:42-History of C language Dennis Ritchie, a computer scientist, could identify the gaps and tap out the best features from both B and BCPL languages to invent a new hybrid. Hence, C was born in 1972 at Bell Laboratories. A remarkably simple and highly readable programming language resulted in groundbreaking advancements in the IT industry. 2:48-Importance and unraveling the powerful capabilities of C, The widespread use of C started to take over the IT industry. Unraveling the potential of C, the designers began to discover new possibilities that led them to focus on the big picture. 3:56-C's cutting-edge features The designers at Bell Laboratories ensured that their programming language solved the issues with B and BCPL and the ones they had foreseen. 6:35-The popular real-world applications of C -UNIX operating system -google file system -Mozilla -Graphical user interface 8:30-The advantages and disadvantages of C 10:34-The popular IT companies and their domains that employ C · MasterCard · IBM · Flipkart · Dell · Twitter · GitHub and twitch 11:09-First c program. 🔥 Explore our FREE courses with completion certificates: https://www.simplilearn.com/skillup-f... ✅Subscribe to our Channel to learn more about the top Technologies: https://bit.ly/2VT4WtH ⏩ Check out the C++ Programming training videos: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list... #IntroductiontoCProgrammingLanguage #CLanguage #CProgramming #CProgram #CProgrammingLanguage #LearnCProgramming #HowToCodeInCForBeginners #CTutorialForBeginners #LearnCProgramming #Simplilearn Dennis Ritchie, a computer scientist, was able to identify the gaps and tap out the best features from both B and BCPL languages to invent a new hybrid. Hence, C was born in 1972 at Bell Laboratories. A remarkably simple and highly readable programming language resulted in groundbreaking advancements in the IT industry. ✅What is C++ Programming? C++ is an enhanced and extended version of C programming language, developed by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1979 as part of his Ph.D. project. Bjarne developed what he called ‘C with Classes’ (later renamed C++) because he felt limited by the existing programming languages that were not ideal for large scale projects. He used C to build what he wanted because C was already a general-purpose language that was efficient and fast in its operations. ✅C++ Career Prospects: With just C++ programming expertise, you will have excellent job opportunities, salaries, and career prospects. However, for a career based on programming languages such as Java and Python (which are in more demand than C++) or for careers based on front-end, back-end, and full-stack

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