Salmonella A Food Borne Illness Essay

Salmonella a Food Borne Illness Essay
The food borne illness I have chosen is salmonella.
Question 1: What is the infectious agent (pathogen) that causes this infectious disease? The
infectious agent (pathogen) that causes salmonella is called salmonella enteriditis. The bacteria is
larger than a virus; but, is visible to the eye with the microscope. It is rod–shaped, gram negative,
non–motile bacteria that does not form spores. Interestingly enough it communicates to its fellow
bacteria via AHL. It infects the cell, multiplies within it; then, bursts the cell. Special effector
protein factors are required for salmonella intestinal invasion and the induction of fluid secretion
and for inflammatory responses. There are about six names species names of it, salmonella ... Show
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Sources:
Medical Author:
Charles Patrick Davis, MD, PhD
Medical Editor:
William C. Shiel Jr., MD, FACP, FACR
Question 3: What is an example of a real life outbreak of this food borne illness in the United
States?
Tainted turkey is the likely source of the latest salmonella outbreak. An antibiotic–resistant strain of
salmonella has made its way into at least 26 states, killing one person and sickening 77. On
Wednesday, the U.S. health officials were investigating the source of the outbreak, which they
believe is tied to tainted ground turkey. The probe so far points to a single facility. The location of
which is being withheld? That has produced three of four salmonella–infected ground turkey
samples taken from four stores. The salmonella strain involved worries officials because it is
resistant to common antibiotics, raising the risk of hospitalization and treatment failure, the CDC
says. It is estimated that 1 of 6 Americans or 48 million people (roughly) get sick from food borne
illnesses, 128,000 are hospitalized, and 3,000 die from food borne illnesses. When they find out that
someone has come in contact with a food borne illness they try to alert the rest of the U.S and
remove that food from the selves, so that no one else comes in contact with the infectious disease.
Sources:
WWW.OPPAPERS.COM
Question 4: What are the clinical symptoms, duration of the disease, and treatment of any?
Possible signs and symptoms of salmonella are: nausea,

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Salmonella Research Paper
Salmonella Salmonella is a common type of food poisoning caused by Salmonella typhoid and other
bacterias. It resides in most animals and reptiles. The first known case of Salmonella was when
Daniel Elmer Salmon discovered Salmonella in pig intestines in 1885 according to medical.net,
Salmonella History. Salmonella kills about 155,000 people each year worldwide out of 93.8 million
cases. There's about 1 million cases of Salmonella in the US and 380 deaths yearly according to
CDC, Salmonella. Salmonella has been around since ancient times, and doctors started using
antibiotics in the 1900s. Salmonella can be transmitted by direct contact and fomites. Salmonella
bacteria can live on a surface for about 1–4 hours. If it enters the bloodstream, ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Martha Stewart, for example, got Salmonella from handling too many turkeys at Thanksgiving.
Also, Wayne Simon, Miami Heat basketball player, missed the NBA finals in 2006 because he came
down with Salmonella. There were eight outbreaks of Salmonella during 2016, causing a few
deaths. Nosocomial outbreaks have been known to occur, mostly in pediatric wards. In 2018, there
were two outbreaks, one from raw sprouts and the other from frozen shredded coconut. These foods
were contaminated with the Salmonella bacteria. In 2017, there were several outbreaks from
Maradol Papayas. In 2011 there were 9 outbreaks due to several different foods according to CDC,
Outbreaks. Almost every food can be contaminated by salmonella bacteria. The symptoms have
stayed the same, and the doctors continue to prescribe

Essay Salmonella and Enteritis or Systemic Diseases
Salmonella
Introduction
Salmonella is known as a gram–negative, rod shaped bacillus. It is a facultative anaerobe in the
family Enterobacteriaceae (Todar). There are more than 1,000 known types of Salmonella, with
ranging levels of toxicity (Jones), accounting for 60% of all bacterial diseases (Curtello).
Salmonellosis has affected over 1.4 million people per year in the United States, including more
than 500 fatal cases (Jones). This organism has a wide host range with abilities to attack both
animals and humans (Tartakow). Salmonella's main habitat is in the intestinal tracts of warm
blooded animals (Jones). It best grows at a temperature between 5 and 47 degrees Celsius (Pui).
Non–host adapted Salmonella may reside in food or water ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Since it has such a long incubation period, this suggests that Salmonella typhimurium is able to
avoid detection by the host immune system early in the course of infection (Helene). The non–host
adapted Salmonella cause very diverse typhoid–like symptoms and is most common cause for
foodborne infections (Todar). Gastroenteritis is characterized by a sudden onset of fever, abdominal
pain, vomiting, diarrhea, and dehydration. Diarrhea is a result of secretions of fluids by the small
and large intestines. These symptoms are caused by acute inflammatory responses given off by the
bacteria within the intestine (Giannella). In extreme cases S. typhimurium could affect respiratory,
central nervous or cardiovascular systems causing things like pneumonia and meningitis. The
severity of symptoms depends on the type, amount ingested, a person's age, and susceptibility to
illnesses. Elderly people and young children are the most vulnerable to symptoms of Salmonellosis.
Symptoms can begin to appear anywhere between six and forty–eight hours and can last three days
or even three weeks.
Septicemia is another form of the manifestation of Salmonella in the body. This is known as the
intermediate stage of the infection and does not cause intestinal symptoms. Also, the bacteria are
unable to be eradicated from the fecal matter secreted by an infected host. The harshness of the
specific infection is dependent on the endurance of the patient

Salmonella
Picture this, a man is at the grocery store picking up ingredients for a cake. It is his daughter's
seventh birthday and the whole family is going to bake her a cake. He picks up eggs, flour, sugar,
and some frosting. After getting home, he and his two other kids are mixing raw eggs into the batter.
They all decided to taste it before putting it into the oven. Bam! A week later they all have
Salmonella. How did this happen? Well, those eggs that he bought had been produced in a factory
farm where animal welfare is not taken into account. They came in contact with feces and dead
birds. Does this sound like the kind of food you want to eat? The unjust treatment of animals in the
food industry effects not only these animals quality of life, but ... Show more content on
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This has been proven time and time again from undercover videos released by animal activist
groups showing heart wrenching abuse. One example of this is an undercover video released by the
HSUS, which shows severe animal abuse at the Hallmark Meat Packing factory. According to
Tomaselli, "As a result of this investigation, USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service officials
admitted they often took shortcuts when inspecting cattle before slaughter. This led to one of the
largest beef recalls in U.S. history" (Tomaselli). In the video workers were seen applying painful
electric shocks to the cows and jabbing them in the eye. The meat from these animals was not fit for
consumption leading to the beef recall. The HSUS says, "the facility is the second–largest supplier
of beef to USDA's Commodity Procurement Branch" (Rampant Animal Cruelty...). This company,
Hallmark, supplied the national lunch program, as well as other federal aid programs. The defective
beef from these abused cattle went on the feed many needy people and could have been potentially
harmful to them. The Food Safety and Inspection Service needs to have stricter rules and stop taking

