Mobile Wireless Network Essay

Mobile Wireless Network Essay
Recent progress in mobile wireless network has provided a major impulse towards the development of self–organized, self–created, and rapidly
deployable network architecture referred to as Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs). Although the application area of MANETs was initially proposed
for environments of disaster recovery and battle–field communications, the evolution of the Multimedia Technology and the commercial interest of
companies to reach widely civilian applications, have made Quality of Service in such networks more important.
Many different protocols have been proposed to support Quality of service in MANETs, each based on different intuitions & assumptions. Current
proposals in the literature have attempted to provide Quality of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A Mobile Ad Hoc network is receiving attention due to several salient characteristics such as:
пЃ¶Dynamic topologies
пЃ¶Bandwidth–constrained links
пЃ¶Energy constrained operation
пЃ¶Limited physical security.
Therefore the routing protocols for wired networks cannot be directly used for wireless networks. Some examples of the possible uses of Ad Hoc
networking include students using laptop computers to participate in an interactive lecture, business associates sharing information during a meeting,
soldiers relaying information for situational awareness on the battlefield and emergency disaster relief personnel coordinating efforts after a hurricane
or earthquake. A MANET uses multi–hop routing instead of a static network infrastructure to provide network connectivity. Several routing protocols
have been proposed for MANETs. Initially, in this work, number of ways of classification or categorization of existing routing protocols and the
survey on the performance comparison of important protocols such as AODV [2], DSR [3] and DSDV [4] are presented. A number of researchers
have done the performance analysis of Ad Hoc Routing protocols over the years using different simulators like NS2, Qualnet, Opnet etc. From the
survey of QoS Models and Protocols of the IP network such as IntServ, DiffServ, FQMM (Flexible QoS Model for MANET), RSVP etc., it is observed
that they
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Paper On Wireless Sensor Networking
Amandeep Singh1, Sunny Behal et al. [18]: Wireless sensor networks is very important field in today's technology and one may concern about the
life time of sensors as they have no facility to change the battery of those sensors inside the field. Wireless Sensor Networks are prone to node failure
due to power loss. In order to provide reliable service through the network, the network should be self–adjusting and must have adaptable properties as
required from time to time. Here in this research we have proposed a new algorithm which is capable of not only to do optimize routing even with that
it has the benefit to overcome through pits creating problem around the sink. In this research, we have investigated the impact of sink mobility on...
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The collection of sensor nodes by enabling cooperation, coordination and collaboration among sensor nodes is formed Wireless Sensor Network (WSN);
the WSN consists of multiple autonomous nodes with a base station.
.
I.F. Akyildiz et al. [21] performed a survey on WSNs in 2002. Previous works concentrate wired sensor network concepts and architecture. But, this
paper described the concept of Wireless sensor networks which has been made viable by the convergence of MEMS Technology, wireless
communications and digital electronics. Then, the communication architecture for sensor networks is outlined, and the algorithms and protocols
developed for each layer in the literature are explored. In the future, this wide range of application areas will make sensor networks an integral part
of our lives. F. L. Lewis et al. [22] conducted a review on wireless sensor networks in 2004. This paper performed a review on wireless sensor network
technologies, protocols and applications. In future, conduct a review based on wireless sensor network routing techniques, power consumption
techniques, IEEE standards and MAC protocols.
Jennifer Yick et al. [23] performed a survey on wireless sensor network in 2008. The goal of survey is to present a comprehensive review of the recent
literature since the publication of [I.F. Akyildiz et al., A survey on sensor networks, IEEE Communications Magazine, 2002]. This paper summarized
and compared different proposed designs,

