The Universe Predetermined

The Universe Predetermined
The Universe Predetermined This Essay
An Analysis of Stephen Hawking's "Is Everything Determined"
Stephen Hawking wrote this essay in an attempt to journey into the mysteries of predestination and how it works. Mr. Hawking being the honest
atheist that he is was able to go around understanding of God and religion but also take a more aggressive, scientific approach to predestination in
which he is able to put together a list of questions and answers in deductive reasoning that pertains to pieces of allusion, extended metaphors, and most
of all logic. Logic is Mr. Hawking's number one "go to guy" when it comes to his essays and understanding of the world around him. In the he takes
into account true scientific knowledge and places there understanding with his understanding of this question; Is everything determined? He found
three problems with a divine law of predestination and answered every one with what would seem to be a fact. The three questions being, "how could
the universe be determined by a set of trials?", "if we were determined, could we determine wrongfully", and "what becomes of free will?" He answers
them fully with his first answer being the laws of quantum mechanics, the second being of Darwin's theory of Natural Selection, and the third being
simply "we would never know the difference." Mr. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He basically says "yes, you have AN answer, but it's not THE answer." He states, "This gives a whole family of possible histories for the Universe.
There would be a history in which the Nazis win the won the Second World War, though the probability is low. But we just happen to live in a
history in which the Allies won the war and Madonna was on the cover of the Cosmopolitan." This makes the reader reevaluate his so called answer.
In a different history would the reader have made a different decision? Who knows? Mr. Hawking does in one of these
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Aristotle And The Universe Reflection Paper
Aristotle had a "fundamental unity in his view of man and the universe that has never since been achieved in the synthesis of comparable scope and
originality" . Some descriptions of the Aristotelian include the universe being contained within the sphere of the stars. In addition to this there are no
holes or vacuums in the universe, considering that Aristotle deemed the universe to have a finite size. Another factor of the theory is that the universe
is filled with aether, "which aggregates in a homocentric set of shells that creates the hollow shell of the universe" . Through these descriptions of the
universe, Aristotle tries to explain the diurnal– double–spherical– circular pattern of the stars and the rotation of the seven planets . In ... Show more
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Even though the mathematicians who study the universe were unsure of the revolution period of the sun and moon, furthermore the inaccuracies
regarding the length of seasons, Copernicus' heliocentric model takes steps towards accuracies . A strong example of this attention for accuracy is that,
in comparison to Aristotle's model, Copernicus' universal model incorporated thirteen more centuries of complied data in order to better represent the
universe. It is important to compare the Aristotelian model to the Copernican model because it shows that the scientific field made adaptations to the
way that gravity and the centrifugal motion of planets function . From a historical aspect this is important because it shows that regardless of whether
or not these ideas were accepted they were still thought up, meaning that the thought processes incorporated modern thought . By examining the
spherical interpretation of the universe, Copernicus had to increase its size in order to accommodate for his adaptations of gravitational pull .
Copernicus' theory is that because gravitational pull exists, theoretically if the earth were predominantly water, the earth would retain its

Lee Smolin's The Singular Universe
It may be assumed, God planned the cosmos in eternal time and space, and then delivered all the material needed for the interrelated physical cosmos
and spiritual cosmos, and at a specific instant in time; a delivery date appointed with the exact amount of goods needed, no more no less, exact: tuned
to perfection.
The point is if God could inject into an existing eternal space and time, matter created from nothing, He could create any particle or particles of matter
it any order He so wanted, and at whatever speed, however big or small.
When we look up to a starry night and see that vast amount of energy and matter rotating in a boundless space, we are taking about power beyond our
understanding. That if all such power came into existence ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
How did a star originate? What force compressed gaseous mass to form a star? Why do some planets and moons rotate in a different spin, to others?
Consider the angular momentum of the sun relative to the planets in our solar system? There is a host of other major problems with the big bang theory.
If some profess to stand on any one of the Ten Commandments, we cannot reject then the rest as not for today. Are we not in danger of bearing false
witness against the Decalogue, do we not dishonour the word of God? Robbing Him of worship that should glorify Him each day by remembering
what each miraculous day of creation represents, and with a remembered rest? Believing in the first miracle is worship to God. The creation event was
confirmed at Sinai by God, and ratified by Jesus as "I am" in the flesh. The God of Sinai walked the

Quasars: The Evolutionary History Of The Universe
While observations of quasars enable astronomers to infer that the gas was ionized within the first billion years of the universe, we need to observe
something more distant than quasars to learn when the gas was first ionized: the cosmic microwave background radiation. Since the cosmic microwave
background photons were emitted roughly 380,000 years after the Big Bang, much earlier than the photons from quasars, their properties tell us about
the subsequent evolutionary history of the universe. Microwave photons move freely through neutral gas, but they scatter off of ionized gas. This
scattering reduces the amplitude of fluctuations in the temperature of the cosmic microwave background and produces new "polarized" microwave
background fluctuations.

Descartes ' Claim Of The Universe
Descartes' claim of "I think, therefore I am", is an attempt to establish a firm foundation for the understanding of the universe and explores the ideas
of the self and what we can know to be real. However, there is one major flaw in this approach. That flaw is how we are to create this foundation
when before it we had nothing and the paradoxes in the creating definitions of words.
His goal is to better understand what he is in order to reestablish the foundations of his understanding of the world around him. This is a normal human
behavior to explore the unknown or not well understood. Any explorer that sails the ocean in search of new land may know what land is but new land
that was unknown to him/her is a satisfying development in the person 's understanding of everything that is real. The modern practice of this behavior
includes, but not limited to, an astronomer using space telescopes to look deep into space where light from an ancient universe is arriving at the Earth or
an experimental physicist when smashing particles together in hopes to find new and smaller part that makes up the fundamental building blocks of
the universe. Descartes hopes to apply his logical process to reveal the fundamental building blocks of the universe that humans can exist in. He also
wants to create a fundamental understanding of the way to observe the universe that we can perceive with the limited senses that we have. He uses this
logical process in an attempt to create the foundations of

