Vibrio Vulnificus Research Paper

Vibrio Vulnificus Research Paper
Vibrio Vulnificus Infection
Vibrio vulnificus is a bacterium that normally lives in warm seawater. Infection with this bacterium
can cause digestion and skin problems. The infection can be very severe in people with a weakened
immune system (people who are immunocompromised) and in people with chronic liver disease. In
these people, the bacterium can invade the bloodstream and can a life–threatening illness.
CAUSES
This condition is caused by:
Eating seafood contaminated with Vibrio vulnificus. The bacteria is often found in oysters and other
shellfish in warm coastal waters during the summer.
Exposure of an open wound to seawater that contains the bacteria.
RISK FACTORS
This condition is more likely to develop in people who visit
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

E. Coli 0121 And 026: A Case Study
CDC says that 63 people were infected with the outbreak strains of E.Coli 0121 and that 026 have
been reported from 24 states. The sickness started from December 21, 2015 to September 5, 2016
and 17 sick people were hospitalized. CDC found out that some people who got sick had to of eaten
or dealt with raw dough. FDA's investigation determined that the raw dough restaurants were using
General Mills flour that had to of been produced in November of 2015. General Mills flour
manufactured that it was likely to be the source of the outbreak. General Mills contacted all of the
costumers who have gotten flour from there and told them about the recall. FDA and General Mills
are working together to make sure that the costumers have all been notified. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
People at any age are at risk they can become infected. Consumers need to throw away any of the
products that they have in their homes to avoid getting ill. Consumers need not to eat or play with
raw cookie dough any dough that is intended to be cooked or baked in the oven. They need to wash
their hands, they need to wash their work surfaces and their utensils after contact with raw dough
products containing flour. They need to keep away from other foods when they are preparing them
so that way they can prevent any contamination that can be present from spreading. You should
contact your health care provider if you are seeing or having any symptoms of E.Coli 0121 and 026.
If consumers have any questions they should and can contact the company at 800–230–8103. FDA
is telling people if they have any

Case Study : Norovirus Outbreaks On Three College Campuses
Case Study 1: Norovirus Outbreaks on Three College Campuses –––
California, Michigan, and Wisconsin, 2008
Case Study 1: Norovirus Outbreaks on Three College Campuses –––
California, Michigan, and Wisconsin, 2008
During the fall of 2008, three outbreaks of norovirus on college campuses in California, Michigan,
and Wisconsin were reported to the CDC (Roberts, et al., 2015). Based on the approximately one–
thousand reported cases, including ten hospitalizations, and closure of one of the campuses, public
health investigations were led by the respective states and local health departments to characterize
the extent of the outbreaks and implement control measures (Roberts, et al., 2015). In California, on
October 3, 2008, at least thirty students from a local university went to the student health center or
local emergency departments with acute gastroenteritis symptoms, later reported to the Los Angeles
County Department of Public Health (LACDPH) (Roberts, et al., 2015). The people who were
affected by this were interviewed either in person or by telephone (Roberts, et al., 2015). Acute
gastroenteritis is a symptom of norovirus, which will be covered later. As part of the investigation in
California, LACDPH arranged for the collection of on–site interviews with ill students, stool
samples for diagnosis, LACDPH made multiple visits to dining halls and dormitories to inspect, and
monitor food preparation and janitorial services at stadiums during football games

Norovirus Sociology
The outbreak started on January 11th when almost 550 people became sick. 542 of the report people
who became sick ate from El Toro in Tacoma. The other 22 people were infected from chain
restaurants near by. These people have gotten sick from a WA–area norovirus with the Tacoma area.
Residents of separate households began to send reports to the health department of possible food
poisoning on January 5. All of these residents have recently eaten at the Tacoma restaurant.
Everyone who has come forward has been treated. There is no incite if anyone have died. The
outbreak was caused by a norovirus being spread within the area . A norovirus is any of numerous
single–stranded ribose nucleic acid (RNA) viruses, which includes

Clostridium Perfringens
Name: Mirna Gordillo
Causative Agent #1: Clostridium perfringens
Disease #1: food poisoning/ Gastroenteritis
Classification of the causative agent:
C.perfringens is a large obligate anaerobic, gram–positive, endospore–forming, and motile rod–
shaped.
History:
Clostridium is one of the most common food poisoning in the USA. Also it used the less time for
regeneration or multiplication of endospores.
Virulence factors of the causative agent:
Strains of C.perfringens form enterotoxins that induce infection in the host cell.
Mode of transmission
During slaughter of animals (cattle or chicken) the meat can be contaminated by C. perfringens
bacteria with the animal's intestinal content or even worse by their feces, therefore; meat has to be
cooked properly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
History:
A wound became anaerobic because there is blood supply interruption this is a condition called
ischemia. After ischemia tissue dye and that condition is called necrosis after this dead tissue
produce no more blood supply and this can be a lethal condition called Gas Gangrene.
Virulence factors of the causative agent:
C. perfringens can growth in the death cells providing nutrients for sporulation. Because
C.perfringens is anaerobe it ferment carbohydrates in the dead cells and produce carbon dioxide and
hydrogen. This is an exotoxin bacteria and can intoxicate muscle tissue until invade the bloodstream
causing dead.
Mode of transmission
C.perfrringens can be found in soil, animals feces, and can be active in wound or intestinal human
tract. When spores are inoculated or through the airborne of spores introduce in deep wound; more

necrosis is caused and gas production on dead tissue. Gas can cause swelling and amputation of the
body part infected.
Incubation Period of the

Taking a Look at Bacterial Gastroenteritis
1. The diagnosis is bacterial gastroenteritis, commonly known as "food poisoning" or the "stomach
flu". Gastroenteritis is inflammation and swelling of the gastrointestinal track. Gastroenteritis can
usually caused by ingesting food contaminated with some bacteria. Furthermore, some common
causes of gastroenteritis include, shigella infection, cholera, and salmonella infection. There are
many symptoms of gastroenteritis, including diarrhea, nausea, abdominal pain and vomiting
(Guerrant, Bobak, 1991). In addition, vomiting and diarrhea can cause dehydration, and children are
likely to get dehydrated more quickly. Thus, it is crucial to look for the signs of dehydration, such as
dry mouth, dry skin and decreased urine output. The doctor initiates the diagnosis by performing a
abdominal or rectal examination in order to eliminate the possibilities of pelvic abscesses and
inflammatory bowel disease (Guerrant, Bobak, 1991). In addition, the doctor uses a stool culture to
determine what bacteria are responsible for causing the gastroenteritis (Guerrant, Bobak, 1991).
2. The organism responsible for this disease is a strain of E.coli called E.coli 0157:H7. E.coli is a
gram–negative rod that inhabit the human gastrointestinal track and mostly harmless. However, the
strain 0157 can produce powerful toxins that can lead to severe cases of food poisoning (Gould,
2010). The bacteria were first identified as a cause of foodborne illness in 1982 when an outbreak of