Foodborne Illness
What is the infectious agent (pathogen) that causes this infectious disease? For example, the name of
the bacteria, virus, or parasite.
The foodborne illness I choose was Salmonella. Salmonella is a bacteria that causes an infection
known as Salmonellosis. A person that is infected with Salmonella gets diarrhea, fever, and
abdominal cramps 12 to 72 hours after being infected. Salmonella usually last four to seven days
and most people recover without treatment. People with severe diarrhea must be hospitalized. The
Salmonella can spread in from the intestines to the bloodstream and other parts of the body and can
cause death of not treated quickly with antibiotics. People with a weak immune system, elderly, and
infants are more likely to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Half the outbreak occurred in Illinois, at various Jimmy John's outlets where people ate sandwiches
containing the sprouts. During the investigation, the FDA took a sample from a water run–off that
had bacteria identical to the strain of the Salmonella found in the outbreak.
What are the clinical symptoms, duration of the disease, and treatment if any?
Salmonella symptoms are diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps from 12 to 72 hours after being
infected. The illness usually last four to seven days, and most people infected recover without
treatment. Antibiotics are given to those who develop severe diarrhea from the illness. Individuals
who are infected bowel habits takes several months before it returns to normal. Also, a few people
with Salmonella develop pain in their joints, irritation of the eyes, and painful urination. Which is
called reactive arthritis, it can last for months or years, and can lead to chronic arthritis. The
antibiotic treatment does not change whether or not a person develops arthritis.
What steps can be taken to prevent further outbreaks? Include individual as well as environmental
precautions and methods
There are few tips people can use to avoid outbreaks are properly clean and sterilize kitchen
equipment, cook food thoroughly, and properly store food. Cleaning and sterilizing kitchen
equipment such as cutting boards,

Salmonella Case Study
In 1984, members of the Rajneeshee, a Buddhist cult, created the biological agent salmonella and
contaminated the salad bar at Shakey's Pizza in The Dalles, Ore. They also contaminated blue–
cheese dressing, table–top coffee creamers and potato salads at 10 local restaurants and a
supermarket. They poured it into a glass of water and handed it to a judge. They used the biological
agent against the district attorney, a doctor, and a dentist. Their plan was to seize control of the
county government by packing polling booths with imported homeless people while making local
residents too sick to vote (Time 2001, para.1). That attack was a practice run for a massive attempt
to incapacitate Oregon voters by slipping bacteria into the water supply (NY Daily News 2013, para.
18). Is this a biological agent a threat to our homeland today, or not?
A person infected with Salmonella develop diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps between 12 and
72 hours after infection. The illness normally lasts 4 to 7 days, and most individuals will ... Show
One needs only to once again look to the Rajneeshee attack. The Rajneeshees grew the Salmonella
organisms in a nutrient rich liquid media and placed it on food items on the salad bars. In this case
relatively little had to be done to prepare the biological weapon other than grow it up and sprinkle it
on the food (ATSU 2005, para.5). Whereas the number of dead may be small, or nonexistent, the
fear the attack would create would likely be immense. The obvious ease and low overhead cost to
produce this agent is alarming. A small facility with a hand full of people under the guidance of one
trained individual could produce the enough Salmonella to infect hundreds as has already been
proven. This example alone shows that the threat of this agent is clear and

Salmonella And The Gastrointestinal System
Salmonella is a bacteria people get after eating raw foods. This bacteria can cause diseases and make
people sick, or even kill them. Salmonella only causes noticeable symptoms for people who have a
weakened digestive system. The bacteria causes the gastrointestinal system malfunction once it
reaches the stomach and intestines. The structure of Salmonella makes it hard to be killed by the
body. Salmonella works by moving around in the stomach and intestines, which spreads it
everywhere. Salmonella affects the gastrointestinal system the most. The gastrointestinal system
includes the mouth, esophagus, the stomach, and large and small intestines. Salmonella gets into
your body by being on the food you eat, and sheds off the food into your gastrointestinal system.
According to Virtual Medical Centre, "The first place your food goes is in your mouth and down
your esophagus to the stomach, which is where the food gets propelled by the intestines." ... Show
The most common foods infected with salmonella include raw meat, poultry, seafood, raw eggs, and
fruits and vegetables. These contaminated foods cause symptoms like nausea, vomiting, abdominal
cramps, diarrhea, fever, chills, headaches, and blood in the stool (Mayo Clinic). According to the
Mayo Clinic, "These symptoms may last 4 to 7 days, but it will take several months for your bowels
to return back to normal after the contamination." These symptoms are caused by diseases like
gastroenteritis, which is when the salmonella reaches your stomach and intestines (Gale Science in
Context). Other foods that can be contaminated are foods that are touched by people who didn't
wash their hands after using the toilet, handle raw meat or poultry, touch reptiles or birds, changing
a diaper, or cleaning up pet feces. These can contaminate the food with feces. The person that does
these tasks should wash their hands, which would prevent contaminating the food with

Salmonella Very surprisingly, reptiles and amphibians can carry the bacterium in their body. It is
easily transferred to their cages or vivariums. Salmonella is a bacteria that is caused by food
poisoning. For example, if one were to eat a contaminated food, most commonly meat or eggs, one
could experience nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Salmonella starts by living and growing in the
intestines, which is part of the digestive system. Salmonella also commonly affects the
gastrointestinal tract and digestive tract. Salmonella is made up of chromosomes, nucleoids, and
three major antigens. If salmonella gets really bad, it can be fatal, but that is very rare. Also, because
it affects the digestive system, a very important system to the body, one who has ... Show more
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THe digestive system is the system that breaks down what one eats into the nutrients the body needs
to function properly. It also takes the parts the body does not need and eliminates it from the body.
There are three major functions of the digestive system (Coolidge–Stolz et al 60). First, the food one
eats is broken down into molecules that the body can use and turns the other parts into waste. Next,
the useful molecules are absorbed into the blood and carried throughout the body. Lastly, the waste,
or parts the body doesn't need is eliminated from the body (Coolidge–Stolz et al 60). The digestive
system has many parts. Some of these are the mouth, salivary gland, epiglottis, esophagus, liver,
stomach, gallbladder, pancreas, large and small intestine, and the rectum. The digestive process
starts in the mouth. The salivary glands release saliva that assist the teeth in breaking down food
(Coolidge–Stolz et al 60). After chewing is done, one swallows and the food particles and it goes
down the esophagus. Before it goes down the esophagus, the epiglottis closes so no food goes down
the windpipe.The epiglottis is a tiny flap of

Essay Transmission, Treatment and Prevention of Salmonella
Transmission, Treatment and Prevention of Salmonella
Abstract
Salmonella is a gram–negative rod, which is known to infect humans, birds, and other mammals by
invading and irritating the intestines. It is more common in poultry and swine which, if consumed,
can cause diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and stomach cramps. The infectious disease can be found
almost everywhere and anywhere, including in water, animal feces, raw poultry, and raw seafood.
Animals consume salmonella from the soil or contaminated processed feed. In humans, salmonella
can lead to a developing typhoid–like fever that persists among other symptoms. However, there is
no vaccine available for Salmonella but no treatment is needed because the infection is usually
simply ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Rieman, Hans, and Frank L Bryan)
The transmission of Salmonella is primarily oral. "Food is the vehicle of spread." (Rieman, Hans,
and Frank L Bryan) Animals can consume salmonella from the soil or contaminated processed feed.
Domestic animals, such as chickens, cattle, pigs, dogs, cats, and especially reptiles, are great carriers
for salmonella. On the other hand, humans usually get a Salmonella infection though the ingestion
of food contaminated with animal feces or infected animal products. Salmonella bacteria are mostly
found in food products such as eggs, meat products, poultry, unpasteurized dairy products, and
cheese. (Salmonella Infection) The bacteria can also be found in water and can be spread if
consumed. Salmonella present on raw meat and poultry could survive if the product is not cooked to
the safe minimum internal temperature, as measured with a food thermometer (Salmonella
Infection). Salmonella could also become present on otherwise ready–to–eat foods such as salad
through food to food contact or cross–contamination (when contaminated food comes into contact
with clean food therefore passing the bacteria and thus infecting said food). Another, rarer form of
salmonella, typhoidal salmonella, is carried only by humans and is usually transmitted through
direct contact with the fecal matter of an infected person. This kind of salmonella infection can lead
to