The Studies of the Universe
Consider the universe. It is never boundless, never–ending and contains everything that has ever been or ever will be. Mankind has always been
interested in what lies beyond the world that we know and finding what else is out there. The universe includes everything from the largest stars to the
smallest particles. Exploring the universe is more than just space travel it includes exploring the world and all it contains. It can lead to cures for new
diseases, the discovery of new elements, finding a new planet to live on or even finding an asteroid hurtling through space towards planet Earth.
Whether it is looking into a telescope to see the vast unknown or into a microscope peering down on the smallest particles that make up our world we ...
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Looking into the microscopic world scientists can find the solution to many of the world's problems. Francesco Gian seems to think the
microscopic building blocks of life can be used to help in solving the energy crisis facing the planet. In his Oxford Journal article, Exploring the
Universe with a Microscope, Gian explains how the microscopic universe holds the key to solving many pertinent issues. Many of the things that
impact the daily lives of ordinary people are within the realm of the microscopic universe. From diseases, to the atoms that make up elements and
even the fuel that powers cars and homes all are studied under the microscope. When scientists study diseases, they can be cured or eradicated. Just as
how Edward Jenner had created the vaccine for small pox, which is now non–existent in most countries around the world (Gian). Exploring the atom
can lead to the creation or discovery of new energy sources and elements. Nuclear fission is now used as a power source in several countries and
was made possible by studying the properties of uranium and other fissionable materials. Gian's article is similar to those on exploring space and the
planet in that studying microscopic life forms and atoms are just the same. Gian, however, is more focused on the idea of exploring the microscopic
universe as opposed to deep space and far off planets. He wishes to explore and

The Universe and ItвЂ™s Phenomena
The Universe and It's Phenomena The universe is an unknown place. Most of it has not been explored. Some things are known, however. Scientists
know a lot about things like the Big Bang and our Asteroid Belt. Some of the universe's natural phenomenons are yet to be discovered. This article
will explain some of them and why they happen. In the year 1929, Edwin Hubble made a revolutionary discovery. He learned that the universe is
expanding. He saw that the galaxies were each moving away from us. Edwin knew that for one instance of time, almost 14 billion years ago, all of
the mass of the universe was contained in a single spot. There had to have been a huge explosion that pushed all the matter away. This explosion is
known as the Big Bang Theory. (www.science.nasa.gov) NASA is now monitoring the expansion of the universe in spacecraft such as the Hubble
Space Telescope and Spitzer Space Telescope. A goal of these telescopes is to decide if the universe will expand forever, or if it will go backwards
and return to the original spot of the universe. (www.science.nasa.gov) What did the universe look like when it was born? To certain theories, if we
went back and watched the Big Bang, we would see "... a sea of neutrons, protons, electrons, anti–electrons (positrons), photons, and neutrons"
(www.science.nasa.gov.) With time, the universe would cool and neutrons would either decay or combine with other things. The universe would look
opaque. This is because

Theories On How The Universe Formed
Theories of How The Universe Formed There are many theories on how the universes was created. Some being ideas based on science and some
being mere myths. The Big Bang Theory is a science based theory, it gives a rational explanation as to how the universe might have come into
existence. The Big Bang theory states that all matter of the universe started a one giant atom which exploded with a 'big bang' sending dust a gas in all
directions. That gas and dust then forming the suns and planets we know today. This theory was first stated by George Lemaitre, a Belgian scientist
and priest, in 1927. His idea was mostly ignored until 1929 when an astronomer by the name of Edwin Hubble discovered that the universe is indeed
expanding. Now, the Big Bang theory in the perfect reason why this expanding would be occurring, and this expanding is evidence that some where in
history, the universe must have started at one point. The Big Bang theory explains how the dust and gas got here to form the stars and planets, and
why the the universe would be expanding. Some more evidence of the 'Big Bang' is in the mid–1960s, astronomers Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson
were having difficulty tuning into the microwave signals that come from the Milky Way. They kept picking up a weak hissing noise that they... Show
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This myth came from the Boshongo people of central Africa. It states that "in the beginning, there was only darkness, water, and the great god
Bumba," and that one day Bumba had a stomach ache, so in pain, he vomited up the sun (The Origin of the Universe). "The sun dried up some of the
water, leaving land," but still in pain, "Bumba vomited up the moon, the stars, and then some animals" (The Origin of the Universe). He vomited "the
leopard, the crocodile, the turtle, and finally, man" (The Origin of the Universe). There isn't any evidence to support this theory seeing as it is a myth,
it is just what the Boshongo people

The Ordered Universe: Assignment
Unit 2: The Ordered Universe Assignment
1. Why was the Ptolemaic system accepted as an explanation of celestial motion for over a thousand years? What did it explain? What system
challenged the idea that Earth was the center of the universe?
The Ptolemaic system says that the Earth is the center of the universe. Everything else surrounded the Earth. The Copernican system challenged the
belief that Earth was the center of the universe. The major difference between the Ptolemaic and Copernican universes is that the Copernican universe
puts the Sun at the center rather than the Earth. Both systems both assumed that all orbits are circular though.
2. What were Tycho Brahe's principal contributions to science? How did he try to resolve the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
His hypothesis proved successful in that every object dropped met the surface at the same rate.
5. A hockey player hits a puck at one end of an empty skating rink. The puck travels across the ice in a straight line until it is stopped by the goal at
the other end. Explain how each of Newton's laws of motion applies to this situation.
Newton's first law, often called the law of inertia, says that a moving object will continue moving in a straight line at a constant speed, and a stationary
object will remain at rest unless pushed. This means that all objects resist changes in their state of motion. In the absence of an unbalanced force, an
object in motion (the hockey puck) will maintain this state of motion. Newton's second law says the acceleration produced on a body by a force is
proportional to the magnitude of the force and inversely proportional to the mass of the object. In simpler terms, this means the greater the force, the
greater the acceleration; but the more massive the object being acted on by a given force, the smaller the acceleration. Newton's third law says that or
every action there is an opposite reaction. That is to say that whenever an object pushes another object it gets pushed back in the opposite direction
equally hard.
6. According to Newton, what are the two kinds of motion in the universe? How did this view differ from those of previous scholars?
Newton two different kinds of motion uniform