Application Layer Protocol Called Hypertext Transfer...
Application Layer
The next layer we will examine is the application layer. This is the topmost layer of the TCP/IP model and preforms the functions of the Application,
Presentation and Session layers that are part of the OSI stack model. We are now squarely in the domain of software and applications. This is the layer
that directly interfaces with the user. This layer helps top format and forward the users request for information, files or application execution and
displays the resulting information supplied by the responding server.
When we think about the Web we are often talking about the information presented to us by a browser program that is using an application layer
protocol called Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). This information may be in the form of Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) files, regular text
files, graphics, media files or various other types of information.
The typical web site that we are accustomed to viewing was most likely written in HTML. HTML is a special language developed to provide
informational markers for software applications that will instruction the software application, how to present the information contained in the HTML
file.
These documents are constructed in a particular format and a well–constructed very basic webpage should have the following structure:
The type of document public vs private for example. This section also lists the version of HTML that was used to create the document. This basically
states that

Ad Hoc Network : An Overview
AD HOC NETWORK: AN OVERVIEW
Mehak Saini,14116041
Dept. of Electronics and Communication, IIT Roorkee
Abstract
Recent trends in compact computing and wireless technologies are expansion of ad hoc network. Ad hoc network consists of versatile flat forms which
are free to move expeditiously. Ad hoc networks are multi–hop network that use wireless communication for transmission without any fixed
infrastructure. The networks are form and deform on–the–fly without the need for any system. Ad hoc structure does not require an access point, it is
easy to setup, especially in a small or temporary network. Each node in the network forwards the packet without the need of central administration.
In ad hoc network, node acts as a router to send and receive the data. An advantage of the system is robustness, flexibility and mobility. Ad hoc
network are capable for analyzing radio propagation environment to optimize the performance. This typically requires that the network node have
positioning capability as well as memory to recall geographical local condition. An ad hoc network typically refers to any set of network where all
devices have equal status on a network and are free to associate with any other ad hoc network device in link range. Ad hoc network often refers to a
mode of operation of IEEE 802.11 wireless networks. This review is focused on the applications, advantages and challenges of ad hoc networks.
Introduction
Ad Hoc network is an autonomous system node

Analysis Of Wireless Sensor Network Routing Protocols
Analysis of Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks:
Review
Shalabh Mishra
Computer Science Department
IMS Engineering College
Ghaziabad, India shalabhgreat1@gmail.com Dipesh Rai
Computer Engineering Department
Ghaziabad, India dipeshrai111@gmail.com Shashank Dixit
Computer Engineering Department
Ghaziabad, India shiva.imsec@gmail.com Abstract–this paper attempts to describe a literature review of Wireless Sensor Network routing protocols. A
wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of spatially distributed autonomous sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions and to
cooperatively pass their data through the network to a main location. Routing in
WSNs is very challenging due to the inherent characteristics that distinguish these networks from other wireless networks like mobile ad hoc
networks or cellular networks. Due to the relatively large number of sensor nodes, it is not possible to build a global addressing scheme for the
deployment of a large number of sensor nodes as the overhead of ID maintenance is high. Thus they require careful resource management. This paper
describes various routing protocols and their comparison and working of LEACH protocol and enhanced LEACH protocol. Keywords–Wireless Sensor
Networks (WSN), Sensor Nodes,
LEACH, Enhanced LEACH Base Station (BS) Cluster Head (CH).
I. Introduction
A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of spatially distributed autonomous sensors to monitor