Foster Farm Salmonella Outbreak: A Case Study
Foster farms salmonella outbreak
Foster Farms is a United States West Coast poultry company. Foster Farms is a private and family–
owned company operated by the Foster family since 1939. The company is based in Livingston,
California. The chicken and turkey products of Foster Farms are throughout the West Coast and a
few on the East Coast. But there is a disastrous Salmonella outbreak began in March 2013 (Food
Safety News 2014). This Salmonella Outbreak Linked to Chicken products from Foster Farms is
unintentional crisis. California has the largest number of people infection with Salmonella, with 490
cases counted in California (Food Safety News 2014). According to Food Safety News and Center
for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), a

Salmonella – description, pathogenesis, symptoms Essay
Salmonella – description, pathogenesis, symptoms
Salmonella is a gram–negative bacillus that causes inflammation of the GI tract and in some cases,
if the immune response is not sufficiently powerful and treatment is not administered, can become
systemic and cause even more serious conditions throughout the body. After ingestion, these
bacteria cause infection by invading the epithelial cells of the small intestine and macrophages.
Though there are more than two thousand different subspecies of Salmonella, few of them are able
to cause serious conditions in humans–for most, the disease resolves itself in a matter of days. Those
who are most affected by Salmonella infection are infants, the elderly, and people with
compromised immune ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A bacterial disease of growing importance to the populace,
2
salmonella is a specialized invader of the gastrointestinal system that can cause a variety of painful
conditions of varying severity.
The bacteria known as Salmonellae are gram–negative, rod–shaped bacilli that belong to the family
Enterobacteriacea–they are typically anaerobic, unable to form spores, and motile, or able to move
around spontaneously. An important characteristic of the Salmonella bacteria is that they are able to
grow and multiply outside living host organisms, thus having greater survival chances than
otherwise (Gray and Fedorka–Cray 56).
The bacteria can have a combination of three antigens: the O antigen, H antigen, and Vi antigen. The
O antigen is located in the cell wall of the bacterium, and each salmonella bacillus may posses 2 or
more O antigens on its surface. Also, the H antigen is a flagellar antigen that can be destroyed by
heat and enables the motility of the Salmonella bacterium (Slack and Snyder 295). The last antigen
is known as the Vi antigen because this antigen is related the virulence of the bacterium. As a
capsular antigen, its presence enhances the virulence of the bacterium that has it–of all the sub–
species of Salmonella, only two, Salmonella enterica serovar (S.) typhi and S. choleraesuis, have the
Vi antigen (296).
Depending on whether the type of Salmonella has one of

The Outbreak Of Cholera Fever
One year earlier, in 2010, multistate outbreak of human typhoid fever infections associated with
frozen mamey fruit pulp caused 9 infections, 5 of which were from California, and 4 of which from
Nevada. All of those patients were hospitalized, and none of them died from the infection. On
August, 2010, Goya Foods, Inc. and Montalvan's Sales, Inc. announced voluntary recalls of frozen
mamey pulp. Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella serovar Typhi, which is associated with food
and water that have been contaminated by the feces or urine of S. Typhi infectors (Katz and others
2002). S. Typhi exists in unsanitary conditions, especially in crowded areas. Developing countries
thus become highly infected areas than developed countries. Similar ... Show more content on
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The complete elimination is impossible due to the prevalence of bacteria. Nevertheless, there are
many preventative measures that can minimize the rate of bacterial contaminations on foods.
First and foremost, personal hygiene is one of the most important factors in bacterial contamination.
Farm workers, on the one hand, can contaminate foods if they do not wash hands after use bathroom
or make contact with foods after contacted with non–food substances. Food handlers or distributors
can contaminate foods in the same way. People who handle ready–to–eat (RTE) foods, especially,
have to wear gloves to avoid any chance of contamination. Conversely, the personal hygiene of
consumers is of equal importance that foodborne illnesses can happen if a consumer does not wash
hands properly before eating or handle foods appropriately. For example, Penteado and others
(2014) describe the potential cross–contamination for Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes
from contaminated knives. The best way is to wash hands frequently, especially right before meals,
and handle or cook foods with sanitized utensils, in the way as suggested by the products.
Obviously, employees working with food handling or other relevant activities should be trained in
developing their knowledge about personal hygiene. Furthermore, strict supervision and appropriate
document are needed to ensure those people are taking responsibility in food

Milk and Viable Salmonella Essay example
Salmonella
Salmonella is a prokaryotic, rod shaped, bacterial organism. It is nonsporeforming and Gram–
negative.(1) Salmonella is responsible for almost 60 percent of reported cases of bacterial food
borne illness and 40 percent of all food borne illness of any kind. Salmonella survives digestion and
reproduces in the small intestine, making people sick. Salmonella has hundreds of different types, all
of which cause much the same illness in humans. Eating food containing live salmonella bacteria
causes salmonellosis. (2)
Anyone can get Salmonella, but it is most common in children under 5 (and in the elderly). Millions
of cases occur each year in the United States, and at least half of them are in children. Salmonella is
found ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Salmonella can cause enteric fever (typhoid fever). Some children have a salmon–colored rash (rose
spots). When Salmonella bacteria get into the bloodstream, they can travel and cause infection
throughout the body. Children with sickle cell disease, HIV, and certain other causes of anemia are
among those at risk for complications from Salmonella. Salmonella can be spread from person to
person by the fecal–oral route. Salmonella symptoms usually begin about 24 hours after exposure
(from 6 to 72 hours). Enteric fever can occur up to 60 days after exposure. The symptoms usually go
away within a week in otherwise healthy children. (2) It is estimated that from 2 to 4 million cases
of salmonellosis occur in the U.S. annually. (4)
Many different kinds of illnesses can cause diarrhea, fever or abdominal cramps.
Determining that Salmonella is the cause of the illness depends on laboratory tests which identify
Salmonella in the stool of an infected person. (1) Other tests, such as blood tests or spinal fluid tests
may be performed if there is reason to suspect that Salmonella is there. Salmonella may be
suspected based on the history and physical exam. (2) Salmonella bacteria is discovered in stool
cultures. Although blood cultures are rarely positive, bacteremia does occur in 5% of adults with
Salmonella gastroenteritis and can result in hematogenous spread to the heart (endocarditis), spleen,
bone (osteomyelitis), and joints (reactive arthritis). (3) Salmonella

Community Health Issues: Salmonella Outbreak
Community Health Issues: Salmonella Outbreak
Introduction: An area of particular importance to organizers of community health imperatives is that
concerning the containment and prevention of epidemic illness. Especially in the case of foodborne
illness, the root cause can be difficult to isolate. This is well demonstrated by the community health
problem delineated in the article by Falco (2012), which concerns a recent and proliferating
outbreak of a salmonella strain called Salmonella Bareilly. As the article details, the bacterial illness
has now been spotted in nearly 100 cases across 19 states and the District of Columbia, creating a
challenge of containment and prevention for a wide array of communities.
Reliability and Validity: The article on the outbreak comes from a leading source of new media in
the United States. CNN has achieved a reputation for reliability that hinges significantly on its
leading position in cable news media and the degree to which Americans and international viewers
rely on the source for news. According to Pendlebury (2010), CNN is ranked in a recent 60 Minutes
and Vanity Fair to be the most trustworthy cable news source according to respondents. However,
while this conveys the impression that CNN is a reliable source for news, it is not without its clear
constituencies. To this end, Fox News ranked a close second in the same readers' poll, demonstrating
that political affiliation played a significant part in one's perception of