The Reality Of The Universe
Our lives are limited, the majority of them ending just before becoming a century old. Our collective age as a species is also miniscule, lasting only
the hour before New Year's if the existence of our universe was shrunk into a calendar year. This puts not only time, but our limitations into perspective.
Such vast numbers cannot be comprehended by our minds, hence the popular calendar metaphor. Studying astronomy makes aware to us our
limitations and thus reveals an awe–inspiring new realm that we could not have grasped even a glimpse of before.
Neil deGrasse Tyson begins us on our journey through theuniverse by giving us our cosmic address – where we are in our vast universe. It goes from
as close to home as our planet, Earth, and as far out as the observable universe, with the solar system, Milky Waygalaxy, Local Group, and Virgo
Supercluster in between. Finding our place in the universe like this takes us through clusters of stars separated by unimaginable amounts of empty
space. Looking at ourselves in this way puts everything into perspective and shows how small we are and how little we have truly explored. Not only
have we explored an amount so small that rounding it would equate to zero, our existence itself has lasted an irrelevant duration in the history of the
universe.
As far as we know, our universe is about 14 billion years old... we ourselves might live to be between 80 and 100 on average. All of humanity has
existed for only about 200,000 years. Viewing

Christ : The Center Of The Universe
CHRIST
THE CENTER OF THE UNIVERSE
Elements of Franciscan Unity
Christ Centered [Paraphrased]
Franciscan spirituality is Christocentric ....in that
Francis fell in love with Jesus and that love transformed [his] life. ...
The Joint Committee's Mission is:
To make Jesus known to all – and
To pray and work for the unity and reconciliation of humanity and creation.
Summary of Colossians 1:15–20
Jesus is the image of the invisible God and the firstborn of all creation.
All, in heaven and earth, were created through Jesus and for Jesus.
Jesus IS before all things and all things hold together in Him.
Christ IS preeminent in all things.
All fullness dwells in Christ Jesus.
Christ is the mediator and redeemer of all creation.
He is the Alpha–the Omega – the Beginning and the End
Christ is ALL in ALL
See also Prologue of the Gospel of John
Reconciliation of Science and Faith Centrality of Christ
Quote from Sr. Ilia Delio:

пЊЋ "The [actual] age of the universe alone requires us to talk about creation and Christ in new language. пЊЋ The whole cosmos, from the big bang
on, is that Word of God being spoken in the vast spaces of the universe.
вњљ That same Word is made flesh in
Jesus Christ."
The World in Our Hands
Overview
пЊЋ Jesus' parables are filled with references to harvests, vineyards, sheep and birds–wildflowers, sparrows, etc.
пЊЋ Jesus' ministry is

The Debate Over The Creation Of The Universe
The debate over the creation of the universe is one that has been argued for many years by philosophers, scientists and of course theists and
atheists alike and yet it appears an agreement on the topic is quite far from reach. There are various arguments that attempt to explain the origin of
the universe, yet to this day not a single one has been accepted as the absolute truth. That being said it is not expected that this debate will be
resolved by the end of this paper, but rather the goal of this paper is to argue against one of the many arguments presented in defence of the
proposed philosophical theory of intelligent design. The goal of this paper is to disprove Robin Collins' proposed Likelihood Principle, also known as
The Prime Principle of Conformation, as a defence for the Fine– Tuning Argument and more broadly the Theory of Intelligent Design. The argument
for intelligent design has been muddled over for years by philosophers and as such three main arguments for intelligent design have been proposed. The
first argument in favour of Intelligent Design being the Fine–Tuning argument which states that the universe is set up so perfectly for life to exist based
on the precise union of various constants, laws and conditions that make it possible for intelligent life to exist and that even the slightest shift in these
constants would result in a universe that could no longer sustain intelligent life. This phenomenon is referred to as the Goldilocks enigma, because of

The Restaurant At The End Of The Universe Analysis
The Restaurant at the End of the Universe by Douglas Adams is the fun–filled, witty sequel to The Hitch–hiker's Guide to the Galaxy. The book picks
up right after its prequel, with the main characters, Arthur, Ford, Trillian and Zaphod being attacked by a Vogon ship. Throughout the entirety of the
book, seemingly random situations occur to guide the reader from one plot point to the next. When Zaphod Beeblebrox's ancestor saves the crew of
the Heart of Gold ship after Arthur breaks the improbability drive trying to make a cup of tea, Zaphod ends up at the headquarters of The Hitchhiker's
Guide to the Galaxy and is then attacked by robots, thrown in a torture device that tells him he's the most important being in the universe, and then
reunited ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sometimes it became an outright atrocity that goes against our modern morals. For example, when Arthur, Trillian, Ford and Zaphod go to
Milliways, the Restaurant at the End of the Universe, a bovine creature walks up to their table and offers itself up for dinner, striking the following
conversation: "'something off the shoulder perhaps?' suggested the animal. 'Braised in a white wine sauce?' 'Er, your shoulder?' said Arthur in a
horrified whisper. 'But naturally my shoulder, sir,' mooed the animal contentedly, 'nobody else's is mine to offer.'" (Adams 119). The atrocities of
technology being used to create an animal that actually wants to be eaten for sheer convenience is clearly shown in Arthur's reaction of pure horror
and confusion. To those who grow up in space where things like this bovine creature are normal, an animal serving its own meat to be eaten is not
that much of a spectacle or atrocity. However, to the reader of The Restaurant at the End of the Universe, the bovine creature is a crime against nature
disguised as some form of comic relief. In actuality, it is possible that the creature's brain was actually rewired so that it can picture not wanting to be
eaten, but simply desires the opposite, just like humans on earth have an overarching desire to live. This is displayed when the bovine creature
mentions knowing vegetables that are very vocal in their desire

Dark Ages Universe
Several hundred thousands years after the Big Bang, the stars began to light up the dark universe. As the universe expanded, it got colder and darker
and less like a place that might produce things like heavier chemicals, plants, and animals. This period of the history of the universe was called the
Dark Ages. During the Dark Ages, a lot of atoms was flowing through space, which contained 75% hydrogen with one portion and about 25% helium
with two protons. Some areas in the universe were just slightly hotter and denser than others, and gravity magnified those differences. As gravity
increased, the whole thing was clumping faster. At the center of each of those clouds of atoms, atoms began to bang into each other more violently and
heat up particularly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When stars died, chemicals other than hydrogen and helium formed, which led to the next level of complexity–Heavier Chemical Element. Most stars
spent about 90% of their life over billions of years on during protons and hydrogen nuclei into helium nuclei. When they run out of fuel, the furnace at
the center of the star stopped supporting the star, and gravity took over. Small stars did not have much pressure at the center. They burned hydrogen
slowly over billions of years at relatively low temperatures. When they died, they would slowly fade away. However, great stars had so much mass
that they can create enormous pressures and temperature, and when the giant stars ran out of hydrogen, the temperature got cranked up even higher,
which led the star to collapse. The high temperature that the collapse caused was able to make helium nuclei fuse into nuclei of carbon. When a star
used up its helium, it collapsed again, and the cycle started over. The star heated up and began to fuse carbon to form