Essay Wireless Technology
IEEE 802.15.4: a wireless communication technology for large–scale ubiquitous computing applications
Anis KoubГўa, Mario Alves, Eduardo Tovar
PP–HURRAY! Research Group, Polytechnic Institute of Porto Rua Dr. Antonio Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200
–072 Porto, PORTUGAL {akoubaa,
emt}@dei.isep.ipp.pt, mjf@isep.ipp.pt
Abstract. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been attracting increasing interest for supporting a new generation of ubiquitous computing systems
with great potential for many applications such as surveillance, environmental monitoring, health care monitoring or home automation. However, the
communication paradigms in WSNs differ from the ones associated to traditional wireless networks, triggering the need for new ... Show more content
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Additionally, the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol may also provide timeliness guarantees by using the Guaranteed–Time Slot (GTS) mechanism, which is quite
attractive for time–sensitive WSNs. In fact, when operating in beacon–enabled mode, i.e. beacon frames are transmitted periodically by a central node
called the PAN Coordinator for synchronizing the network, the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol allows the allocation/deallocation of GTSs in a superframe for
applications with real–time constraints. Hence, the GTS mechanism provides a minimum service guarantee for the corresponding nodes, thus enabling
the prediction of the worst–case performance for each node's application. In this paper, we describe the most important features of the IEEE 802.15.4
protocol that are relevant for WSNs and we discuss the ability of this protocol to fulfill the different requirements of WSNs and to resolve inherent
paradoxes involving power–efficiency and timeliness guarantees.
2. Overview of the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol
2.1. Physical Layer (PHY) IEEE 802.15.4 offers three operational frequency bands: 2.4 GHz, 915 MHz and 868 MHz. There is a single channel
between 868 and 868.6 MHz, 10 channels between 902 and 928 MHz, and 16 channels between 2.4 and 2.4835 GHz. The data rates are 250 kbps at
2.4 GHz, 40 kbps at 915 MHZ and 20 kbps at 868 MHz. Lower frequencies are more suitable for longer transmission ranges due to lower propagation
losses. However, the advantage of high data

Installing A Wireless Sensor Network Essay
INTRODUCTION A Wireless Sensor Network or WSN is supposed to be made up of a large number of sensors and at least one base station. The
sensors are autonomous small devices with several constraints like the battery power, computation capacity, communication range and memory. They
also are supplied with transceivers to gather information from its environment and pass it on up to a certain base station, where the measured
parameters can be stored and available for the end user. In most cases, the sensors forming these networks are deployed randomly and left unattended
to and are expected to perform their mission properly and efficiently. As a result of this random deployment, the WSN has usually varying degrees of
node density along its area. Sensor networks are also energy constrained since the individual sensors, which the network is formed with, are extremely
energy–constrained as well. The communication devices on these sensors are small and have limited power and range. Both the probably difference of
node density among some regions of the network and the energy constraint of the sensor nodes cause nodes slowly die making the network less dense.
Also it is quite common to deploy WSNs in harsh environment, what makes many sensors inoperable or faulty. For that reason, these networks need to
be fault–tolerant so that the need for maintenance is minimized. Typically the network topology is continuously and dynamically changing, and it is
actually not a desired solution to

Wireless Sensor Network Essay
I. INTRODUCTION
Wireless Sensor Network consists of highly distributed
Autonomous sensors nodes to monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion or pollutants and
to cooperatively pass their data through the network to a receiver (destination) [1] [7].
A sensor node consist of a radio transceiver with internal antenna or connected to external antenna, a microcontroller and electronic circuits for
interfacing with the sensors and energy source such as battery[1][7].
A.Topologies:
Topologies used in Wireless Sensor Network are Mesh, Star, Ring, Tree, and Bus, Fully connected.
Mesh Network.
B.Characteristics:
Power consumption constrains for nodes using batteries or energy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Wireless Sensor Network Protocols:
Physical layer: Sonet , ISDN
Data link Layer: Frame Relay, FDDI, Ethernet
Network Layer: RIP,OSPF, EGP,IPX,IPv6,ARP
Transport Layer: TCP, UDP, SPX
Application Layer: BOOTP, DHCP, HTTP, DNS
Classifications of the Protocols
Protocols are classified into the following major categories.
TCP/IP IP, TCP, UDP, SMTP, POP3, RIP, FTP, DHCP
Cellular GPRS, GSM, WAP and CDMA
VOIP SIP, RTP, MGCP and H.323
General Frame Relay, ATM, X.25, PPP[1].