Societal Impact of Salmonella Essay
Societal Impact of Salmonella
Abstract: Salmonella is a bacterium that causes one of the most common intestinal infections in the
United States – Salmonellosis. The chance of contracting this disease is significantly high, and more
and more people are suffering from the symptoms and complications of Salmonella. This paper will
discuss about the disease itself, the current outbreaks that are related to this disease, preventions and
the treatments.
Many say that history repeats itself, and throughout history, the spread of food–borne diseases has
been constantly threatening humans. Salmonella, a disease which attacks numerous people a year,
has returned, infected, and put people under panic of what they are eating. According to Foodborne
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They grow readily in many foods as well as in water contaminated with feed or feces" (56). Their
ability to multiply regardless of the different environmental conditions allows the bacteria to spread
out quickly, which leads into major infection among people.
One of the recent outbreaks that startled people across America was the finding of Salmonella in
tomatoes in restaurants. It is said that:
The tomato–linked salmonella outbreak announced by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on
June 3 has claimed 228 victims in 23 states over 58 days (and counting). It has put 25 people in the
hospital and may have had a role in hastening the death of a cancer patient. And then there's the
flurry of panic as many of the tomatoes that American consumers take for granted every day
suddenly disappear – from McDonald's hamburgers; from the salsa at Chipotle Mexican Grill; from
Burger King, Taco Bell and Sonic; and from the grocery shelves at Kroger, Wal–Mart and Target
(Suddath 1).
This outbreak caused many American citizens to panic about their daily meals; the fact that one of
the most common ingredients, tomato, can actually become detrimental to humans caused people in
America to be more aware of what they are consuming. They were also concerned about how to
treat the disease had they already been infected by it.
Another recent outbreak which aroused

Infection Of Salmonella
The Salmonella enterica bacteria is an intestinal infection that is caused by contact with infected
animals or by eating contaminated food. The spread of this infection is most common in infants,
elderly people, or patients whose immune system is weak. Before an infection of Salmonella can
occur, approximately between 100,000 and 100,000,000 Salmonella enterica bacteria must be
swallowed. Once the bacteria invades the intestinal wall, inflammation is triggered where they can
also produce irritable intestinal poisons.
After consuming Salmonella, it takes about 8 to 48 hours for symptoms to occur. The symptoms
include fever, chills, abdominal pain, nausea, muscle aches and vomiting. Patients may recover on
their own typically within a few days. Most people infected typically recuperate in about 5 to 10
days but ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, scientists have discovered that there are actually a total of 3 different types of Salmonella.
According to the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (2016), "Scientists at the Wellcome Trust Sanger
Institute, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and University of Liverpool found two novel
African types, which looked the same, but were genetically different from the Western type".
Salmonella is referred to as an invasive non–typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) disease when it has
entered the bloodstream. It was estimated that the Salmonella bacteria had caused 680,000 deaths
worldwide per year, and half of those being in Africa. The two newly found Salmonella types are the
major causes of blood poisoning leading to death. Since Salmonella has an easier access from the
gut into the bloodstream with people with weak immune systems, this has affected a high amount of
people who live in Africa.The study also reported that the 2 types of Salmonella found in Africa
have evolved a resistance to antibiotics. Knowing that there is no medicine to cure this bacteria, it
raises public health safety

Salmonella Outbreak Essay
For the module 1 SLP, we're going to take a brief look at Salmonella and some of the factors that
play a role in a foodborne outbreak. We'll look at etiologic agent, host factors, and environmental
factors as well as host factors and how they can play a role in the occurrence. First and foremost, we
need to see what salmonella is and then we can break it down when we look at the other factors.
Salmonella is a bacterial disease that occurs in the intestines, the signs and symptoms can be; fever,
or other illnesses such as diarrhea and abdominal cramps. People typically get salmonella from
contaminated foods, which seems to occur frequently from poultry and eggs (Nordqvist, 2016). This
is just a basic look at salmonella though, next we need to look at the epidemiologic triad (host,
agent, and environment) and see how each plays a role in a salmonella outbreak.
First the etiologic agent of salmonella; Salmonella gastroenteritis is the infectious agent that causes
salmonella. It is transmitted through vehicle transmission, meaning it travels from place to place on
something (contaminated meat for example). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What if it were a host that had salmonella from the beginning? If a patient presents with all the signs
and symptoms, but it isn't due to food handling then you'd have to assume that there is an outside
factor. According to the Mayo Clinic article on salmonella there are a few factors where a host can
increase their chance of getting salmonella. These factors include; international travel, specifically
to countries with poor sanitation, owning a bird or reptile that is infected with the bacteria and
handling that animal routinely increases your change for exposure. Additionally use of antacids and
antibiotics can create a perfect environment for the bacteria to grow in your intestines (Mayo Clinic,

The Outbreak Of Salmonella Heidelberg
(a)
In 2011 there was a multistate outbreak of Salmonella Heidelberg infections. There were a total of
190 affected individuals from 6 states [New York (109), New Jersey (62), Pennsylvania (10),
Maryland (6), Ohio (2), and Minnesota (1)]. Research showed a correlation between the outbreak
and a contaminated kosher chicken liver product labeled as "kosher broiled chicken livers" from
Schreiber Processing Corporation. This product is one that not ready–to–eat requiring cooking
before eating. According to investigations put forth by the CDC and FDA, consumers incorrectly
assumed the word "broiled" on the label meant the chicken liver was ready–to–eat. Additionally,
laboratory testing conducted by the New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets
Laboratory Division identified the outbreak strain of Salmonella Heidelberg in samples of the
above–mentioned product. Once the specific bacterium was directly isolated and found to be present
in the suspected food item, a recall of the chicken livers was implemented.
This outbreak showed how important certain methods of prevention from foodborne illnesses are.
There are a few ways in which this outbreak could have been prevented. For example, appropriate
cooking temperatures, especially when cooking chicken liver is fundamental. Specifically, the
internal temperature of chicken liver needs to be 165 degrees F. Therefore, if the livers were being
cooked properly, then many of the ill individuals could have been

Symptoms Of Salmonella
Salmonella is a bacterial disease of the intestinal tract. Salmonella is a group of bacteria. It causes
typhoid fever (an infectious bacterial fever with an eruption of red spots on the chest and abdomen
and severe intestinal irritation), food poisoning (an illness caused by bacteria or other toxins in food,
typically with vomiting and diarrhea), gastroenteritis (inflammation of the stomach and intestines,
typically resulting from bacterial toxins or viral infection and causing vomiting and diarrhea), and a
lot of other illnesses. The symptoms of salmonellosis develop 12 to 72 hours after infection and
usually last 4 to 7 days. Most people recover without treatment. The diarrhea and dehydration might
be so severe that it is necessary to go ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Toddlers and older adults, and people that have impaired immune systems are most likely to have
the severe infections. People get infected with salmonella poisoning mainly through contaminated
water, meats, poultry, and eggs. Foods become contaminated when made by people who do not
wash their hands thoroughly after using the toilet or changing a diaper. You can also get salmonella
poisoning from touching pets, especially birds and reptiles, then putting your fingers in your mouth.
Salmonella lives in the intestines of people and animals. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration
have now discovered that some salmonella outbreaks have been traced to contaminants in spices.
There are many different kinds of salmonellosis. Salmonella serotype Typhimurium and Salmonella
serotype Entheritidis are the two most common types in the United States. The first thing you can do
to prevent salmonella is to wash your hands with soap and warm water before and after you handle
food. You can also clean the surfaces before preparing food on them. Another way to prevent it is to
avoid high–risk foods, including raw or lightly cooked eggs, undercooked ground beef or poultry,
and unpasteurized milk. You could also keep foo properly refrigerated before cooking. Another way
to avoid salmonella is to separate cooked foods from ready–to–eat foods. You can cook foods to a
safe internal temperature. You can use a meat thermometer to make sure foods are cooked to a safe