The Universe Will Test You
The Universe Will Test You
By Cheston Bulgin | Submitted On January 08, 2015
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Expert Author Cheston Bulgin
I was speaking with a good friend of mine recently and she is going through the process of making a few changes (moving, looking into a new career,
improving her health). She mentioned how it always seems like when she wants to do something the process is much more difficult than it ought to be.
It seems as though things come easier to other people but she always has to go through extraordinary difficulty,disappointment, and frustration for the
same things.
She 's not the only one in my network who feels this way. I 've heard the same thing from some other close friends, relatives, colleagues, and
especially myself. So why are the things in our life so difficult? How come I can 't get that parking spot close to the store? Why does someone else
have to get it? Why is it when I drive the speed limit there 's always some jerk who flies by me recklessly who never gets a ticket, but the moment I
rush a little a cop wants to pull me over? Why are my simple goals of losing weight destroyed when I just look at a desert, while others seem to have no

The Universe : My Life
Growing up, my parents were young. They had me when they were only teenagers and made an arrangement with my grandparents. Until my parents
felt like they could handle me, my grandfather would be my caretaker. He and I would explore the world, learning about plant species, animals,
science, and math. We would have outings to the Cascades, hike trails, and learn about the wildlife roaming areas. Summer nights, we would stargaze
and learn about the cosmos. We spent years collecting issues of "Secrets of the Universe: Your Guide to the Cosmos." He was the smartest, most
knowledgeable person I knew. I learned more with him in those years than I did in school. He was my best friend, my mentor, and he was the most
important person in my life. A month before I startedhigh school, things changed. He died. Not only did I lose support, I lost my most fervent
connection to knowledge and my only real friend. I was lost, depressed, and made a purposeful effort to secluded myself. I spent most of my time
skipping classes with friends or going home to be alone in my room. For several long years, I surrounded myself with people who would rather get
high than do anything else. I became lethargic and did not care about the future I was setting myself up for. The stars in my life were gone. Senior
year came around and I couldn't get myself out of the rut I had become so familiar with. I wasn't ready to graduate. I quit. I started working
construction. As time passed, I grew sick of working

The Accidental Universe By Alan Lightman
Lightman's Ideology Throughout, the book, The Accidental Universe, Alan Lightman the author of the book discusses a number of ideas ranging from,
how the world came to be, to the multiverse, as well as other various ideas and his thoughts on them. Consistently throughout the book, Lightman was
wishy–washy and it appeared he was trying to please both Atheists, as well as religious people. However, his key idea stays prevalent throughout the
entirety of the book. The idea being that this universe came to fruition accidentally, out of nothing. In his chapter titled The Temporary Universe,
Lightman explores the knowledge in today's world regarding how temporary our universe is. How someday, no matter what we as humans do, the
world will ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
No part of me would be fearful at all in that moment because I have faith in my eternity in heaven with Jesus. I would actually be really excited to
see that because this world is a messed up place, with messed up people. We as humans are all messed up, I am no better than the rest. But, I know
Christ died on the cross and rose again so that one day I could be saved. For whoever beliefs in him shall not perish and should have ever lasting
life forever. Lightman uses the example of his eldest daughter's wedding to show that at times humans want moments to last forever. Saying that we
as humans long so bad to have permanence. Whether it be one moment or a legacy lasting eternally. However, it is not possible and no matter what
we do permanence will never be more than a want. An empty desire that we base off memories that we can recall at certain times and look back on
wonderful times. That is the closest us as humans will ever get. Lightman goes onto show the science behind why the universe is temporary. Using the
commonly known fact that the sun cannot possibly last forever. That someday the sun won't be able to function as it has all these years and will
combust into nothingness leaving all the planets and solar systems in an abyss of emptiness. He says we cannot possibly predict how much longer the
sun will last but it will definitely not last forever.
Throughout this book, a huge emphasis has been placed on time and

The Universe : The Biggest And Smallest
"In the known universe, size matters" (Known Universe: The Biggest and Smallest). The National Geographic documentary Known Universe: The
Biggest and Smallest explores how size shapes our universe from the largest stars to the miniscule atom. Through discussing topics such as the
reclassification of Pluto, Kepler space mission, and particle colliders, the documentary helped inform and motivate me to search for up–to–date
information on these topics. Alternatively, the documentary does well to visualize size as well as simplifies topics to a basic understanding of the
subject matter.
The main focuses of the video exhibited are Pluto's reclassification, the Kepler space mission, Atoms, particle colliders, and nanotechnology. In 2006,
the discovery of Eris, a planetary object larger than Pluto orbiting beyond Pluto, caused for classification of Pluto to come under debate. Ultimately,
Pluto along with Eris was reclassified in a new class called Dwarf Planets. Expanding further out of our Solar System, the NASA Kepler space mission
launched in 2009 resolved to find Earth–like planets in other galaxies. The documentary shifts to downsizing down to the atom and its anatomy of a
nucleus, proton(s), neutron(s), and electron(s) orbiting closely. In actuality, electrons orbit in an immense distance from the nucleus and create a
magnetic field which gives the atom itself substance. Expanding on the topic of atoms, the documentary explains how particle colliders are used to study

The Theory Of The Universe
The universe is all the existing matter, space, and energy as a whole. Scientists believe that the universe is now around 10 billion light years in
diameter. However, scientists are now arguing over how the universe began, and how the universe will end.
One of the most popular, and most reasonable, theory is the Big Bang. This theory posits that the universe was in a bubble a thousand times smaller
than a pinhead. Then, out of nowhere, it expanded. The Big Bang wasn't an explosion; it was the universe expanding through emptiness. There is no
such thing as "outside the universe", the universe is all there is. Time, space, and matter all began when the Big Bang occurred. In a fraction of a
second, the universe grew from smaller than a single atom to bigger than a galaxy. And it kept on growing at a fantastic rate. In fact, that rate is
accelerating faster and faster. It is still expanding to this day.
One alternative theory is the Steady State. An early rival to the Big Bang, the Steady State posits the continuous creation of matter throughout the
universe to explain its apparent expansion. This type of universe, however, would be infinite, with no beginning nor end. A mountain of evidence found
since the mid–1960s indicates that this theory was incorrect and disproven.
Another alternative theory is the Eternal Inflation theory. After the Big Bang, the universe expanded rapidly during a brief period known as inflation.
The Eternal Inflation Theory posits that inflation