Diarrhea: Constipation and Health Care Provider
Diarrhea
What is diarrhea?
Diarrhea describes bowel movements (stool) that are loose and watery. Diarrhea is a common
condition and is usually not serious. Many people will have diarrhea once or twice a year. It
typically lasts two to three days and can be treated with over–the–counter medicines.
Some cases require medical attention because diarrhea can quickly deplete the body's supply of
water and salts that tissues need to function. The very young, old, and sick may have difficulty
replacing these lost fluids. Diarrhea that lasts for several weeks or contains blood may indicate a
serious illness. In these cases, you should contact your health care provider.
What are the symptoms of diarrhea?
The symptoms of mild diarrhea include: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Afterward, pat the area dry (do not rub) with a clean, soft towel. Also, apply petroleum jelly or a
hemorrhoid cream to the anus.
Can diarrhea harm your health?
Ongoing diarrhea causes the body to lose large amounts of water and nutrients. If you have diarrhea
more than three times a day and you are not drinking enough fluids, you could become dehydrated.
Dehydration is the loss of water from body tissues, which disturbs the balance of essential
substances in your body. Dehydration can cause serious complications if it is not treated.
Notify your health care provider if you have ongoing diarrhea and are experiencing any of the
following signs of dehydration: * Dark urine * Small amount of urine * Rapid heart rate *
Headaches * Flushed, dry skin * Irritability * Confusion
What is Diarrhea?
You can say you have diarrhea if you pass stools of liquid consistency more than three times in one
day. Diarrhea strikes all ages at one time or another. On average, adults can experience diarrhea as
many as four times per year. Usually, when this condition presents it clears up on it's own after a day
or two. This is considered acute or short–term diarrhea and usually will not last 3 weeks.
Chronic or long–term diarrhea can be dangerous and symptomatic of other problems. Chronic
diarrhea is that which lasts longer than three weeks it's usually related to the bowel function

E. Coli : Coli
One of hundreds of strains of the tiny germ Escherichia coli, E. coli O157:H7 is a newly–visible
cause of food carried/held and waterborne sicknesses. Although most strains of E. coli are harmless
and live in the intestines of healthy humans and animals, this strain produces a powerful poisonous
chemical and can cause extreme illness. E. coli O157:H7 was first recognized as a cause of illness
during an outbreak in 1982 traced to contaminated hamburgers. Since then, most infections are
believed to have come from eating undercooked ground beef. Be that as it may, some have been
waterborne. In 1999, individuals wound up noticeably debilitated subsequent to drinking polluted
water in Washington County, New York and from swimming in tainted ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Frequently, no fever is present. It should be noted that these symptoms are common to a variety of
diseases, and may be caused by sources other than contaminated drinking water. Be that as it may,
some have been waterborne. In 1999, individuals wound up noticeably debilitated subsequent to
drinking polluted water in Washington County, New York and from swimming in tainted water in
Clark County, Washington. Data about the well being impacts of E. coli O157:H7, and moves you
can make to shield yourself and your family from E. coli disease. What is E. coli and where does it
originate from? E. coli is a kind of fecal coli form microbes regularly found in the digestion tracts of
creatures and people. E. coli is short for Escherichia coli. The nearness of E. coli in water is a solid
sign of late sewage or creature squander pollution. Sewage may contain many sorts of infection
creating living beings. How does E. coli or other fecal coli forms get in the water? E. coli originates
from human and creature squander. Amid rainfalls, snow liquefies, or different sorts of precipitation,
E. coli might be washed into rivers, waterways, streams, lakes, or groundwater. At the point when
these waters are utilized as wellsprings of drinking water and the water is not treated or deficiency
treated, E. coli may wind up in the drinking water. There are two wellsprings of drinking water,
surface water and ground water and they are each overseen, checked and managed

Antibiotic Associated Diarrhea
The clinical problem that will be addressed for the purpose of the critical appraisal is the use of
probiotics to prevent antibiotic–associated diarrhea. The prevalence of diarrhea related to use
antibiotic usage is a commonly acknowledge the adverse effect in patients. Therefore, further
understanding into what can prevent such an adverse effect can be of significant benefit.
Antibiotic–associated diarrhea is defined as inexplicable diarrhea that is present in connection with
the use of antibiotics. It is typically caused by alterations in the microflora of the stomach
(Beaugerie & Petit, 2004). The rate of this associated complication is related often to the type of
antibiotic that is used. This change to the microflora create the opportunity ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The use of antibiotics had discontinued due to adverse effects that presented in the patient, such as
abdominal cramping, nausea, increase temperature, or rash. The results of the study concluded that
when patients received a systemic antibiotic, S. Boulardii did not prevent ADD within the adult,
hospitalized population. The experiential group and the intervention group were treated equally. The
trial medication or a matching placebo was administered twice daily. Each group would start in
phase one, and would receive the dose concurrently with the antibiotic. The duration of
administration of the trial drug varied. When the antibiotic was discontinued, phase two of the study
commenced and the drug as given for an additional seven days. If an antibiotic was reinitiated, then
phase one would be restarted. After phase two ended, the participants in each group where
monitored for a total of six weeks. The consistency of stool was documented by the participant in
the study and then the data was gathered each week by the researchers. This lead to complications
within the study since it was found that the participants were not consistent on how they kept the
records of their stool amount and consistency or simply forgot. A total of one hundred and eighty–
five participants did not document their daily bowel movements. The study also concluded that the
frequency of loose stools per day was increased in the

Diarrhea In Neonatal
Neonatal calf diarrhea remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality in young calves that
causes substantial economic losses (Constable, 2004). Diarrhea in neonatal calves is a syndrome of
great etiological complexity, in addition to the influence of various environmental, managemental,
nutritional and physiological factors, numerous infectious agents are capable of causing neonatal
calf diarrhea (Schumann et al., 1990). Multiple enteric pathogens have been recovered from
diarrheic calves, their relative prevalence varies geographically but Escherichia coli, Rotavirus, and
Coronavirus, C. perfringens, Salmonella spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. are recognized as the most
common infectious agents in most areas (Garcia et al., 2000; Snodgrass et al., 1986). ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
These studies indicate that both healthy and diarrheic calves harbor STEC in their intestine (Blanco
et al., 1997; Roopnarine et al., 2007) and shed the bacteria in great quantities for several months
(Cray and Moon, 1995; Widiasih et al., 2004). Shiga toxin–producing E. coli (STEC) are
characterized by their ability to produce two types of shiga toxins virulence factors: shiga toxin 1
(encoded by the stx1 gene), shiga toxin 2(encoded by the stx2 gene). However, STEC isolates
frequently have associated two virulence factors; intimin (encoded by the eaeA gene) and
enterohaemolysins ( encoded by the hlyA) (Dean–Nystrom et al., 1997; Kang et al., 2004). Intimin
is responsible for intimate attachment of STEC to intestinal cells, causing formation of the
characteristic attaching and effacing (A/E) lesions (Bolton, 2011). Although the role of
enterohemolysin in an intestinal disease is unclear, but it has been suggested that enterohaemolysins
may enhance the effects of shiga toxins (Caprioli et al., 2005; Holland et al.,

Animal Husbandry And Hygiene Behaviors Associated With...
Calf diarrhea or 'scours' is a commonly reported disease and a significant cause of economic losses
and decreasing productivity of dairy producers. Disease prevention and management is important
from both a calf and public health perspective due to positive association between exposure to
domestic animals and human diarrheal disease. The aim of the community report and scientific
review is to identify the zoonotic enteric diseases of neonatal calves and identify animal husbandry
and hygiene behaviors associated with calf rearing linked to infection and outline recommended
interventions to mitigate the transmission to people working in the dairy industry. This topic is
relevant as it's extremely important farmers know that some types of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Cryptosporidium is wide spread in Australian dairy calves with prevalence as high as 100% in some
herds. Infected calves can be asymptomatic, however, typical clinical signs include: loose, watery
diarrhea, straining, anorexia, weight loss, depression, dehydration. Humans can be infected either
directly or indirectly by consuming food or water contaminated with ooysts or by inadequate hand
washing practices after exposure to infective feces or animals. Many people do not develop illness
after exposure. Individuals with the greatest susceptibility to cryptosporidiosis include the young
childeren, elderly, malnourished, disease impaired (i.e. those with diabetes, or chronic disease), and
a broad group of immunocompromised individuals (i.e. AIDS patients, transplant recipients, and
those receiving chemotherapy) who may become infected with lower number oocysts. For those
individuals that show clinical signs, explosive watery diarrhea and abdominal pain are common.
Vomiting, nausea, fever, and muscle cramps can also occur. The symptoms usually resolve in 7 to 14
days in an immunocompetent host. Oocyte excretion may continue to occur for up to an additional 1
to 4 weeks post resolution of clinical signs. Cryptosporidium are able to survive for prolonged
periods in the environment under favorable conditions (temperatures from 0°C to 65°C) and are
resistant to most common disinfectants (including chlorine bleaches and alcohol). Cryptosporidium
loses its infectivity by