Pathogens Of Salmonella
Salmonella is a group of rod–shaped gram–negative bacteria, which causes a foodborne illness
called salmonellosis. Salmonella germs have been known to cause illness for over 100 years. The
Salmonella family includes over 2,500 serotypes of bacteria. Of these, the most common serotypes
associated with human illness are salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (S.Typhimurium) and S.
enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis). (Kyung–Min Lee, 2015)
Salmonella is widely dispersed in nature. Since it is primarily found in the intestinal tracts of
animals, salmonella causes one million illnesses in the United States every year. In 2013, 1.2 million
patients of salmonella infections occur in United States, resulting 378 deaths. The annual cost ...
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Salmonella spp. are commonly referred to by their serotype names.
In 2007, there were approximately 2600 different serotypes of S. enterica have been identified and
about 50 serotypes in them are common causes of infections in humans and warm blooded animals.
Serotyping determines a Salmonella serotype by the unique combination of reactions of cell surface
antigens. And it has been useful during source–attribution investigations, but it's expensive and can
take up to 5 days to complete. (Kristyn Franklin, 2011)It also needs specialized expertise and a set
of more than two hundreds quality–assured reagents to characterize these thousands different

Salmonella Lab Report
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is a pathogen commonly associated
with localized intestinal infection in humans. For its survival and propagation as a facultative
intracellular pathogen, this Gram–negative bacterium has developed a variety of ways to manipulate
host cell processes (Malik–Kale et al. 2011). Besides phagocytic internalization (by, e.g.,
macrophages, neutrophils, or dendritic cells), Salmonella infection is characterized by the bacterial–
induced uptake of the pathogen into non–phagocytic enterocytes of intestinal epithelium (Perrett &
Zhou 2013).
Essential to the pathogenesis and colonization of host tissues by S. typhimurium are virulence
factors encoded on different regions of chromosome, known as Salmonella ... Show more content on
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This mechanism of defense is called colonization resistance (Sekirov et al. 2010). Resident
microbiota and incoming pathogens compete for resources in the intestine. In a healthy intestine,
normal microflora establishes mutually beneficial relations with intestinal mucosa and effectively
eliminates pathogens. Inflammatory host responses triggered by virulence factors of S.
Typhimurium can alter conditions in the intestine and shift the competition between protective
microbiota and the incoming pathogen, which is able to survive in and profit from the altered niche
(Stecher et al. 2007), whereas to intestinal microbiota host responses are unfavorable (Sekirov et al.

Salmonell Salmonella And Salmonella
One of the most common causes of food poisoning to date in the United States today is from a group
of bacteria, Salmonella (Foodsafety.gov, n.d.). As reported by the Centers of Disease Control and
Prevention [CDC] (2014), Salmonella causes an estimated 1.2 million illnesses annually leading to
19,000 hospitalizations and a mortality of 380 (CDC, 2014). This cost was reported to be more than
$3.7 billion in 2013 (Foodsafety.gov, n.d.)! The two most common kinds of Salmonella in the
United States are Salmonella serotype Typhimurium and Salmonella serotype Enteritidis with
Salmonellosis more common in the summer months (CDC, 2012).
Salmonella can cause diarrhea, fever, abdominal cramps, and vomiting anywhere from 6–72 hours
after being infected (Foodsafety.gov, n.d.). Because there are many things that can cause those
symptoms, diagnosing Salmonella would depend on laboratory tests that identifies it in the stool of
an individual that is infected (CDC, 2013). Further testing can help determine the specific type once
Salmonella has been confirmed.
These symptoms typically go away after 5–7 without treatment other than hydration. However,
individuals with severe symptoms may require intravenous fluids or antibiotic therapy, most
especially for young infants, older adults (over 65 years old) and immunocompromised persons
(CDC, 2012). The drug of choice for antibiotic therapy include fluoroquinolones, third–generation
cephalosporins, and ampicillin (CDC, 2012).
A person can

Salmonella Of Salmonella And Enteritidis
Salmonella is a communicable disease that is caused by the salmonella enterica bacterium. There are
many types of this bacteria including salmonella Typhimurium and Enteritidis. Salmonella is most
common in young children and elderly who have impaired immune systems meaning they are more
likely to contract infections. Salmonella is one of the most reported causes of food poisoning in the
UK.
Types:
All types of salmonella come from the genus Salmonella, the bacteria then gets divided up into
categories. The majority of the components in each bacteria are about 95% identical for example E.
coli and Salmonella are around 60% identical at the DNA level.
There are 3 main serovars of salmonella; Typhimurium, Typhi and Enteritidis. A serovar is a distinct
variation of a bacteria and are classed together based upon their similarities. The distinct types help
the scientists create effective treatment to target the certain type of salmonella, which makes the
treatment more effective because it distinguishes the exact strain of salmonella to cure it.
Biological structure:
This biological structure of a salmonella bacteria contains; ribosomes, cytoplasm, bacterial
flagellum, mesosome, cell wall, and a plasma membrane.
Ribosomes– This is a tiny particle made up from RNA and a large number of proteins found in the
cytoplasm. Ribosomes bind to messenger RNA and then synthesises proteins.
Cytoplasm– This is the fluid found within the cell.
Bacterial Flagellum– It is a long hair–like

Essay about Salmonella enterica typhi
Salmonella enterica typhi
Introduction:
Worldwide, typhoid fever affects roughly 17 million people annually, causing nearly 600,000 deaths.
The causative agent, Salmonella enterica typhi (referred to as Salmonella typhi from now on), is an
obligate parasite that has no known natural reservoir outside of humans. Little is known about the
historical emergence of human S. typhi infections, however it is thought to have caused the deaths
of many famous figures such as British author and poet Rudyard Kipling, the inventor of the
airplane, Wilbur Wright, and the Greek Empire's Alexander the Great. The earliest recorded
epidemic occurred in Jamestown, VA where it is thought that 6,000 people died of typhoid fever in
the early 17th ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It also produces no gas when grown in TSI media, which is used to differentiate it from other
Enterobacteriaceae.
Typhoid/ Enteric Fever:
Infection of S. typhi leads to the development of typhoid, or enteric fever. This disease is
characterized by the sudden onset of a sustained and systemic fever, severe headache, nausea, and
loss of appetite. Other symptoms include constipation or diarrhea, enlargement of the spleen,
possible development of meningitis, and/or general malaise. Untreated typhoid fever cases result in
mortality rates ranging from 12–30% while treated cases allow for 99% survival.
Virulence Factors:
S. typhi has a combination of characteristics that make it an effective pathogen. This species
contains an endotoxin typical of Gram negative organisms, as well as the Vi antigen which is
thought to increase virulence. It also produces and excretes a protein known as "invasin" that allows
non–phagocytic cells to take up the bacterium, where it is able to live intracellularly. It is also able
to inhibit the oxidative burst of leukocytes, making innate immune response ineffective.
Epidemiology:
The encounter of humans to S. typhi is made via fecal–oral route from infected individuals to

healthy ones. Poor hygiene of patients shedding the organism can lead to secondary infection, as
well as consumption of shellfish from polluted bodies