The Structure Of The Universe Essay
13.Instead of 'What' Martinus Insisted on Question WHO IS THE UNIVERSE?
The Universe is ETERNAL All ENCOMPOSING LIVING BEING– A SUM OF ALL THAT EXISTS. The Structure of The Universe is based on two
main Principles: 'TRIUNE Principle of Living Being' & 'Life within Life' Principle
'LIFE WITHIN LIFE' PRINCIPLE: A life unit is dependable on and, at the same time, indispensable for its 'master being' & 'the master being' granting
a living space for a myriad of dependable, but necessary life units. The old saying, 'As Above, so Bellow', & 'Know Yourself, You'll Know the Whole
World' is TRUE. THE UNIVERSE IS THE HIGHEST 'IRREDUCIBLE COMPLEXITY' SYSTEM.
THE UNIVERSE REPRESENTS THE TOTALITY & UNITY of the all 'I's in Existence. To the Seekers after Truth is suggested to imagine a perforated
SPHERE with IMMENSE SOURCE of LIGHT INSIDE, SPREADINGS OUT ILLUMINATION through the holes. Formed INDIVIDUAL RAYS go
in All DIRECTIONS, and into INFINITY.
'Big Bang' Theory Ignores 'The Law of Cause & Effect' (The Key Question is What Caused It? Answer might Be, that God was too bored!?) Martinus
explained 'The Big Bang' is the LOCAL PHENOMENON, currently in the 'Cosmic Inhalation' Phase, which 'man–made' science wrongly 'reads' as
'eternal expansion'. Anyone with own 'viewpoint' equal to an infinitesimally small 'speck of dust' living in the lungs of a man who INHALES will
understand the 'issue'. 'Big Bang' is nothing unusual and happens each time at birth on different 'grades'.

Dark Matter Within The Universe
more about dark matter in unknown rather than known. we know how much dark matter there is because of its effect on the expanse of the universe,
but besides that, it 's a complete mystery. but it is important we figure it out, because dark energy takes up about 68% of the universe. dark matter
takes up approximately 27%,everything else, like the earth, and all of our observed universe and all normal matter, takes up less than 5% of the
universe. yet even though it takes up so little of the universe we still call it "normal. dark matter is technically hypothetical since we can 't directly
observe it with our telescopes, but the matter takes up the large majority of space itself. It can only be observed by its effect on visible objects in ...
Scientists are sure that it exists because of the observable gravitational effect that it exhibits on galaxy clusters and galaxies.
One way to explain how space acquires energy comes from the Quantum Theory of Matter. According to this theory; the "empty space" is really full
of temporary particles that evolve continuously until they disappear. For instance, a theory in standard physics states that stars at the edges of a
spiraled galaxy should move much slower than those near the center of the galaxy, where the galaxy 's visible matter is more concentrated. But,
observations show that stars tend to orbit at somewhat of an equal speed, no matter where they are positioned in the galaxy. This puzzling theory
makes sense if one assumes that the stars at the borders of galaxies are affected by the gravitational pull of an unseen mass–dark matter– in a halo
around the galaxy. Another explanation for dark energy is that it is a new kind of dynamical energy fluid or field that fills all of space but something
whose effect on the expansion of the Universe is the opposite of that of matter and normal energy.
Some dark matter possibilities could still be probable. If it was tied up in brown dwarfs or in small chunks of heavy element, they could still be made
up of baryonic matter. These possibilities are known as massive compact halo objects, or "MACHOs". The more common view is that dark matter is
not baryonic at all, but that it is

What Is Hubble's Expansion Of The Universe?
In 1929, Edwin Hubble used observations of distant galaxies to show that such galaxies were moving away, suggesting the expansion of the universe.
He also showed that there is a linear relationship between how far away a galaxy is and how fast it is moving away. This is known as Hubble's Law.
It suggests that the universe has been expanding at a constant rate since the Big Bang (Observatories of the Carnegie Institution for Science). Physicists
generally assumed that gravity would slow the expansion of the universe as time went on. Since the Universe is full of matter, and gravity pulls all
matter together, eventually gravity would overcome the expansion of the universe and cause it to decelerate. However, no one knew exactly how much
the expansion ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, when physicists tried to use these theories to estimate how much energy empty space would need to have, they found that the energy
should be around the fourth power of something called the Planck Mass, a result that is 10120 times too big. This discrepancy has been referred to
as "the worst theoretical prediction in the history of physics," and largely discredits the theory (Hobson, 127). Some believe that a kind of dynamical
energy fluid exists to account for the accelerated expansion of the universe. This would be something that fills all of space but has a reverse effect on
universal expansion from normal matter and energy. Some scientists refer to this as "quintessence," named after the fifth Greek element. However,
even if quintessence were the solution to accelerated expansion, nothing is known about what it the energy fluid is like, how it interacts, or why it

Jubien's Definition Of The Universe
Jubien begins his argument by defining the universe as all of the physical aspects of space. With this as his foundation it is not possible for the Big
bang to be the origin of the universe. As discussed in lecture, the common man denotes all this physical to being related to a first cause in an infinite
chain of causes. This ideal is based on the thoughts that there was nothing before he Big Bang, and that the event itself started everything we can
receive through our senses. According to Jubien's definition of the universe as containing all physical and material things, any physical cause could
not be the origin of the universe because it would cause two new questions to arise. What was that event's cause? If it is even plausible, how can a
physical event take place outside of the universe? Jubien would say that the origin of the universe can be answered with a simple "I don't know,"
because there is only so far back causes can observably go before there is a lack of information available. Any physical cause of the universe can be
traced to another cause, and therefore cannot be the origin of the universe.