Service Encounter : Online Shopping
Service Encounter 1
ETSY (Online Shopping) UK
I used Etsy to purchase an antique pocket watch for my mother, for mother's day. On the product
page, I was informed that I would receive the product in about five to six business days – which I
thought would be perfect as it would arrive in time for mother's day.
I hadn't used Etsy before so I had nothing to benchmark my experience against. I know a lot of
people though who have had experiences ranging from excellent to disastrous.
It has been a week since my package was supposed to have arrived, so my experience was not off to
a very satisfying start. I called customer service to inquire about my unfulfilled order. I was put on
hold for what seemed like forever till I was finally put ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Disappointed and extremely angry, I once again called customer service and was again put on hold.
Finally I was put through to the person who was going to help me with my problem he was also very
apologetic and informed me that I could send the product back with a small shipping fee and that I
would be refunded for my purchase if I so choose. I thanked him for his help and hung up – now
extremely frustrated. Deciding that the hassle was not worth it I sent in an angry email depicting my
ordeal to the people at Etsy in hopes that this will be remedied and other customers will not have to
endure the things I had to.
All in all, I would say that my experience purchasing from Etsy had been rather disappointing. The
customer service was wonderful and very helpful but the shipping and the product itself was
handled very poorly. At the very least Etsy should have made sure that their products were in good
shipping conditions, they should have also made their refundable policies more convenient for the
customers as this seems to be a usual occurrence.
I had to spend time like days to come up with a suitable gift to give to my mother on a special day
that ended in total loss of time and desire product not being delivered on time
As a service provided the company should have a team to keep in check what product needs to be
delivered to a person, people having taste in vintage and handmade items are very concerned about
the right thing being

The Counter Products ( Otc ) Drug Used For The Treatment...
Introduction:
Over the counter products are effective in the management of self–limiting conditions, but also pose
danger of misuse. Loperamide or Imodium, is a common over the counter (OTC) drug primarily
used for the treatment of diarrhea. As a synthetic µ–opioid receptor agonist, loperamide increases
intestinal transit time by decreasing intestinal motility and modifies intestinal transport of water and
electrolytes by stimulating absorption, all which are beneficial in the treatment of diarrhea.1
However, what makes loperamide truly attractive is its lack of the analgesic effects in therapeutic
and supra–therapeutic doses.1 All this is true, when loperamide is taken as directed. Unfortunately, it
is not being taken as directed and has had serious negative health outcomes for those misusing and
abusing it.
When conducting studies to quantify loperamide's abuse potential, the maximum dose used was
60mg,2 it never occurred to us, that mega daily doses of up to 400mg would ever be used.3 Sadly,
this is the reality of the times in which we live in and if pharmacists are to be of help, we must
quickly adapt. Obviously opioid misuse is not a new thing, and is definitely not exclusive to a
particular geographic location.4 Opioid policies and regulations set in place to limit and restrict
physicians prescribing, though with good intent, have created a complex pool of patients that turn to
other sources of opioids5. Loperamide's abuse and misuse is potentiated by its

Statistical Review : 5 Randomized Control Studies
Findings
In review of 5 randomized control studies, one cohort study, and one case analysis study, an
adequate amount of data regarding octreotide and loperamide use in CID and radio–chemotherapy
induced diarrhea was determined to be obtained for the purposes of this systematic review. Level of
evidence ranged from Level II in the RCT trials to level V case analysis studies. The majority of
recent studies including Zachariah, Gwede, James, Ajani, Chin, Donath, Kachnic, (2009);
Rosenhoff, Gabriel, Conklin, Hohneker, Berg, Warsi, Maloney, Benedetto, Miles, Zhu, Anthony
(2006);Petrelli, Rodriquez–Bigas, Rustum, Gerrera, Creaven,(1993) and Zidan, Haim, Beny, Sterin,
Gez, Kuten (2001) tested octreotide in their study of patients who had ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Both experiments involved a randomized two arm study, however Cascinu et al. started patients with
an increased dose of loperamide initially, in addition to the twice a day (BID) dosing of 2mg.
Additionally Cascinu et al. escalated the dose of octreotide to 1000 mcg SQ instead of IV. Rosenhoff
et al. (2006) pointed to the possible advantage of using octreotide in escalating doses with possible
positive effects, however few studies exist with such high doses of octreotide. No significant side
effects of octreotide toxicity were reported in any of the studies reviewed.
Zachariah et al. (2009) in addition to Rosenhoff et al. (2006) and Hoff et al. (2014) who had similar
sample sizes, ranging between 139 to 215 participants all found octreotide was not more effective
than loperamide within the same days of administration when both drugs were used to treat patients
undergoing chemotherapy or radio–chemotherapy. Specifically, Rosenhoff et al. compared two
different dosages of octreotide SQ in patients who had failed loperamide therapy in the past,
demonstrated a 15% decrease in CID which failed to reach statistical significance (P=0.14). All
three studies had very specific inclusion and exclusion criteria in order to remove any potential skew
of results due to disease side effects such as diabetes mellitus, irritable bowel syndrome, or any
reported chronic laxative use. All

Gastroenteritis : Causes And Effects
Gastroenteritis is a disease that contributes to morbidity and mortality in large numbers worldwide,
and is a major cause of hospitalization. Every year 10.5 million children die of Gastroenteritis
before reaching the age of five (Ciccarelli, Stolfi, & Caramia, 2013). Gastroenteritis can be caused
due to many different agents, such as different bacteria, viruses and parasites. However, the primary
cause of gastroenteritis in children is due to Rotavirus (Parashar, Nelson, & Kang, 2013), accounting
for 60% of the cases in children under 24 months (Whinney, Paul, & Candy, 2013). Patients with
Gastroenteritis present with symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, cramping and abdominal
pain due to inflammation of the intestines and the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Tachycardia, hypotension and thready pulses are common signa of severe dehydration (Revelas,
2012). The child presents with a temperature of 37 degrees. Viral Gastroenteritis generally present
with mild Pyrexia (Van Wyk, 2015), unlike in Urinary tract infections (Stein et al., 2015) and
meningitis, where the temperature will be elevated significantly (Whinney et al., 2013). Similar to
gastroenteritis, urinary tract infections and meningitis present with vomiting but bulging fontanelle
is a unique manifestation of meningitis (Whinney et al., 2013).
Passage of three or more loose stools per day is defined as diarrhea. Gastroenteritis is identified as
the most common cause of diarrhea in children (Ciccarelli et al., 2013). The child in this case study
is described to have a flat, soft abdomen this may indicate that the gastric load has been emptied and
the hyperactive bowel sounds may suggest that there is an increase in intestinal motility (Abdullah
& Firmansyah, 2013). The stool that the child is passing is liquid with no mucous or blood, this
indicates that the gastroenteritis could be of a viral origin such as rotavirus and not of a bacterial
origin, as presence of mucus and blood in stool is linked with more invasive germs such as Shigella,
Salmonella and Campylobacter Jejuni (Ciccarelli et al., 2013). Dehydration and electrolyte
imbalance are common complications following Diarrhea.
Lethargy, dry lips and mucous membrane, low