Primary Sources Of Infections With Salmonella
Infections with Salmonella species represent a significant public health problem due to their large
and varied animal reservoir, presence of human and animal carrier states, as well as the lack of
coordinated programs for control. Although cases of human salmonellosis have been steadily
declining since 1995, it still remains one of the most important human food–borne diseases.
Salmonella has evolved to live in the gastrointestinal tracts of animals, thus the primary sources of
contamination are animals and their feces. In recent years, the significance of foods of vegetable
origin as likely vehicles of gastrointestinal infection has been highlighted.
Principal sources of infection
Different animals can be infected with Salmonella, most

The Outbreak Of Salmonella Montevideo And Salmonella...
Pistachios sold under the brand names Wonderful, Trader Joe's, and Paramount farms were found to
be contaminated with Salmonella Montevideo and Salmonella Senftenberg. It was discovered after a
total of 11 people were infected with the strains of Salmonella Montevideo and Salmonella
Senftenberg, CDC and U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) collaborated to investigate this
outbreak. After interviewing ill people, eight out of 10 of the ones interviewed, reported eating
pistachios the week before they started getting ill from the article, "Multistate Outbreak of
Salmonella Montevideo and Salmonella Senftenberg Infections Linked to Wonderful Pistachios
(Final Update)" (Center for Disease and Control Prevention, 2016). Epidemiologic and ... Show
of which 25 occured in 2015 (Palumbo, 2015). Public health investigators used the PulseNet system
which is a national laboratory that helps connect foodborne illness cases to detect outbreaks. In the
"About PulseNet" article, the system compares DNA fingerprints of bacteria from infected people to
find disease that might represent unrecognized outbreaks (Center for Disease and Control
Prevention, 2016). Salmonella is responsible for about a million cases of foodborne illnesses in the
U.S. This also include about 19,000 hospitalizations and 380 deaths (Almasy, 2016). The source of
the outbreak came from Paramount Farms which "laboratory testing isolated the outbreak strains of
Salmonella Montevideo and Salmonella Senftenberg", (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2016).
Paramount Farms is the the location where the Wonderful brand pistachios are grown. The outbreak
could have been prevented by the use of superheated steam (SHS) at Paramount Farms. Superheated
steam is vapor heated to extremely high temperatures. This can be generated by the heating of
saturated steam obtained from boiling water. SHS treatment has been shown to be a "promising
alternative technology for the tree nuts industry by improving inactivation of foodborne pathogens,
[such as E.coli, Salmonella and L.monocytogenes], on almonds and pistachios while simultaneously
reducing processing time" (Ga–Hee and Dong–Hyun, 2016).
The pistachios are harvested using mechanical

A Report On The Outbreak Of Salmonella
Salmonella is a gram–negative bacterium present in contaminated food or water. Typhoid fever is a
systemic infection caused by the serotype Salmonella typhi and can be fatal without proper
intervention. Instances of resistant typhoid are high in less developed countries. Resistance occurs
when genetic mutations prevent antibiotic mechanisms of action, making current antibiotics less
effective. The purpose of this drug screen was to target oncological drugs and diversity library
compounds to identify novel antibiotic substances. To perform the initial drug screen, we exposed
Salmonella typhimurium to various compounds and chemotherapeutic drugs. The positive and
negative controls were ampicillin and Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), respectively. We used
spectrophotometry to measure the growth of salmonella in the plate. Hits were identified as
compounds with an absorbance below 2 standard deviations of the mean DMSO value, meaning that
hits would have an absorbance below 0.065. We identified that the FDA–approved drug
capecitabine had an average absorbance of 0.035. To perform a dosing series, capecitabine was
diluted in a 1:2 ratio, making 13 dilutions total. The dosing series revealed that capecitabine is most
effective at doses lower than 6.25 μM. Through this process, we determined that the oncological
drug Capecitabine (Xeloda) has dose–dependent antibiotic properties. Capecitabine is a prodrug to
U5 fluorouracil, used to treat colorectal, gastrointestinal,

Salmonella Case Study
Salmonella, which is one of the most common causes of food poisoning in the United States.
Survival development of salmonella was too evaluated resulting to subsequent maturing utilizing
dried out inoculated teas. Salmonella Centrica serova mixed drink was immunized against diverse
dehydrated tea foliage or blossoms to provide beginning populaces of around 9 log CFU/g. The
inoculums were permitted to dehydrate (at a high ambient warmth for about 24 hours) against the
got dried out leaves preceding capacity under 25 and 35°C at low stockpiling at low moistness of
30% (RH) and high of 90% humidity level. Under the four stockpiling conditions inspected, survival
took after the request 25°C with a squat Relative humidity of 25°C amid soaring relative ... Show
coliO245: H8 or Salmonella to get underlying inoculums of 7 to 9 log and 2 to 3 log CFU/g
intended for strawberries as well as verdant greens, individually. Tests were atmosphere pressed.
Strawberries were put away at 5, 11, 16, and 23°C and rosemary blossoms and other verdant greens
at 5, 16, and 23°C 7 days (or fewer if ruined some time recently). Equally Salmonella and E. coli
O245: H8 demonstrated a continuous abatement in figures if immunized on strawberries, through
comparative lessening saw at 3, 11, and 165°C (4 to 5 log following nine days). Notwithstanding, at
16°C (and 11°C for E. coli O245: H8), the endurance test ceased before day 7, because vanish of
mutual pathogens underneath the minor furthest reaches of identification was accomplished or decay
happened. At 23°C, strawberries were mildew covered following 3 or 5 days. Around then, a 2–to
3–log lessening of in cooperation pathogens had happened. Confined cease to exist (all things
considered 1.0 log) and increment (all things considered, 0.7 logs) of pathogens on sage leaves
occurred following seven days of capacity at 7 and 22°C, individually. On verdant greens, a
practically identical reduction as on basil was seen following four days at 8°C. At 23°C, in
cooperated pathogens expanded to advanced figures on crisp engrave chunk of ice and buttered
lettuce leaves (by and large 1.0 log), most likely because of the nearness of

Fosfomycin Resistance Against Salmonella Species
A group of researchers from Canada have discovered that there is a gene that confines an antibody
from Salmonella. They discovered that this gene is found in broiler chickens. Broiler chickens aren't
used as much for egg production. These chickens are known for being raised on farms and then
butchered for meat. The researchers took their information and published a journal where the
information and research can be found. The gene itself is named fosA7; it got its name because it
carries a high level of resistance to fosfomycin. A common use to fosfomycin is an antibiotic and is
commonly used to help women cure their urinary tract infections. The "7" is fosA7 represents that it
is the seventh of the fosA genes that have been discovered. As of now fosfomycin resistance is
limited against Salmonella species. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Diarra, is a research scientist in Food Safety at Agriculture and Agri–Food Canada. Diarra said,
"The powerful resistance the fosA7 gene confers is worrisome. It could spread among different
Salmonella species, as well as other bacterial pathogen species, via horizontal gene transfer, due to
increased use of fosfomycin in both clinical and veterinary settings. Thus, vigilant monitoring for
the spread of fosfomycin resistance in bacteria, isolated from humans and animals, is needed."
Because of what Diarra said, many researchers wanted to test to see the strength of the resistance.
For the researchers to test the strength of this gene they had to clone it and place it into the
chromosome that was non–antibiotic resistant. The chromosome that they were placing the
chromosomes into was Salmonella Enterica. After reviewing their results, they found that their
hypothesis was correct. The gene fosA7 is responsible for the resistance of fosfomycin. The gene
binds to fosfomycin and this is what causes it to become