Holding Up The Universe Summary
HOLDING UP THE UNIVERSE by:JENNIFER NIVEN
The story that I choose to read was Holding Up The Universe by Jennifer Niven. I originally choose to read this book because it's cover looked very
interesting to me. The title hooked me and reading the book has been nothing but interesting. The book was about to teenagers whose worlds were
completely different but were both the exact opposite of ideal. They were both struggling through hard times until they found each other. I would
recommend other people my age to read this book because it is so inspirational and because once you start reading it it is hard to put it down. It keeps
you interested and helps you learn how to get through some hard times.
The setting of Holding Up the Universe ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In today's world it means a lot to a lot of people because they feel as though they are being heard. Understood. The book goes through a story that
happens in everyday life so very often. Holding Up the Universe goes through many conflicts, the development of characters, immense use of
different author's craft, and a setting that is unreplicatable. The theme throughout Holding Up the Universe stands strong in teaching that you must
always stand up for who you are and what you stand for no matter who hates against you. You should make decisions that will result in your
happiness and you will get out of life what you have given it. This is a strong message to hold onto for the young generation of today. We still have
massive amounts of peer pressure that try to get a person to think that it is better to go with the flow instead of standing up for who you are. Can
Holding Up the Universe inspire teenagers to be themselves and defy going with the

Weinberg's A Designer Universe Essay
Weinberg's A Designer Universe
The phenomenon of the creation of the universe has baffled many for some time. The question of whether or not a designer/God put together this most
intricate world in a personal quest or project leaves many in great debate. Was life brought about by some evolutionary feat? Or, in opposition, did an
intelligent being create life with perfection in mind? Both questions can be answered in many different ways. Steven Weinberg, writer of A Designer
Universe, offers his thoughts, through abduction, regarding the likelihood of a designer creating the universe.
Such an abduction, in which Weinberg expresses his opinion, relies on premises or declarative statements that theconclusion proves most ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first most convincing argument that Weinbergpresents to the reader, points toward a universe created by something other than a deity. Weinberg
touches on carbon synthesis. He points out that the creation of the carbon atom can be easily explained through science. Thus, if carbon developed
through some random reaction within the universe. Once this carbon develops the likelihood of more carbon developing is great. Hence, carbon being
the basis of life, life would be able to exist through this atomic theory. Furthermore, this reaction can be simply explained by scientists without the use
of some intelligent designer. So, Weinberg concludes that, in fact, a designer does not exist, or the carbon was produced by chance without a designer.
This argument shows that the perfection of a conscious deity doesn't need to exist for the essential beginning of life. This argument of Weinberg's
clearly implements what philosophers call the "No Surprise Principle". Because the conclusion that Weinberg makes points toward all of his premises,
the conclusion makes the premises most unsurprising, thus leading to the basis of the "No Surprise Principle".
In a further argument, Weinberg again expresses via abduction that a divine creator was not the founder of all life. Weinberg touches on his opinion of
the "Big Bang Theory". He suggests that if more than one big bang occurred and more than one universe exists

Descartes ' Claim Of The Universe
How Fix a Universe That is Nothing but Paradoxes
Descartes' claim of "I think, therefore I am", is an attempt to establish a firm foundation for the understanding of the universe and explores the ideas
of the self and what we can know to be real. However, there is one major flaw in this approach. That flaw is how we are to create this foundation
when before it we had nothing and the paradoxes in the creating definitions of words.
His goal is to better understand what he is in order to reestablish the foundations of his understanding of the world around him. This is a normal human
behavior to explore the unknown or not well understood. Any explorer that sails the ocean in search of new land may know what land is but new land
that was unknown to him/her is a satisfying development in the person 's understanding of everything that is real. The modern practice of this behavior
includes, but not limited to, an astronomer using space telescopes to look deep into space where light from an ancient universe is arriving at earth or an
experimental physicist when smashing particles together in hopes to find new and smaller part that makes up the fundamental building blocks of the
universe. Descartes hopes to use his logical process to reveal the fundamental building blocks of the universe that humans can exist in. He also wants to
create a fundamental understanding of the way to observe the universe that we can perceive with the limited senses that we have. He uses this logical

Universe In A Nutshell
The Universe Explained In the nonfiction novel "The Universe in a Nutshell" by Stephen Hawking explains how the world is larger and more into
depth than it actually seems due to quantum gravity. Quantum gravity is a theory produced by Einstein that explains gravitational physics and how it
affects us. The world will keep expanding and produce many mysteries since scientists are coming up with theories that seem predictable. This novel
informs the audience about how physics contributes to quantum mechanics and quantum gravity. What's so interesting is that Hawking keeps adding
his own theory on how each of his researches work in the universe and outer space. This isn't a long nonfiction novel, but it isn't a short one either that
contains quite a lot of information that is very interesting that we as a audience would have never thought of. Hawking likes to explain the theories
Einstein has stated in the past, such as how he created quantum mechanics and how it's the foundation to physics. All of the theories stated talked about
the analysis of gravity and what it can do since space is a large area that is never ending. Space and time come together hand in hand that support each
other to be believable. On the other hand, Hawkings has a suggestion of using quantum mechanics that Einstein has revealed. There are now believable
theories from two ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are many laws to physics, and over time they may possibly become true. There are so many chances that each law will happen and it actually
concerns the human race on how effective they might be. There may be the good and there may be bad, so this could possibly help the human race
or even destroy it. Genetics and technology will always be shaping everything around us, and will become less complex within time. The whole novel
basically discussed about how the universe is just a glass portal and we can't see anything that will be

Dark Universe Show
The show at the Hayden Planetarium, The Dark Universe Show was about what happens up in space. The Show explain how it all began, they said that
using the world largest telescope, the astronomers were trying to piece things together about the cosmos; The show talks about their discoveries other
galaxy in the universe. Also, how cosmic space is always stretching and how everything in space has changed since the Big Bang.
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to mark the event of the birth of the universe and is the scientific theory about what happen in the earliest
moments of the universe, and how the universe was an extremely hot and dense of subatomic particles and radiation. The big bang let insights about
how old the universe is and the universe is 14 billion years old and it has changed throughout its time. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But they later discovered that there were more out there. When one day they aim there telescope at a patch of light and heard a sound coming, and
realizing there was a galaxy far outside the Milky Way. The Galaxy that they found was the Andromeda Galaxy, this galaxy is 2.5 million light years
away from Earth. The Astronomers where also surprise by the fact that the more distant a galaxy is the faster it's moving, but it happens everywhere.
For example, if you were in a different galaxy you will see the same effect that you are the center and everything else is moving away. Today the
temperature of the cosmos today is three degrees above the coldest possible temperature and that is absolute

