Studying the water and the ground, This ppt will be an app in the following days

1. UNIT 1:
The water
and the
ground

2. Natural ressources: every material or energy that the humanity can obtain from
the physical environment to cover its biological needs or to satisfy its social
needs.
We can distinguish two types of natural
ressources:
Not renewable ressources: are those
that are generated in nature so slowly
that for practical reasons we consider
that there are finite quantities.
Renewable ressources: they are
naturally generated in the same
tempo or higher than the tempo of
exploitation of society.
DEFINITION AND TYPES OF
RESSOURCES
Hydraulics
Biomass
Tidal
Solar
Wind
Geothermal
Coal
Oil
Natural gas
Nuclear

3. Not renewable ressources:
Energetic
Not
energetic
Fossil fuels
Nuclear fuels mainly uranium.
(distribution of production)
Coal
Oil
Natural gas
A big quantity of not energetic
minerals, whether metalic or non-
metalic
Not renewable
ressources

4. COAL: DEFINITION
Coal or carbon minerals is a sedimentary stone used like a fossil fuel. It is
black and rich in carbon. Usually located under a layer of slate and a layer of
sand and chalk. It is believed that the mayority of the coal was formed during
the coal era. (280 to 345 millon years ago).

5. COAL: WORLDWIDE PRODUCTION
The 10 biggest producing countries of coal
bituminous and anthracite in the year 2006 were:
Country Production
China 2.482 Mt
United States of America 990 Mt
India 427 Mt
Australia 309 Mt
South Africa 244 Mt
Russia 233 Mt
Indonesia 169 Mt
Poland 95 Mt
Kazakhstan 92 Mt
Colombia 64 Mt
Coal reserves are widely
dispersed,in 70 countries
with useable ressources. In
the tempo it is used it is
calculated that there are save
reserves for the next 147
years, 41 and 63 of oil and
gas, respectively. 68% of the
reserves of oil and 67% of the
gas reserves can be found in
the middle East and Russia.

6. COAL: WORLDWIDE DISTRIBUTION OF
THE RESERVES

7. COAL: EXPLOITATION OF THE
COAL
The methods of exploitation of the coal are the following:
Underground exploitation:Openair exploitation

8. Cheap energy with a high energetic power
since you can achieve a lot of energy with a
small amount of coal.
Coalproduction causes contamination of the atmosphere
and sour rain. Loss of parts of the fertile mantle of the
ground. Also the loss of the forests is a big problem on
the industrialized continents like Europe and North
America. The contamination of the water and lakes
damages the life in the lakes and deteriorates the water
we consume. Visual impact is produced in the
environment, especially by the openair exploitations.
Advantages
Disadvantages
(environment)

9. What is
it?
It is a fosile hydrocarbon that comes from descomposition by
the action of some bacteria from a platonic marine organism, in
absence of oxygen, under pressure and with high temperature.
It can be found in the inside of big balls in the underground that
can be under the sea, too.
Origen Factors needed to
form
• Absence of oxygen
•Rests of plants and animals
(especially, marine plancton)
•A lot of pressuer from the earth
plates
•High temperature
•action of the bacteria
The rests of the animals and plants, covered by clay and earth for many
million years–sumitted to a lot of pressure and high temperature–,along with
the work of the anaerobic bacteria (bacterias who live without oxygen) cause
the formation of oil.

10. The phases of the industrial oil exploitation are listed in the following:
1. Prospection: It is a combination of geological studies , in which
land for future extraction is studied (with images of the area),
and gravimetric, magnetic or seismic geophysical studies, which
are useful to determinate the presence of porous rocks and
sparse which could contain oil.
2. Sounding and extraction: When the oil is located through
the prior studies, the next step is making various
perforations tu determine the magnitude of the deposit,
layers of water, gas or espesory and porosity of the rock. In
stadistics it is said that only 1 out of 50 perforation are
satisfactory. Once extracted it is submitted to an
stabilisation in which the raw oil is seperated of the water
and the solids.

11. 3.Transport. Two of the most used transportation
methods:
• Big oil ships, which is the bigger operation of
transport that is done
• Oil flow
4. Refine. The stabilized oil is treaded accorting to the
place it is delivered to. In a refinery 4 objectives are
chased:
1.- Division of the raw oil with destilation
2.- Convert the fractions of less demand in fractions like
gasoline etc. With cracking
3.-Raise the quality of the gasoline by reforming
4.- Debug the priviously obtained products for the final
refine

12. Principal oil producers
Map of the worldwide oil
reserves
Principal oil consumers
Principal oil importers Principal oil exporters
Principal oil reserves

13. The abbreviations mean: Organization of exporting countries of oil
What is it?
It is an international economical organization, based in Viena
(Austria). It was created in 1960, because of the falling oil price
and its aim, it is the unification and coordination of the oil
policies.
Members
It consists of five founding countries (Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran,
Kuwait and Venezuela). Subsequently, the organization was
expanded to seven more members (Algeria, Angola, Nigeria,
Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Libya and Ecuador)(Map)
Aim
•Coordinate and unify the petroleum policies of member
countries
•Find the best ways to ensure the stability of prices in
international markets
•Consuming nations provide a supply of efficient, economical
and regulate oil