Vibrio Cholera Epidemic
As for cholera epidemic that cause environmental factors that promote the growth of bacterial
accumulation and plagued humanity. Its an acute diarrheal infection caused by bacterium Vibrio
cholera, which provokes disease in humans. "Vibrio cholera is a slightly curved gram negative rod
with single polar flagellum. Cholera bacilli grows in the small intestine and produce an exotoxin,
cholera toxin that cause hosts cells to secrete water and electrolytes, as well as potassium" [16]. It
results in watery diarrhea and vomiting, if not treated it can cause a massive lost in bodily fluids that
will cause dehydration, hypovolemic shock and death. As well as, rapid heart rate, loss of skin
elasticity, dry mucous membranes, low blood pressure, thirst ... Show more content on
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Just like any other disease, crypto has some similar symptoms which includes watery diarrhea,
stomach cramps, upset stomach, slight fever and you begin to lose weight. These symptoms take 2
to 10 days till it actually begins to show after the person has been infected. The disease begins to
weaken your immune system just like AIDS/HIV which can lead to a life or death situation. Crypto
can be spread through contaminated drinks and food, as well as putting things in your mouth after
being in contact with bowel movement of another person or even an animal whom already has
crypto. Not only so, but the infection is originally caused by swallowing the parasite, when it is
swallowed and the parasite goes inside the intestine the parasite comes out of its shell, and begins to
multiply. There are drugs that can be used to reduce the symptoms, but there is no hundred percent
drug treatment that cures this disease. This drug is known as aminoglycoside antibiotic; it stops the
growth of parasites inside of the intestines [12]. If the individual whom have the infection of crypto
still has a healthy immune system and still have watery diarrhea they would be given IV fluids and
antidiarrheal drugs, to stop the diarrhea and keep the body hydrated. It can be prevented through
having good hygiene, being washed hands after using the restroom, after changing diapers, before
preparing and eating food, after coming in contact with animals or soil as well as infected people

Salmonella is a common rod–shaped bacterial disease that targets the intestinal tract. This bacterium
typically lives in animal or human intestinal tracts and is usually shed through feces. Salmonella
most commonly infects humans when in direct contact with contaminated food or water. Some of
the most common foodborne outbreaks of Salmonella is due to eating raw or undercooked meat,
poultry, eggs or egg products; this includes egg shells and water that has not been filtered correctly.
Consuming raw or improperly cooked egg/egg products can cause illness in everyone; more so in
young children, the elderly and those with compromised immune systems. Typically, people with
salmonella infection have no symptoms whatsoever. Others develop diarrhea,

Why Are Salmonella Typhi?
Salmonella Typhi
Salmonella thyphi is a gram–negative bacterium, which causes systemic infections and Typhoid
fever in human beings. It is rod shaped and is flagellated and inhabits the lympathic tissues of the
small intestine, liver, spleen, and bloodstream of infected humans. This bacterium belongs to the
family Enterobacteriaceae. There have been typhoid fever outbreaks in many different countries
including United States of America, Canada and Uganda. Being Uganda the most recent place to
have an epidemic for typhoid, I will discuss about this particular outbreak in detail.
The incubation period of this infection is 1 to 3 weeks. It is more likely for the infection to spread in
developing countries due to insanitary environment. Typhoid fever is usually transmitted through
contaminated food and water, and uncooked food. The bacterium cells undergo gradual genomic
changes, which allows Salmonella to thrive in undercooked meat. It is also able to adapt and to
survive the cooking process; therefore, can cross the gastric acid barrier. A high–fat matrix protects
Salmonella against these stressful environments. Symptoms of Typhoid fever may be mild or severe
and include high fever, malaise, headache, constipation or diarrhea, rose–colored spots on the chest,
and enlarged spleen and liver. According to World Health Organization's recent estimate (Published
in 2014), approximately 21 million cases and 222 000 typhoid–related deaths occur annually
worldwide.
Very little has been

In order to isolate bacteriophage specific for Salmonella,...
In order to isolate bacteriophage specific for Salmonella, we will following procedures below.
Firstly, we will inoculate 5 mL tryptic soy broth with Salmonella. Then we touch a colony of
Salmonella by using a sterile needle and transfer it to the tube consisting LB broth. After that, we
incubate the culture overnight at 37oC. The next day, we will inoculate another tube with 4.5 mL of
water sample that we take from poultry farm nearby that we suspect as source of Salmonella
contamination on the squid water farm. We also add 0.5 mL of overnight Salmonella culture and 0.5
mL of 10X tryptic soy broth. The mixture will be incubate for about 24 to 48 hours at 37oC. During
this incubation period, we expect phage in water sample will be able to ... Show more content on
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A confluent lawn of bacteria will appear covering the agar. The phage will infect and kill the
bacteria in the center of the plate. This will creates a visible region of zero bacteria or also known as
plaque. Characterization of bacteriophage.
The next step is by extract individual plaque from the overlay agar medium by using a pipette. The
plaque expected to contain specific bacteriophage against Salmonella. So, the extracted plaque will
undergo several re–culture processes with Salmonella. After we get the phages, we need to do
characterization by examine their morphology and doing staining process. In this case, we use
negative staining. In negative staining, we will place a single drop of nigrosin on a clean microscope
slide. By applying aseptic technique, we will transfer a little bit of our phage from the plaque and
mix it into the drop of nigrosin on the slide. Another microscope slide will be used to spread out the
drop into a film. Air dry the film and observe the slide under microscope according to correct
techniques.
High purity of bacteriophage preparation can be obtained by using ion–exchange chromatography,
high–speed centrifugation and other modern purification. Besides, we also can use advanced
purification techniques to purify phages and to ensure that they are free form unwanted bacteria. We
will determine the viability and titer of phages before using them therapeutically.
Laboratory testing on effect of

Salmonella Enterica Research Paper
Salmonella enterica (formerly Salmonella choleraesuis) is a rod–shaped, facultatively anaerobic,
flagellated, Gram–negative bacterium, a member of the genus Salmonella, belonging to the family
Enterobacteriaceae. A number of its serovars are serious to human as well as animal pathogens.
Among these sarovars, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi is one of the most important food–borne
pathogen causing typhoid. The genome of S. Typhi has a clonal nature but variations have yet been
observed among its strains. Though a number of attempts have been made but success has yet not
been achieved in controlling the disease caused by this bacterium. Salmonellosis is a condition that
affects an estimated 2 million Americans each year, is common throughout ... Show more content on
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Data will be checked for error rate and sequencing quality and therefore lower quality reads will be
filtered. Short–Reads separated according to barcode and will be aligned to available Salmonella
genomes using available short–read aligners. Un–aligned reads will be processed by de–novo
assemblers and large contigs (> 1000 bp) will be selected and computationally analyzed as potential
new genes to Salmonella enterica species. Aligned reads and unaligned large contigs are now
annotated to find the structure elements and functions of the assembled genome. Finding different
types of small RNAs from the annotated WGS and analyzing these sRNAs using different
bioinformatics