Salmonella Outbreak Essay
For the module 1 SLP, we're going to take a brief look at Salmonella and some of the factors that
play a role in a foodborne outbreak. We'll look at etiologic agent, host factors, and environmental
factors as well as host factors and how they can play a role in the occurrence. First and foremost, we
need to see what salmonella is and then we can break it down when we look at the other factors.
Salmonella is a bacterial disease that occurs in the intestines, the signs and symptoms can be; fever,
or other illnesses such as diarrhea and abdominal cramps. People typically get salmonella from
contaminated foods, which seems to occur frequently from poultry and eggs (Nordqvist, 2016). This
is just a basic look at salmonella though, next we need to look at the epidemiologic triad (host,
agent, and environment) and see how each plays a role in a salmonella outbreak.
First the etiologic agent of salmonella; Salmonella gastroenteritis is the infectious agent that causes
salmonella. It is transmitted through vehicle transmission, meaning it travels from place to place on
something (contaminated meat for example). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What if it were a host that had salmonella from the beginning? If a patient presents with all the signs
and symptoms, but it isn't due to food handling then you'd have to assume that there is an outside
factor. According to the Mayo Clinic article on salmonella there are a few factors where a host can
increase their chance of getting salmonella. These factors include; international travel, specifically
to countries with poor sanitation, owning a bird or reptile that is infected with the bacteria and
handling that animal routinely increases your change for exposure. Additionally use of antacids and
antibiotics can create a perfect environment for the bacteria to grow in your intestines (Mayo Clinic,

The Health Of Humans And Companion Animals
Introduction
Increasing awareness about the health of humans and companion animals has lead to the
introduction of daily probiotic ingestion as a common practice. Probiotics are living organisms that
naturally inhabit the gastrointestinal tract of both humans and companion animals. These
microorganisms survive the highly acidic environment of the monogastric gastrointestinal tract and
can be found living in the feces. Improvement of physical symptoms as well as the levels of
microorganisms within the feces measures the effects of probiotics (Bybee et al., 2011: Scharek–
Tedin et al., 2013: Lee et al., 2012). Researchers utilizing probiotics have addressed many different
medical concerns such as chronic diarrhea and feline lower urinary ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Consumers generally do not have extensive knowledge of specific probiotic species or their
interactions within the body, so they rely on the marketing teams creating the labels for commercial
products. The companies behind these products also have limited knowledge of probiotics and tend
to concern themselves with marketability rather than factual information. In 2011, Weese et al.
analyzed twenty–five probiotic products commercially available to the public for live
microorganism content and label accuracy. Of these twenty–five products, only twenty–one (84%)
labels listed specific microorganisms; thirty–two percent of products listing specific microorganisms
had more than one spelling error on the label (2011). These labeling mistakes would not be
overlooked if the products were regulated more heavily and only produced by companies with actual
probiotic knowledge. Out of the original twenty–five products chosen, only two products (8%) had
an acceptable label that accurately described the contents and viable bacterial growth that matched
or exceeded the amount stated on the label (2011). The stark lack of appropriate labeling should
make consumers and veterinarians wary when selecting a probiotic product. While probiotics do
have positive effects on canine and feline nutrition when used correctly, misuse of these products
could cause adverse effects in some pets.
Management of Gastrointestinal Health
Probiotics

Norovirus Research Paper
Norovirus is the most common cause of gastroenteritis. Infection is characterized by diarrhea,
vomiting, and stomach pain, and fever or headaches may also occur. This usually develops 12 to 48
hours after being exposed. Individuals with norovirus may vomit and have diarrhea many times a
day, leading to extreme dehydration, especially in young children, older adults, and people with
other illnesses. The recovery typically occurs within 1 to 3 days.
Norovirus is a highly contagious virus and being infected with one type of norovirus does not
protect against infection from other types. The virus is usually spread by the fecal–oral route
through contaminated food or water or person–to–person contact. It may also spread via
contaminated surfaces

Chemotherapy Induced Diarrhea
In oncological patients, diarrhea can occur in several different situations. Possible etiologies could
be chemotherapeutic agents, radiation, decreased physical performance, graft vs. host disease and
infections. "Of clinical importance is chemotherapy–induced diarrhea, which has been reported as a
grade 3–4 serious adverse event with a frequency of 5–47% in randomized clinical trials"
(Andreyev, 2014). Diarrhea is divided into different grading and these are Grade 1: increase to two
to three bowel movements per day additional to number before treatment or mild increase in stoma
output. Grade 2: increase to four to six bowel movements per day additional to number before
treatment, moderate increase in stoma output, as well as moderate cramping ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition to killing cancer cells, chemotherapy tends to kill other fast–growing cells, such as those
in your intestinal lining. Not all chemotherapy drugs cause diarrhea, most regimens used to treat
gastrointestinal cancers, those used in patients with tumors at other sites such as breast cancer
treated with docetaxel, capecitabine or folinic acid antagonists (such as methotrexate) also raise the
risk of chemotherapy induced diarrhea. Radiation therapy that concentrates on the abdomen, pelvis
or lower back can cause diarrhea. How serious the diarrhea will be depends on the radiation dose.
The diarrhea can persist for weeks or months after treatment. It is also possible for diarrhea to begin
days, months, and even years after treatment. If the surgeon must remove certain parts of the
intestine in order to remove cancer, this might alter the intestine's ability to absorb nutrients and/or
fat and may result in diarrhea. Chemotherapy and total body radiation therapy given in effects of
bone marrow stem cell transplant can cause diarrhea. Diarrhea is also known to be a complication of
graft–versus–host disease if received bone marrow stem cells are allogeneic. In graft–versus–host
disease, the transplanted bone marrow stem cells reject your

Symptoms And Treatment Of Infectious Gastroenteritis
This is a possible diagnosis for our patient. The mean age of diagnosis for IBD is 12.5 and our
patient fit into that age group. The patient is also of Jewish heritage, which has an increase
prevalence of IBD. Furthermore, the patient presents with abdominal pain, low weight, and occult
blood in stool that can be found with CD and UC. Our patient does not have a family history of IBD
even though 25% of children with IBD do, but that does not rule out the diagnosis. Furthermore, our
patient does not have many of the extra–GI features of IBD, which include arthralgias and rashes,
making this diagnosis less likely. Finally, an endoscopy was done and no cobblestoning features or
pseudopolyps were seen. Thus, IBD is a possible ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Symptoms of vomiting, abdominal pain, headaches, weakness, and diarrhea can occur within one
hour and last less than 24 hours. Diagnosis is through stool culture and treatment is supportive
therapy. The most well–known Salmonella infection is Salmonella typhi, which is transmitted
through contaminated food and water. Typhoid fever is divided into 4 stages. In the first stage,
symptoms of malaise, headache and cough develop. In the second stage, high fever, bradycardia,
rose spots, crackles in the lung, hepatosplenomegaly, distended abdomen and loose stools are
observed. In the third stage, intestinal hemorrhage, encephalitis, cyclic fevers are prevalent. In the
last stage, the fever starts to subside. Diagnosis is made through stool culture and the patient is
treated through oral rehydration therapy. Antibiotics like ceftriaxone or ciprofloxacin can also be
given. Camplylobacter is another bacterial cause of gastroenteritis. It is commonly associated with
the consumption of contaminated poultry dish. Patients get diarrhea (loose to bloody), fever and
malaise. It is diagnosed through stool culture. Disease is self–limiting, but antibiotics like
ciprofloxacin can be given. Yersinia can be acquired through uncooked meat, contaminated water
and milk leading to watery and bloody diarrhea and fever. It is typically self–limiting and does not
require antibiotics. Of note, patients with Yersinia enterocolitica can experience

