detail of plan and its types

1. Presented by:
Syed Waqar Hussain Shah
Different Types of Plan

2. PLANNING
Function
At an
Institutional
Level
Time/Duration

3. According to Time/Duration:
1. Long-term plan
2. Medium-term plan
3. Short-term plan
4. Single-purpose plan

4. According to Function:
1. Physical and Economic planning
2. Allocative planning
3. Multi and Single Objective
planning
4. Indicative and Imperative
planning

5. In an Institutional Level:
1. Reactive Planning
2. Negotiated Planning
3. Systematic Planning

6. Reactive Planning
 Occurs when the planner or the
administrator wants events to occur
before preparations are made to tackle
them.

7. Reactive Planning
Problem
Plan
Execute

8. Reactive Planning
What could be the result of this type
of planning?
frustration among the members of
the institution
loss of confidence on their leader
ineffectiveness and lack of a sense
of direction

9. Negotiated Planning
 Based on bargains to arrive at a
common position

10. Negotiated Planning
Final decision is heavily influenced
by the bargaining position of the
various parties involved in the
planning process.

11. Negotiated Planning
What could be the result of this type
of planning?
educational programs are
introduced without adequate
consideration given to their
desirability.
often leads to non-implementation
of some of the related program

12. Systematic Planning
 Involves a process by which the
planner identifies the need of the
institution.

13. Systematic Planning
 The problems affecting
the institution are
therefore clearly stated
and the alternative
requirement for
problem solution is
identified.

14. Systematic Planning
 It requires a carefully
determined method
and means of resolving
educational issues and
a proper evaluation of
the result of the
implemented plans.

15. Negotiated and
Systematic Planning
• Complementary to each other
- because of limited resources of
educational administrators
- partly as a result of the special
relationship between education and
politics in developing countries
• Possible to apply at the same time

16. Negotiated Planning
vs
Systematic Planning

17. NEGOTIATED
PLANNING
SYSTEMATIC
PLANNING
 Goals are often not
stated in written form
 The goals to be attained
and the measures of
evaluating the progress
are recorded, made
explicit and public

18. NEGOTIATED
PLANNING
SYSTEMATIC
PLANNING
 Each negotiator releases
only information or data
that support his views,
the details are not often
produced
 There is usually a
common analysis group
that is responsible for
the collection,
organization and
presentation of the data
that are used by all the
planners.

19. NEGOTIATED
PLANNING
SYSTEMATIC
PLANNING
 Comparison between
alternative measures are
often made during oral
arguments
 Comparisons between
alternatives are made,
prediction of
consequences of each
alternative is carefully
done and every analysis
is presented in written
and made available for
study

20. Advantages of
Systematic Planning Approach
1. Orderliness
2. Identification of goals
3. Waste is being minimized
4. It is time saving
5. Focus on goals is quite obvious
6. It enhances implementation
7. It provides basis for evaluation
8. Stability and continuity can be
enhanced