Essay On Systemic Enteric Fever
Generalized systemic enteric fever, headache, malaise, anorexia, enlarged spleen, and constipation
followed by more severe abdominal symptoms; rose spots on trunk in 25% of Caucasian patients;
complications include ulceration of Peyer's patches in ileum, can produce hemorrhage or
perforation; Common enterocolitis may result without enteric fever; characterized by headache,
abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration may result; case fatality of 16% reduced to
1% with antibiotic therapy; mild and atypical infections occur ("Salmonella typhi | MSDSonline",
2017)
Gastrointestinal contaminations are overwhelmingly connected with those serotypes which happen
broadly in people. They can go in seriousness from asymptomatic carriage ... Show more content on
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 Systemic Disease
Host–adapted serotypes are more invasive and tend to cause systemic disease in their hosts; a
feature which is linked to their resistance to phagocytic killing. In humans, this applies to the
typhoid and paratyphoid bacilli, S. Typhi, and S. Paratyphi A, B, and C, which cause the septicemia
diseases, enteric fever. Typhoid fever has an incubation period of anything from 3 to 56 days, though
it is usually between 10 and 20 days. Invasive salmonellas penetrate the intestinal epithelium and are
then carried by the lymphatics to the mesenteric lymph nodes. After multiplication in the
macrophages, they are released to drain into the bloodstream and are then disseminated around the
body. They are removed from the blood by macrophages but continue to multiply within them. This
eventually kills the macrophages which then release large numbers of bacteria into the blood stream
causing a septicemia. In this, the first phase of the illness, the organism may be cultured from the
blood. There is a slow onset of symptoms including fever, headache, abdominal tenderness and
constipation and the appearance of the body of rose red spots which fade on pressure. During the
second stage of the illness, the organism reaches the gall bladder where it multiplies in the bile. The
flow of infected bile infects the small intestine causing inflammation and ulceration. The fever
persists but with

INTRODUCTION
Salmonellosis is a disease caused by the bacteria salmonella. Characterised usually by acute onset of
fever, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, nausea and sometimes vomiting. Onset of disease symptoms
occurs 6 – 72 hours (usually 12–36 hours) after ingestion of salmonella, and illness lasts 2–7 days.
Symptoms of salmonellosis are relatively mild and patients will make a recovery without specific
treatment in most cases (WHO). Salmonella being a foodborne illness pathogen causes severe
debilitating infections including meningitis.
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION:
THE ORGANISM
The group of organism comprises two species:
Salmonella enterica, which is divided into 6 subspecies: (enterica, salamae, arizonae, diarizonae,
houtanae and indica), and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Examination of foods implicated in foodborne illness, UK 1999–2009)
Prevention, Interventions and Health Promotion
Prevention requires control measures at all stages of the food chain, from agricultural production, to
processing, manufacturing and preparation of foods in both commercial establishments and at home.
Ensuring food is properly cooked and still hot when served. Washing hands thoroughly and
frequently using soap, in particular after contact with pets or farm animals, or after having been to
the toilet (WHO). Both professional and domestic food handlers to be vigilant while preparing food
and observing hygienic rules of food preparation. Protecting fields from animal faecal
contamination.
Poultry Vaccination to be carried out and thorough reheating of food.
However, having a grasp of the burden of a disease would imply integrating the different health
effects of foodborne illnesses such as short and long–term complication and their impact on daily
life and mortality. A public health indicator which combines the effects of morbidity and mortality is
the "disability adjusted life years" (DALYs) as previously demonstrated in the WHO Global Burden
of Disease study (Murray and Lopez, 1997a,

Salmonella Typhimurium Outbreak Analysis
In the fall of 1984 in The Dalles, Oregon there was a Salmonella Typhimurium outbreak that caused
gastroenteritis in a total of 751 people. There were two waves of the outbreak, the first being
September 9th through the 18th and the second was September 19th through October 10th. An
investigation of the outbreak determined that the origin of the outbreak was from 10 different
restaurants and eating at their salad bars. During the epidemiological investigation, no water supply,
single food item, or supplier or food distributor was common to all the affected restaurants. A later
criminal investigation determined that the outbreak was intentionally caused by members of a
religious commune contaminating the restaurant salad bars. In the wake of the attacks on September
11, 2001 and the anthrax outbreaks that occurred in the United States, a method needed to be
developed to determine if an outbreak was natural or intentionally released. "The open or covert use
of pathogens and toxins as biological warfare agents can no longer be ruled out" (Grunow & Finke,
2002, pg. 510). The events that occurred in The Dalles, Oregon further show that such a procedure
needed to be developed. In 2002 R. Grunow ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is in this group that we received a value of 0 for half the criteria, and one criteria received a value
of only 1. The transmission and the timing of an outbreak need to be reevaluated. If an organization
were to intentionally make a population sick, they most likely would do so in a manner to make it
appear that the outbreak was naturally occurring. Generally speaking, the end goal of causing an
outbreak, or any terrorist attack, is to not get caught doing so. Therefore, I believe that these two
criteria should be removed from the evaluation of an outbreak because they put too much weight in
to the natural ability of an

The Salmonella Case Study
Step 1: Identify Preliminary Issues
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported the multistate outbreak of human
salmonella linked with live and frozen feeder rodents. Salmonella is a human and animal pathogen
that has many different serotypes, but one of the most common serotypes is Salmonella
Typhimurium, which this specific case focuses on. Salmonella can easily spread to people that are in
contact with infected animals, including reptiles, amphibians, rodents, birds, livestock, as well as
dogs and cats (PHAC, 2014). Moreover, animals carry this bacteria even when they are normal and
healthy. Nevertheless, pet foods can be contaminated with the Salmonella bacteria, and can infect
the pet as well (PHAC, 2014). In this case, pets that have consumed the infected rodents, also carry
the bacteria which transmits the pathogen to humans. According to the study, the key causes of this
infection are due to the fact that that rodents sold as food are associated with the pet reptiles and
amphibians through direct or indirect contact (CDC, 2014). This particular outbreak surfaced in
2009 in the United Kingdom and in 2010 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Salmonella pathogen in mice and rats are most likely subclinical which means that clinical
signs include diarrhea, weight loss, hunched posture, ruffled coat, and conjunctivitis. And for
rodents that have been dead which are served as frozen feeder rodents, labrotsists can perform a
necropsy and check their spleens, livers, or intestines to check for the pathogen (Criver, 2009). Also,
a specific seline broth can be used to test for salmonella in the culture (Criver, 2009). Incoming
rodents should always be quarantined to routinely test for salmonella and since treatments for
salmonella infected animals are rare, their environments should be sterilized properly (Criver,

Food Poisoninging : The Cause And Effects Of Food...
Foodborne illness or food poisoning is the result of in taking toxic food that is contaminated or can
be spoiled. It might seem rare for someone to receive food poisoning, but it is not uncommon. Some
of the most common symptoms of food poisoning are nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. It is usually a
self–treatable and self–diagnosed due to the symptoms. Food poisoning has an effect on the victim
for a few days to about a week. More the 3 million US cases have been reported each year which is
60,000 cases in each state. The ages that are affected include 0–2 and 3–5 year old is mild, 6–60+ is
very high almost to the thousands.(Food Poisoning WebMD) When someone is experiencing food
poisoning, people might have pain in some areas like the abdomen or rectum. Full body chills,
dehydration, dizziness, fever, may feel light headed, loss of appetite, and/or sweating. One of the
most common symptoms of this foodborne disease is actually headache opposed to the other scary
sounding symptoms. Treatments consist of special care. Accurate hydration is very important to
treatment. This can be through oral hydration such as water, or fluid IVs at the hospital. Most cases
can be treated with drinking water or fluids, but sometimes the cases do actually need a doctor's
help. For those cases, the specialists will treat if you experience an infection. Those infections
include tropical in nature foods. For children a pediatrician will sometimes provide your child with
medical care if it in

Salmonella A Food Borne Illness Essay

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Salmonella A Food Borne Illness Essay