Many people are affected each year by what is usually misdiagnosed as the "stomach flu". The
official medical term for this illness is Norovirus, but is also known as Norwalk Virus. It was first
seen in 1968 at Bronson Elementary School in Norwalk, Ohio. The first outbreak occurred at the
elementary school, infecting 116 of the 223 students and teachers. Norovirus is a contagious virus
that can lead to an infection called acute gastroenteritis. Gastroenteritis is an inflammation of the
stomach and intestines, which results in diarrhea, vomiting, and stomach pain. In the United States
alone, 19–21 million cases, 56,000–71,000 hospitalizations, and 570–800 deaths are reported each
year (CDC).
Norovirus can be transmitted through fecally contaminated food and water or contact with an
infected person. Shellfish, salads, and oysters are the foods most typically related to the ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The most common symptoms seen with this virus are nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, malaise (general
feeling of being sick), and cramping or pain of the abdomen. Some other signs and symptoms that
are also seen can be a fever, weight loss, dehydration, and bloody bowel movements. Vomiting and
diarrhea can happen many times throughout the day when a person is infected, which typically leads
to dehydration and is a major concern for any patient with norovirus or in any case.
Dehydration can be detected by seeing symptoms such as dry mouth, low output of urine, and a
decreased state of awareness. To prevent dehydration it is recommended to drink as much fluids to
replace the fluid being lost through vomiting and diarrhea. Signs and symptoms of norovirus can
also not be present in up to 50% of all cases as stated by the CDC; it is not confirmed if people who
are asymptomatic are infectious or

Symptoms And Treatment Of The Physician
Our patient called their primary care physician first, and reported that their 25–month old child had
diarrhea for the past two days with 4–5 watery stools each day. He was also vomiting, refusing to
eat, and was only able to keep down small amounts of water. The reason the mother called the
physician was today the child was acting very lethargically and became very irritated whenever she
tried to feed or give fluids. Upon hearing this the physician directed her to the hospital to seek help
as he suspected moderate to severe dehydration. Given this background two of the criteria for
possible moderate to severe dehydration have been met so a physical assessment is warranted.
Patient did not have an accurate recent weight that we could ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
With this information we provided teaching using the teaching plan attached in appendix A. The
teaching plan can be summarized in three main points: 1) Parents need to understand the importance
of rehydrating with an oral rehydration solution (ORS) instead of water alone. 2) Child should be
given approximately 6 ounces of ORS for each loose stool or vomiting episode. This ORS should be
administered in teaspoons at a slow steady rate if the child is refusing to drink normally, or if
vomiting occurs after drinking. 3) Normal age appropriate diet should be offered to the infant, no
special considerations are required. Since the infant is currently mildly dehydrated we need to
provide 6 ounces of ORS to restore normal hydration in addition to 6 ounces for each additional
episode. Since the infant has been refusing to drink this is the perfect opportunity for the mother and
father to practice giving ORS using a teaspoon. Family was instructed to provide a teaspoon full of
ORS to their child as often as he would accept it over a period of one to two hours until at–least 6
ounces have been administered. They were advised that the child may want more fluid as time goes
on, so they can increase the rate as tolerated. "When an oral solution is administered by the
caregiver in controlled amounts (one or two teaspoons every one to two minutes, with gradual
increases in amount as tolerated), the familiar regimen of "frequent small sips" can deliver a volume

C. Diff Research Paper
Infectious Diseases: Clostridium Difficile Colitis
Infectious Disease: Signs and Symptoms
Clostridium Difficile, or C. diff, is a common occurrence in hospitals. But how does one know that
they are in fact dealing with a patient with C. diff and not just diarrhea? It all lies in the symptoms.
C. diff diarrhea has a distinct odor. The patient also feels a constant urgency, a need to always go to
the restroom. The stool contains mucous. Beyond that, most patients will present with a low grade
fever, mild leukocytosis, hyperactive bowel sounds, and mild abdominal tenderness. (Headly, 461)
Causative Agents: Distinguishing Characteristics Clostridium difficile is both the name of the
bacteria and the illness. When referring to the illness, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The answer is that it cannot. Clostridium difficile cannot. However, the diarrhea from the C. diff
can. To prevent it, one must work backwards, returning to the transmission of the illness. The
question is then how is it passed on to other people? The answer is simple: lack of proper
handwashing. By not properly washing the hands, the method of transmission become the nurses'
hands. But that does not necessarily account for the spores found in the bedsheets. In that, one has to
realize that a patient with diarrhea may or may not have Clostridium difficile colitis. When that is
realized, great care should be taken with the bedsheets of that individual, by taking care not to shake
the sheets to prevent dispersal through the air. The nurse must then once again follow proper
handwashing procedures after disposal of the dirty linens. Nothing can affect the flora to prevent all
bouts of C. diff. That includes antibiotics, the number one cause of Clostridium difficile. But
because antibiotics are sometimes necessary for survival, the patient must be encouraged to intake
probiotics while on antibiotics. Similarly, if the antibiotics are not needed, the patient should not be
taking them. C. diff is a superbug, an illness that antibiotics cannot help. And by purposely taking
antibiotics for no need causes more problems than the patient should want to deal

Slaughter Is The Violent Killing Of A Large Number Of People
Slaughter. As defined by the Merriam Webster Dictionary, slaughter is the violent killing of a large
number of people. Synonyms including; bloodbath, butchery, carnage, death, holocaust, massacre. I,
for one, hate this ugly word. It causes several things to come to mind when I hear it muttered: The
Holocaust, genocide, death, all of the repulsive and vial occurrences of the world summed in one
word. It 's a grim topic, and most certainly one that doesn 't occur in the US anymore, right? After
all, one of the world's leading super powers couldn't possibly be dealing with a magnanimous
amount of bloodshed on our lands. Am I correct? Well, what if I told you that over 3.7 billion farm
animals are killed every year in the United States for food. The ongoing slaughter of billions of
animals a year, with little thought or consideration to the inhumane abuse that these animals
experience, is a saddening truth that shouldn't be a fact today. Many say that the process of farming
today is a marvel, with the fact that we can feed an entire nation so quickly. There is no famine, no
lack of food at any time. It is a marvel we can create such a method that is so effective to feed
thousands a day and I would agree if animals that are killed for food weren't treated like a machine
on an assembly line. Several companies, like Perdue, make claims that their animals are treated
righteously, live happy, and healthy lives, however, the movie Food Inc. sheds light on how
corporate business has

Coli : Coli. Coli
Description
Escherichia Coli is one kind of bacteria that lives in the humans and animals' alimentary tracts, most
often find in the intestines. E. Coli is the short term of Escherichia Coli that commonly used by
people. There are many types of E. Coli bacteria and most of them are not harmful and can be found
in the healthy intestines of people and animals. But, there is one particular type of E. Coli bacteria
called "E. Coli O157:H7" may cause serious diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, or vomiting. Children
or elderly people that infected with E. Coli O157:H7 may even have the serious complications, such
as anemia, kidney failure, and lead to death.
People may get the E. Coli infection by eating contaminated food or drinks. Or, through direct
contact with the infected person that didn't wash the hands properly after the bowel movement.
Symptoms may vary of infected people. For people that are in good health and have good immune
system, usually take less than a week to recover from E. Coli infection. But, for children, elderly
people, or people that have the weak immune system, it may take longer to recover. It may also
cause the complication with the existing illness.
Symptoms and signs Symptoms and signs usually begin between three to seven days after people
have infected with the bacteria. "The first sign is severe abdominal cramps that start suddenly. After
a few hours, watery diarrhea starts." ("E. Coli Infection Overview", 2014) In E. Coli O157:H7
infection, the