14. It is a cheap and high energy, although with low energy as
much energy coal volume is achieved.
Transport
Extraction: in this phase the oil is poured directly into space
surrounding the prospecting, which is especially harmful
when it comes to offshore holdings.
Consumption (combustion): the burning of petroleum, both
in transport and heating boilers, power plants or releases
chemicals such as sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon dioxide
(CO2) Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), which are the direct cause
of serious environmental problems such as the greenhouse
effect and acid rain..
Advantages
Disadvantages
(environmental)

15. The transport is harmful and polluting, by obsolete and unsafe and infrastructure
involved and the performances of the actors in it. So we can list the following:
The loading and unloading of crude causes uncontrolled dumping
in locations where they occur.
The oil leaks that occur in the pipeline due to poor maintenance.
Large tankers suffer too often from serious accidents that once
again have fatal consequences as dumping at sea

16. When downloading fill tankers( 40%)empty
tanks with sea water in order to gain stability
and ease of navigation. When it comes to
reloading crude performs what is called
“bilge ballast” which is to expel the sea water
in the tanks. This water carries residues
containing petroleum and again pollute the
sea.
Oil deposits cleaned regularly so that the
quality of oil is not alteredin transit. To this
end they introduced a considerable amount
of soap to clean the tanks; these substances
together with the oil that remains in the
tanks will be ejected into the sea, making a
new episode of contamination.

17. RENEWABLE RESOURCES
Renewable ressources: are generated so naturally at a rate equal to or
greater than rate of exploitation by society.
We can distinguish two types of renewable resourses
Those who flow rate is not affected
by human action
Whose flow is demonstrably
affected by human action.
Water
Forests
Agricultural soils
Solar Energy
Wind Power
Maritime Energy
Geodesic Energy

18. RENEWABLE AND NON-RENEWABLE
RESOURCES AS A SOURCE OF
ENERGY
Renewable and non-renewable resources for energy
RENEWABLE RESOURCES
NONRENEWABLE
RESOURCES
Carbon
Natural gas
Oil
Solar energy
Wind power
Hydroelectric
Municipal waste
Geodesic energy
Biomass
Fossil fuels
Nuclear power

19. SOLAR ENERGY
It is from the sun and transferred to the earth's surface can be utilized in
thermal applications (for heat) and photovoltaic (to generate electricity)
We have two systems to harness this energy:
Photovoltaic conversionThermal conversion
Converts solar radiation
into heat for water
heating and drying grain
Direct generation of
electricity from sunlight

20. SOLAR ENERGY: ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGESADVANTAGES
Ideal for locations away from
the commercial power grid
Not require fuel
Minimum maintenance
Long lifetime
Quiet system
Does not pollute
Easy transportation and
installation
High initial cost
Reduced capacity
It requires a program of recovery
and management of used
batteries

21. HYDRO ENERGY
Hydropower is a renewable energy that is based on taking advantage of falling
water from a height. Potential energy becomes kinetic during the fall. It has
been used for a long time to grind wheat, but it was with the Industrial
Revolution, and especially since the nineteenth century, when it began to be
very important to the appearance of the water wheels to produce electricity.
HYDROELECTRIC PLANTS

22. HYDRO ENERGY: ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGESADVANTAGES
Availability: It is an inexhaustible
resource, as long as the water cycle
will last.
"It does not pollute" (in the
proportion that make the oil, coal,
etc.) does not emit gases
"greenhouse" or cause acid rain.
Prevents flooding to regulate the
flow.
Storing water for irrigation and
domestic consumption.
Visual impact on the surrounding
countryside.
Deprivation of sediment to lower
reaches. Sediments accumulate in
the reservoir nutrient impoverished
the rest of the river to the mouth.
Environmental problems in aquatic
ecosystems by disruption of the
river and creation of microclimates
(environmental flow).
Flooding of fertile land and
residential areas.

23. WIND POWER
It is known as wind energy exploitation by man of wind energy. Formerly it
was used to propel marine vessels and move grain mills. Today it is used to
mainly generate clean and safe energy.
WIND FARMS

24. WIND POWER: ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES
It is inexhaustible
It is clean and not polluter.
It is native and universal. It is
worldwide.
The facilities are easily reversible.
Non-marking.
It can be installed in areas
unsuitable for other purposes,
such as in desert areas near the
coast, arid hillsides and steep to be
cultivated.
DISADVANTAGES
The air being a fluid low specific weight,
involves making large and therefore
expensive machines.
It also has to take special care when
selecting a nearby park where birds live,
mortality risk on impact with the blades.
Another negative impact is the noise
produced by the rotation of the rotor.
Visual impact on the surrounding
countryside.