The Myth Of The Universe
It is human nature to have questions, questions about how the world came to be and questions of where mankind came from. In almost all societies
and religions there are stories told of how the world began, these stories are known as creation stories or creation myths. Creation myths can give those
reading them a better understanding of the values within the culture that they were created. The myth of creation explains the origin of the universe,
describing how the world and its animate and inanimate entities were created (El–Asward, Garry, & El–Shamy, 2005, p.24–31). A major similarity in
each of the different creation stories is the idea of water as the elemental source of life. For example, in ancient Egypt a hill emerges from the waters ...
Like most creation myths the Egyptian myths also tell a story of the beginning of time to human existence. In the beginning, it is understood that there
is only water, the Egyptians called the Nun. Nun is unorganized chaos, nothingness, or a formless mass without structure (El–Asward, Garry, &
El–Shamy, 2005, p.24–31). Out of Nun came Atum, the first god. With no place for him to rise he forms a hill, also known as a conical scrap of
land. Realizing how lonely he was Atum mated with himself two have two children. These children were Shu (the god of air) and Tefnut (the
goddess of moisture). Tefnut provided the principles of order to the world and Shu gave the principles of life. The two left their father to go an
establish the world. Since they had been gone so long Atum became worried and removed his eye and sent it in search of his children. When She and
Tefnut returned with his eye, Atum was so grateful that he wept tears of joy. These tears gave birth to men and women. After many years Atum became
frail and the men of the earth started to plot against him. Realizing these plots Atum and a council of gods decided that the men should be destroyed.
The goddess Hatro was sent to wipe out mankind, of this task she was very successful. Once only a small amount remained Atum relented and decided
to spare them. Water is a

Dr. Hawking's Origin Of The Universe
"Self– awareness doesn't stop you from making mistakes, it allows you to learn from them". Self–reflection is an important factor in improving oneself.
In the past, the essays that I have written have mainly received positive feedback. Despite this, there is still much room for improvement in my
writing. Earlier in the semester, I was assigned an essay for my chemistry lab class. We were instructed to watch a video about Dr. Stephen Hawking's
theory on the origin of the universe and then to summarize the video in a 500–word essay. In my opinion, the essay I wrote titled "Dr. Hawking's
Origin of the Universe" was merely average. Although there were some very strong points made throughout the essay, it can be improved on in many
other areas. My strengths in this assignment were my use of accelerated vocabulary and the essay's strong conclusion. The weaknesses of my essay
were the vague nature of my explanations in addition to my lack of a works cited page. For the essay, we had to watch "Stephen Hawking's Universe –
The Story of Everything" and explain the video. The video can be found on Vimeo's website and is approximately 45 minutes long. The subject matter
covered in the video was the theory that the origin of the universe and all matter began with the Big Bang. The video also covered the theory of the
formation of the elements. Dr. Hawking, along with many other great scientific figures, believes that a celestial event known as the Big Bang
kick–started the formation

Cosmology : The Origin Of The Universe
Cosmology is the study of the origin of the universe in the sense of how it comes into being. At the foundation of nearly every culture is a creation
myth that explains how Earth in its entity came to be. These myths have an immense influence on people's framework of reference. They all come
from one early source and are different only because time and local cultural circumstances have embellished or altered them. Despite being separated
by numerous geographical barriers; many cultures before and after Genesis have developed creation myths that share common aspects that are
fundamentally derived from variations of the core theme of a God–given creation. The Bible begins with two separate creation stories, differing
significantly from one another, Genesis 1 and Genesis 2. The first story runs from Genesis 1:1 through Genesis 2:3. The second story picks up at
Genesis 2:4 and runs to the end of the chapter at Genesis 2:25. In the first story, creation takes six days and man and woman are created last after all
the plants and animals are created. In the second story, creation takes one day, man is created first, then proceeds the creation of all the plants and
animals, and in the end woman is created. To further reiterate what some people believe Genesis 1 and 2 are no doubt contradictions based on the
descriptions others have the intuition that Genesis 1 is the account of the creation of the universe and life on planet Earth as it happened in chronological
order. Genesis 2 is

Universe In Hesiod's Theogony
Reflection Paper #1 Throughout Hesiod's "Theogony", the origin of the universe was established through the use of gods and goddesses forming
the universe as the Greeks knew it. These gods and goddesses were portrayed as having a few human characteristics, despite their immense power.
Upon further analysis of the poem, we begin to see that Hesiod's work is very representative of the various Greek customs and reflective of the
culture of his time, especially when analyzing the characters found within his poem. It is also important to recognize that all cultures have some
fundamental parallels, as such, we can extract these timeless aspects of Hesiod's work and apply them to a modern culture, such as our own. As
previously mentioned, the gods and goddesses of Hesiod's "Theogony" seem to provide a bit of insight into the culture of the Greeks. Perhaps the
most obvious example of the Greek culture within "Theogony", Ouranos, Kronos, and Zeus each found themselves in a power struggle between
father and son. These instances can be essentially be seen on pages 33 through 37. This rivalry harkens back to ancient Greece culture, where there
was a fair amount of hostility towards father and son, specifically due to inheritance and the importance that it played. As a son in Greece, you could
establish yourself or marry until you have received... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
So essentially, one had to wait patiently for their father's death, which could easily be put in an exaggerated state as Hesiod depicted. Another source
of Greek culture can be found on pages 35 and 36, wherein

Stephen Hawking's Into The Universe
In the film, Into the Universe, by Stephen Hawking, the controversial topic of how the universe was created is discussed. The relationship between
gravity and matter played an influential role in the universe's creation. The Big Bang theory is further introduced in the film and explains how our
universe was formed. Hawking goes on to say the universe is "celestial engineering on a spectacular scale", meaning the universe's perplex blueprint is
astonishing beyond measures. We are furthermore drawn in as are senses are awakened, and the topic of the universe is expanded upon through further
observations. How the universe began is a topic that will continue to intrigue mankind, and the more knowledge we gain, the more our appreciation of
space ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
From earth, these different galaxies display a red tint. This red tint is further explained in the Doppler shift, which states that the further you go the
more red an object will appear and objects that are closer will display blue tints. From this, scientists have concluded that these galaxies are moving
away from us, as the universe continues to expand in all directions. These galaxies weren't just simply placed into space though, they were created
through a phenomenon known as the big bang theory, which states that the universe simply burst into existence. The world that we now know started
out as a tiny hot form of energy that exploded, and eventually expanded. Within seconds of the explosion, it was as large as the milky–way, and it did
not stop there. The cooling of the cosmos created matter. This matter formed subatomic particles, which were the first things that ever existed.
Anti–matter also came about, and when the subatomic particles and anti–matter collided they destroyed each other, creating small explosions. Due to
the fact that there was more matter than anti matter after the explosion, the residue that remained is what formed our