Gathering Cues And Coming For Know The Patient
Noticing – Gathering Cues & Coming to Know the Patient
Provide a synopsis/summary of the salient information you have learned about your patient – as an
individual patient and as a person Synopsis of Patient
My patient was a 68 year old female that was brought to ER via EMS on Feb 15 with nausea,
vomiting, and diarrhea x2 days. The pt had not been able to eat or drink for the last 1.5 days, and felt
weak and dizzy for the past 2 days. The patient lives at home alone in Kitchener, her spouse resides
in a long term care home as he suffers from advanced dementia, they have no children. For IADL's
the client is able to cook her own meals, drive, and do her own shopping. However she receives help
with heavy items and house cleaning from a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On the same date an abdominal x–ray was also completed which revealed no small bowel dilation,
no free gas, with a few small pelvis phleboliths (venous calcifications) noted. My involvement and
care of the patient occurred Feb 22nd. On this date her lab work was: BUN 6.3, Cr 64, Na 138, K+
3.5, Cl 107, C02 22, WBC 8.2 (15.4 Feb 15, 4.1 Feb 17), Hgb 93 (106 Feb 15, 80 Feb 16, 73 Feb
17), Hct .291, Plts 305. On assessment the client was still on contact plus isolation, but both a stool
C+S and C–Diff tests were negative. Vitals: T 35.8, P 68 reg, RR 18, BP 94/52, Spo2 98% room air,
Pain 0/10 (did receive 650mg acetaminophen @ 0630 for chronic Lt arm/hand pain).
Interpreting – Clinical Reasoning
Describe the relationships between the pieces of information and why they are significant for your
patient at this time.
Identify the possible alternatives to choose from in caring for your patient. Significance of Findings
On auscultation her lungs were clear with slightly diminished breath sounds to the bases bilaterally.
She states that she does cough on occasion throughout the day which produces a scant amount of
clear/yellowish sputum. She advises that she is a smoker of 3 cigarettes per day for apx 45yrs (7pack
year hx). Given the pleural effusion seen on xray on Feb 16, smoking, COPD, and recent course of
ABX (Clavulin) may be the cause of the sputum (not purulent, not green,

The Relationship Between E. Coli Growth
Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a bacteria that commonly live in the gastrointestinal tract of humans
making it relevant to our population. The majority of E. coli strains is harmless, but it has the
potential to form a potent strain that possesses serious health risks. When encountering this potent
strain, one can experience health problems such as diarrhea or urinary tract infections. It is
important to be able to determine when someone is being affected by the harmful strains of E. coli
and how antibiotics affect them in order to keep the strain from cultivating further. Current scientific
knowledge about the relationship between E. coli growth and antibiotics supports the idea that with
the presence of antibiotics, the growth of E. coli is

E. Coli Research Paper
HISTORY/BACKGROUND 1
E.coli O157:H7 bacteria was discovered in 1885 by a German scientist Theodor Escherich, his
discovery also found that strands of the bacteria caused infants diarrhea and gastroenteritis which
made this an important health discovery." E. coli is one of the most frequent causes of many
common bacterial infections, including cholecystitis bacteremia, cholangitis, urinary tract infection
(UTI), and traveler's diarrhea, and other clinical infections such as neonatal meningitis and
pneumonia." Says the food poison journal, All You Need To Know About E. coli. The bacteria was
first called bacterium coli but then was changed to Escherichia coli to honor the scientist that
discovered it. There are over 700 serotypes of E. coli that are identified and not all of the ones
identified are necessarily cause diseases in us humans, some help us and some give us infections.
This disease is responsible for a big amount of contaminated foods and drinks. Foods that are ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
coli are a large and diverse group of bacteria. Although most strains of E. coli are harmless, others
can make people sick. Some kinds of E. coli can cause diarrhea, while others cause urinary tract
infections, respiratory illness and pneumonia, and other illnesses. Still other kinds of E. coli are used
as markers for water contamination". – Paul Cocharne. The causes of this disease are caused by
consuming foods like undercooked ground beef which can be used in hamburgers, Vegetables
washed in contaminated water and fruit juice that hasn't been pasteurized which means that it hasn't
been through a process that uses heat to kill germs. Ways that help prevent to get E. coli is to always
wash your hands after using the bathroom and before you eat, don't swallow pool, lake or ocean
water and to make sure that at a restaurant you order your burger meat well done and not pink inside
(preventions given by the

Chronic Diarrhea
Diarrhea is divided into two types: Acute or Chronic. Acute diarrhea is defined as an alteration in
frequency, and consistency of stool evacuation (increased), that last for no more than 14 days ( 2
weeks ), and it may be associated with symptoms of nausea, abdominal cramping, and vomiting
(Thielman & Guerrant, 2004). On the other hand, chronic diarrhea known also as Persistent diarrhea
stays for longer time.
Infectious diarrhea is the second cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. In addition, it leads
to other serious long–term complications such as hemolytic uremic syndrome with renal failure that
followed by enterohemorrhagic E. coli infection. Also, Guillain–Barré syndrome comes after C.
jejuni ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Example: Campylobacter species.
Metronidazole is a very effective against Giardia species, gram–negative anaerobes, and Entamoeba
species.
Sulfamethoxazole with trimethoprim are antibiotics used for inhibition of bacterial growth by
inhibiting the folate synthesis. Used to treat E coli infections by ratio 1:5 trimethoprim to
sulfamethoxazole.
Vancomycin is an antibiotic that works against C difficile that cause colitis.
Rifaximin is a broad spectrum antibiotic that used specifically for the gastrointestinal tract enteric
pathogens (especially Gram–positive, Gram–negative, aerobic and anaerobic). It inhibits the
bacterial RNA synthesis. And the main indication is for travelers' diarrhea caused by E.coli.
Eventually, some unexpected diarrhea occurs with the administration of antibiotics. Several known
antibiotics associated with diarrhea in different percentage, it has been found that patients who are
treated with amoxicillin, cefixime, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, azithromycin, clarithromycin,
erythromycin, and tetracyclines may suffer from diarrhea, and in this case, it called antibiotic–
associated– diarrhea. (John and Bartlett,

Slaughter : The Blind Eye
The Blind Eye Slaughter. As defined by the Merriam Webster Dictionary, slaughter is the violent
killing of a large number of people. Synonyms include; bloodbath, butchery, carnage, death,
holocaust, massacre. I, for one, hate this ugly word. It causes several things to come to mind when I
hear it muttered: The Holocaust, genocide, death, all of the repulsive and vial occurrences of the
world summed in one word. It 's a grim topic, and most certainly one that doesn 't occur in the US
anymore, right? After all, one of the world's leading superpowers couldn't possibly be dealing with a
magnanimous amount of bloodshed on our lands. Am I correct? Well, what if I told you that over 3.7
billion farm animals are killed every year in the United ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One woman who was contracted with Perdue to farm chickens shed light on what actually happens
to these company contracted farms, without Perdue's permission. Perdue was shown to keep
chickens in large, windowless, coops that are packed with so many birds, a chicken may not be able
to move. Perdue denied an interview and soon terminated the woman's contract. On investigation,
Perdue had placed a "values of the company " statement on their website that states, "At Perdue, Our
Vision is "To be the most trusted name in food and agricultural products," while Our Reason for
Being describes our purpose: To provide innovative food and agricultural products and services that
enhance the quality of life for everyone we touch." By the video evidence of their treatment of
animals, I presume those lives Perdue claim to touch is referring to their CEO's bank accounts. It is
surprising that Perdue had nothing to comment on the life of their animals if in fact their core values
they claim to have, are practiced by their company. This slaughter of animals piqued my interest
after reading a particularly gory essay written by Jeff Tietz, which depicted the horrendous
conditions in which pigs are kept. Other companies, in this specific case, Smithfield 's, was
responsible for the death of 27 million hogs (Jeff Tietz). As you can imagine, this created quite an
impressive revenue for Smithfield's, but at the cost of the hog's life. These pigs are

Dog Diarrhea
It is not always easy to determine the exact cause of dog diarrhea for a fact that there are numerous
potential factors that may affect each individual case for this kind of digestive upset. It may range
from minor incidents to a more serious one. While most diarrheas in dogs may be remedied without
difficulty, it can possibly be classified as a symptom only of a more severe condition. In other
words, it might be that the diarrhea is not the actual illness, there's more to it that is more dangerous
to your dog's health.
1. The most frequent cause of dog diarrhea is something that your pet has eaten. This can include
foreign objects and eating food that is of low quality. It is especially common to puppies which tend
to eat everything they ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If there is a sudden change in your pet's diet; it will most likely result to loose stools because of the
upset in your pet's digestive system. Hence, it is advisable to have a smoother shift of diet for your
dogs and get rid of the problem.
3. Bacterial infections such as Campylobacter Jejuni, Salmonella and E. coli may also be a reason
for severe or serious diarrhea among dogs. This may cause inflammation as well as irritation in the
digestive tract resulting tin gastroenteritis and frequent defecation. Such bacteria are present in
animal stools and raw or uncooked poultry.
4. What's not toxic for humans may be fatal for animals. Toxins which are often found in human
food can cause diarrhea particularly on domesticated animals such as dogs. Examples are the
theobromine found in chocolates and thiosulphate present in garlic or onions. Other effects of these
toxins intake are vomiting, weakness, breathlessness and even seizures. Additionally, insecticides
and other household chemicals can be toxic to your pet.
5. Stress is another very common reason of dog diarrhea. This is usually happening if the dog has
been moved to a new family or surroundings. Luckily, most cases for this cause are easily remedied
by removing the pet in a stressful situation or he is getting used to the changes around

Symptoms And Symptoms Of Viral Gastroenteritis
Assessment
E.L. is a 36 year old female who has presented with a chief complaint of vomiting, diarrhea,
abdominal cramping and sharp adnominal pain rated 7/10. The patient is a geriatric nurse and states
that she was in close contact with patients who had similar symptoms. The patient denies taking any
medication, denies allergies, reports childhood illnesses gastrointestinal amoebas, and is up to date
with vaccinations. Family history indicates that the patient is at increased risk for developing heart
disease. The patient denies any previous or current tobacco use and reports drinking alcohol socially.
The patient is married with 4 children and denies that immediate family members have or are
displaying any similar symptoms.
Subjective ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Differential diagnoses important to consider are appendicitis and irritable bowel syndrome.
Appendicitis is an acute inflammation of the appendix and is often missed by clinicians (Cox &
Sovak, 2015). In this case, appendicitis is unlikely as the patient does not display signs and
symptoms indicative of appendicitis. During the physical exam the McBurney's point, Rovsing's
sign, Obturator, and Psoas all yielded negative results. Also, E.L. is complaining of pain to the
hypogastric area and denies pain specifically located in the right lower quadrant or rebound
tenderness. These findings do not support a diagnosis of appendicitis. Irritable bowel syndrome
(IBS) is a motility disorder of the gastrointestinal tract causing intermittent nausea, abdominal pain
relieved by defecation, abdominal distension, flatulence, and diarrhea (Goolsby & Grubbs, 2015).
Although E.L. has several of these symptoms, a diagnosis of IBS is unlikely for many reasons. The
patient's symptoms are attributed to contact with an infectious person indicating an acute illness.
This makes IBS less likely because, IBS is characterized as a reoccurring illnesses with relapses.
IBS is also unlikely since the symptoms are often triggered by meals and in this case the patient
attributes symptoms to being in close contact with individuals displaying the same symptoms. Also,
the patient denies eating

Diarrhea Critical Summary
This critical summary provides a background of why people suffer from diarrhea. It also defines
what diarrhea is. Numerous ways of avoiding and curing Diarrhea for both adult and children will
also be discussed in the summary. Watery feces many times per day, feel like vomiting and
cramping, that is Diarrhea. Although, Diarrhea is not a dangerous symptom when it lasts for a short
period of time, however, it can be hazardous if Diarrhea does not disappear after week 4. More than
100 types of diseases can cause Diarrhea, but most of the time it is because of the poisonous virus.
According to the article, there are two types of Diarrhea, which are acute diarrhea and Chronic
diarrhea. Acute diarrhea is when diarrhea lasts for approximately 1 ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Both types of diarrhea can severely dehydrate one's body. Dehydration can make us have dry skin,
headache, constipation, dizziness, low blood pressure, rapid heartbeat, rapid breathing. Diarrhea can
be caused, as a result of, consuming certain medicines, not being able to digest some specific foods,
some colon issues or it can be created because of the diseases, which impact stomach, small
intestine. Fortunately, there is an abundance of preventative measures for diarrhea such as having
wonderful hygiene, always cook the meat before consuming it and so on. When it comes to children
and babies specifically, they tend to bite their toys which can lead them towards diarrhea. Most of
the time, diarrhea of children is associated with the rotavirus. It is quite a usual virus and it can
multiply quickly. Rotavirus vaccines are the only remedies which can truly defeat the virus, even
though this vaccine is for eliminating the virus, not for curing or preventing diarrhea. Aside from the
rotavirus diarrhea, traveler's diarrhea is the common symptom for travelers who decide to travel to
developing countries. A few actions can be made to avoid this type of diarrhea, which are to not
drink tap water or use it to brush your teeth, restrain

E. Coli : H7
E. coli O157:H7 is a gram negative, rod shaped bacteria that is being found in many foodborne and
waterborne illnesses. It is also called Hemorrhagic colitis, the acute disease caused by E. coli
(EHEC) because it causes abdominal pain, and bloody diarrhea. It generally lives in the intestines of
healthy humans and is generally harmless. It is also found in healthy cattle and can contaminate
meat during slaughtering, as it produces a toxin that can cause illness. The E.coli O157:H7 is rare
variety of E. coli that produces large quantities of one or more related, potent toxins that cause
severe damage to the lining of the intestine. The Verotoxins that cause the disease are also called
shiga toxins, because they were acquired from the Shigella strain. It is believed that the widespread
use of antibiotics by American farmers has promoted the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes and
pathogenicity islands that has led to the creation of new pathogenic strains such as E. coli O157:H7.
It was first identified as a new cause of disease in the United States in 1982 after an outbreak of
gastrointestinal illnesses from undercooked meat after eating hamburgers from fast food restaurants.
It has also been found in the drinking water in Washington County, New York and in some area
swimming waters in Clark County Washington in 1999. Other outbreaks in recent years have been
found in alfalfa sprouts, unpasteurized fruit juices, dry–cured salami, lettuce, game meat, and cheese