The Universe: Martinus Insisted On Question
12. Instead of 'What' Martinus Insisted on Question 'WHO' IS THE UNIVERSE? The 'man–made' science is gullible but dogmatically advocates that
everything in Macro–cosmos as 'dead' and everything that is happening there as 'Lifeless Forces of Nature'. Unable to 'recognize' in those 'Forces of
Nature' The CREATIVE POWER of the respective part of 'TheUNIVERSE', and in the infinite immensity of 'Macro–Cosmos' a body of 'The
Universe', and the master 'behind everything' – The 'I' of 'The Universe', it regards, even for the size of this planet, super–microscopic terrestrial humans
as the highest form of life in 'the Universe'!? In analogy, a human cell could regard itself and other cells in the body as the Highest Life form, and
completely ignore organs as living entities, not to mention the 'Organism' itself. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"In truth, the 'dead being' can see nothing but 'dead things' and must therefore worship 'death' instead of 'life'." Because of that stunning 'Cosmic
Ignorance', believing that 'The Universe' is a 'LIFELESS COLOSSUS', terrestrial humans live in Disharmony with The Laws of Life, disregard own
Eternal Identity, practice Egoistic instead of 'Universal Love', and glorify 'Killing Principle'. As philosopher George Lucacs defined the prevailing
mental condition in our civilization as "Spiritual Emptiness". Therefore, one cannot be surprised with the false outcome regarding this Paramount Life
Riddle. (Quote from 'LIVETS BOG' Vol IV, chapter

Early Universe Cosmology
merging of two black holes or the orbiting of two neutron stars , which can be expected to cause gravitational waves large enough for us to detect on
Earth, as, in general, any acceleration that is not spherically or cylindrically symmetric will produce gravitational waves. Another example of this
would be a rotating star. A perfectly spherical star would not produce gravitational waves, however stars, in practice, are never perfectly spherical, and
so they will produce gravitational waves due to the disturbances caused in the space–time continuum.
In 1974, Joseph Taylor and Russell Hulse found such a pair of neutron stars in our owngalaxy.[cite] One of the stars is a pulsar, meaning it beams
regular pulses of radio waves toward Earth. Taylor... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Radio telescopes are similar to optical telescopes however they measure the radio frequency portion of the electromagnetic spectrum rather than the
visible portion. We use radio telescopes to study naturally occurring radio wavelength light from stars, galaxies, black holes and other astronomical
objects. In order to locate gravitational waves we are looking for oscillations in the images we see, as gravitational waves will bend light such as radio
waves in alternating directions.
WEBER BARS
Simple devices to detect gravitational waves are known as Weber Bars. They were large aluminium cylinders which had a fixed resonance
frequency and the theory was that passing gravitational waves would cause strains in space which would excite the resonant frequency of the
cylinders to detectable levels, however because these waves were so weak the cylinders needed to be very large and the sensors has to be capable of
detecting a change in the cylinders length by about 10–16 meters.
However, Weber Bars cannot directly measure gravitational waves as they can only detect extremely strong gravitational waves which rarely if ever
pass by at the required strength. Also Weber Bars can only detect gravitational waves which have a certain frequency that can excite the resonant
frequency of the aluminium cylinders, and so were very limited

The Origin Of The Universe
The Origin the Universe was explained over centuries by different people and in different parts of the world. The African myths of Bumba, Bishop
Usher (Book of Genesis), Greek philosopher Aristotle's explanation of eternal universe, German philosopher Immanuel Kant thesis and anti–thesis
about the beginning or eternal universe all tried to explain the origins or eternal existence of Universe. Later part of 20th century many scientific
theories were more convincing explanations for of the origin of Universe.
Einstein Theory formulated the General Theory of Relativity that relates to space, time and gravity. Willem de Sitter, Aleksandr Friedmann and
Georges Lemaitre later applied Theory of Relativity to the Universe and confirmed that the Universe could be expanding. Vesto Slipher observed that
galaxies were moving from us than approaching us. Edwin Hubble discovered that universe was smaller in the past and has been expanding. The Big
Bang Theory states that the universe began by expanding from a small volume to a large volume with high density and temperature. It carried out
matter as the planet became larger. Einstein describes how the Theory of Relativity was used to support the Big Bang Theory. Einstein explained that
the matter in the universe is expanded and contracted with the fabric of space.
The discovery of quasars finally supported the Big Bang Theory and proved the Steady State theory was weaker. The quasars supported the Big Bang
theory by discovering that there

The And Of The Universe
"In the beginning the universe was created. This has made a lot of people very angry and been widely regarded as a bad move." –Douglas Adams, The
Restaurant at the End of the Universe(1980)
This is a statement I agree with as many, many questions have arisen than cannot be answered with todays current understanding of the universe. Some
of these questions include morality, the purpose of life, what is free will, what is reality, and so on. These questions have been difficult to answer with
certainty for ages, as humans have been trying to answer it since the dawn of time. Stories of origin have arisen from these uncertainties, like where the
earth lies in accordance with other bodies in the universe, where the earth and sky came from, and why the seemingly impossible happens against all
odds. In this particular instance, I'm going to be giving my own, personal, account of my philosophy. Finding a starting point is difficult, so where
better to start than the universe itself. Being a firm believer of the science field and it's ability to eventually answer many, many questions, I've looked
at numerous theories pertaining to the creation of the universe. The two most popular that I've run into being that the universe was created by a divine
being, and the theory of the Big Bang. Both have their own problems, in fact sharing one that is difficult to wrap the mind around. That at first there
was nothing, and then there was everything there is and ever will be. One

The Universe Predetermined

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