Rota Virus: A Case Study
Rotavirus, a highly infectious double–stranded RNA virus of the family Reoviridae, is the main
etiological agent of severe dehydrating diarrhea in infants worldwide. In adults, symptomatic
rotavirus infections can cause outbreaks in the elderly and in immunocompromised individuals.
Infections in humans are caused by serogroups A, B and C, with serogroup A being the most
common.
Transmission routes
Transmission of rotaviruses is primarily by the fecal–oral route, which can happen directly from
person to person, or indirectly via contaminated fomites. Viruses are shed in large numbers in stool
(more than 10 trillion per gram) by patients with diarrhea, and can easily contaminate the
environmental objects. A respiratory mode of transmission ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Infants get infected by putting their fingers in the mouth after touching contaminated objects,
although healthcare providers can also spread the virus when they fail to wash their hands after
changing diapers. Therefore increased hand washing by hospital staff can result in decreased
nosocomial infections with this virus.
Infected food handlers may contaminate foods that require handling and no further cooking, such as
fruits and salads. Fecal–oral transmission is also commonly encountered in family homes, day–care
centers and homes for the elderly. In those settings control policies need to be evaluated repeatedly
and new measures need to be implemented should an outbreak of rotavirus occur.
Shedding can begin a few days prior to the onset of symptoms and continue until 21 days after the
onset of illness. Compared to children with rotavirus diarrhea, those with asymptomatic infection
tend to shed lower quantities of virus, with a possibility of intermittent shedding.
There is ample evidence that rotavirus is a waterborne pathogen. This virus can retain its infectivity
for days in aqueous environments, and waterborne spread has been implicated in a myriad of
rotavirus outbreaks, although there is not enough evidence that water alone is responsible for all
rotaviral

Reduction of Diarrheal Diseases in Under-Five Children in...
Introduction
The World Health Organization (WHO) describes diarrheal disease as the second leading cause of
mortality in children under five years old, accounting for around 760000 deaths of children every
year (Lweendo, 2010). Diarrhea is usually transmitted through the faecal–oral route. From the
public health perspectives, contact with human excreta due to improper faecal disposal, poor
hygiene in terms of hand washing to mention a few are the most potential risk factors. It has been
documented that diarrhea causes of malnutrition in children under– five years. Diarrheal disease
causes loss of water and salt in the body and can lead to death. This disease is very dangerous for
children under –five years
Nigeria is one the countries ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As it has been earlier pointed out, majority of people lives in slums. This situation poses a challenge
of attaining Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) of halving by 2015 the proportion of people
without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.
Epidemiologically, diarrhea diseases are associated with poor hygiene in terms of hand washing
(Lweendo, 2010). For example, the Cross–sectional study that was conducted among the Lagos
community revealed that only 46% washed their hands before eating. In the same study it was
revealed that 3.6% washed their hands after cleaning a defecated child and 0.3% after cleaning
running nose (International Journal of Infection Control 2013).
Poverty influences the state of hygiene and sanitation and vice versa (Lweendo, 2010). In Lagos
alone, it is reported that children who lives in poorest socioeconomic strata have lower health
indicators as compared to those from wealthiest. For example, mortality rate among children under–
five from the urban settings is 85/1000 while mortality rate in rural settings where socioeconomic is
low is 219/1000 live births (Senbanjo, Olayiwola et al. 2013). Overcrowding, unhygienic
conditions, low income households and families are conditions that make children more vulnerable
to disease many diseases such as diarrhea.
The current public health interventions in Lagos
There is growing evidence that diarrhea can be prevented through the approach that includes among
other

The gymnasiums of public schools and community centers in the disaster–stricken area became
emergency shelters after the Great East Japan earthquake in March 2011, which is classified as a
domestic environment. Considering the condition in those areas with cold and dry weather at the
time of the disaster, norovirus as one of the leading cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks in winter in
Japan should be highlighted to prevent further damage (Mimura, et al., 2012).
Norovirus (a group of non–enveloped, single stranded RNA, globular shaped, approximately 30–
40nm in diameter, dry cold climate preferred) can cause acute short–term gastroenteritis only to
humans. Sources of the hazard are human feces and vomitus contaminated with norovirus. All
evacuees ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The incubation period is for an average of two days, implying that norovirus takes two days from
the mouth to the small intestine to cause the adverse effect with biologically active dose. The illness
is typically acute onset because extremely short–term, only minute dose of the exposure with
usually one contact can cause the infection to humans indiscriminately. A specific fraction of the
population such as elderly people, children and pregnant women are susceptible, due to the
incomplete immunity, showing severe illness with extra symptoms such as dehydration and the
fever, which indicates that the human body response may not be limited in the small intestine but
extended to the entire body. Children are at risk of exposure because of the frequent non–dietary
ingestion with random hand–to–mouth activities. (Atmar et al., 2008; Division of Viral Diseases,
2011; Hall, 2012)With a low infectious dose and high levels of shedding, a norovirus outbreak can
occur in this environment, accompanied with the poor infrastructure destructed by the disaster and
the weather in the affected area, therefore it is important to take public health

Infectious Bacterial Diarrhe Common Occurrence Among The...
MICROBIOLOGY2
Colitis
Introduction
Infectious bacterial diarrhea is a common occurrence among the elderly people, children, and the
immunocompromised individuals. One of the major reasons behind the infectious diarrhea is the
inflammation of the colon. Colitis is the inflammation of the colon resulting to symptoms such as
diarrhea, tenesmus, fever, and severe abdominal pain. The common pathologic organisms
responsible for the infection include Camphylobacter, Shigella, Salmonella, Escherichia, and the
Yersinia species (Papaconstantinou, & Thomas, 2007). The initial infection of Camphylobacter, C,
fetus, was discovered and described in 1947 after several cases appeared and it was isolated from
blood (Loss, Mangla, & Pereira, 1980). Later, the discovery of new identification techniques led to
the isolation of other strains of the species. Currently, the identification has developed, leading to
isolation of bacteria such as Camphylobacter and E. coli in culture techniques and other isolation
techniques. Treatment of this disease uses multidisciplinary approach of both antibiotics and
supportive therapy.
Epidemiology
The epidemiology of the disease depends on the causative agent. E. coli virulence requires 10 to 100
organisms to cause a disease. An estimate of 70,000 people contract E. coli and approximately 60
deaths occur from this bacteria (Papaconstantinou, & Thomas, 2007). The bacteria is transmitted via
the fecal–oral route through consumption of contaminated food (66%)

Escherichia Coli
Bacteria are minute prokaryotic organisms that are individually too small to be seen by the naked
eye. The majority of bacteria make crucial contributions to the benefit of the planet by maintaining a
good balance of living organisms and chemicals existent in the environment. However, a minority of
bacteria can be harmful to the human body, often being associated with death and disease and the
causative agents of food spoilage. A bacterium that has a variety of both good and bad is Escherichia
Coli, most commonly referred to as E. Coli. E. Coli is a rod–shaped bacterium that is found in the
intestinal tracts of warm–blooded organisms, more commonly that of cattle. Having been first
discovered in 1885 by a German bacteriologist named Theodor ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Current biological research investigations show that both lemon and lime juices have an affect on
slowing down and potentially stopping the growth of Escherichia Bacteria by creating an inhibition
zone. This can be seen in an experimental report done by Dr. Zahra Muhsin Ali "Antagonism
activity of citrus fruit juices on some pathogenic bacteria." The experiment was conducted in the
Biological Department of Science at Kufa University to determine the antagonism activity of both
Lemon and Lime juices against various bacterium, one of them being E. Coli. The results of the
experiment revealed that each juice concentration had inhibiting effects against bacteria due to the
presence of citric acid and some volatile oils. The results also showed a reduction in the value of pH.
The investigation was further proved successful due to both juices from lemon and lime were found
to have inhibited the E. Coli bacterium parameter with an inhibition zone ranging from 8–29mm
which can be seen in figure 4. The antagonism effects of the lemon and lime juice was compared
with the antagonism effects of some antibiotics, the results being that the isolated E. Coli was
resistant to the majority of antibiotics. Proving that overall the experiment conducted was successful

Vibrio Vulnificus Research Paper

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Vibrio Vulnificus Research Paper

Similar to Vibrio Vulnificus Research Paper (11)

More from Jessica Lopez

More from Jessica Lopez (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Vibrio Vulnificus Research Paper