II.OBSTACLES IN WIRELESS SENSOR SECURITY
Wireless sensor nodes[2] have limited resources such as limited memory and limited power. There is unreliable communication in wireless sensor
network that leads to threat to sensor security. The security of network depend on communication which relies on protocol.
Energy Constraint: Energy requires converting input to output (sensor transducer), communication among the sensor nodes and computation. Security
levels depend upon the cost of energy.
Memory Limitations: Sensor nodes have small amount of memory and storage. Sensor nodes require simple algo–rithms because they do not have
enough space to store complicated algorithms and executed them.
Unreliable communication: – Unreliable communication occurs due to unreliable transfer, conflict and latency. Unreliable communication occurs due
to connectionless packet based routing in wireless sensor network. Even if channel is

Wireless Networks Can Be Broadly Classified Into Three...
Wireless Networks can be broadly classified into three categories: Infrastructure based networks, Wireless LANs and Ad Hoc Networks. Infrastructure
based networks are traditional cellular systems which require base station infrastructure. Wireless LANs are very flexible within the reception area. It
requires low bandwidth when compared to wired networks. Ad Hoc networks are useful when the infrastructure is not available, impractical or
expensive to build.
In Cellular Wireless, spaces are divided into cells. Each cell consists of base stations which is responsible to communicate with the hosts in its cell.
Hosts moves from one cell to cell to another and hand off occurs, the new base station takes care of the communication. In Multi–hop wireless, mobility
causes a change of route. Hence it need to traverse multiple links to reach destination. Ad hoc network is a self– organizing multi hop wireless
network, which relies neither on infrastructure nor on the predetermined connectivity.
Rapid deployment of mobile users will be the need for the next generation wireless communication systems. A mobile ad–hoc network is a collection of
mobile users that communicate over constrained wireless links with lower bandwidth. Network scenarios which include establishing dynamic
communication for emergency/rescue operations, survivable, efficient, disaster relief efforts and military networks cannot rely on organized and
centralized connectivity. Networks are known as ad hoc because

1. 2 IEEE 802. 15. 4 : Lab Analysis
2.3.2 IEEE 802.15.4 IEEE 802.15.4 is the mostly used IoT standard for MAC. It has Source & Destination address for communicating. In a word it
follows frame format. Its specific MAC features can be: Slot frame Structure, Scheduling, Synchronization, Channel Hopping, Network formation. 2.3.3
IEEE 802.11 AH IEEE 802.11ah is a light version. Its applicable for low–energy. For Laptop, smart mobile, smart Television and other digital devices
using IEEE 802.11.AH. The basic 802.11ah MAC layer features include: Synchronization Frame, Efficient Bidirectional Packet Exchange, Short Mac
Frame, Null Data Packet, Increase Sleep Time.2.3. 2.3.4 WirelessHART WirelessHART is a datalink protocol that operates on the top of IEEE
802.15.4 PHY and adopts... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
HomePlug suite covers both PHY and MAC layers and has three versions: HomePlug–AV, HomePlug
–AV2, and HomePlugGP. [29] 2.3.10 G.9959
G.9959 is a MAC layer protocol from ITU, designed for low bandwidth and cost, half–duplex reliable wireless communication. [30] 2.3.11 LTE–A
Long–Term Evolution Advanced (LTE–A) is a set of standards designed to fit M2M communication and IoT applications in cellular networks. LTE–A
uses OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) as a MAC layer access technology, which divides the frequency into multiple bands
and each one can be used separately. The architecture of LTE–A consists of a core network (CN), a radio access network (RAN), and the mobile nodes.
[31] Figure: LTE–A Architecture The CN is responsible for controlling mobile devices and to keep track of their IPs. RAN is responsible for
establishing the control and data planes and handling the wireless connectivity and radio–access control. RAN and CN communicate using S1 link
where RAN consists of the eNB (E–UTRAN Node B)'s to which other mobile nodes are connected wirelessly. 2.3.12 LoRaWAN LoRaWAN is a newly
arising wireless technology designed for low–power WAN networks with low cost, mobility, security, and bi
– directional communication for IoT
applications. [32] 2.3.13 Weightless Weightless is another wireless WAN technology for IoT applications designed by the Weightless Special Interest
Group (SIG) [33]

Wireless Technology Essay
Wireless Technology
Wireless technology is a booming business that is finding far reaching benefits on a global level. Corporations, schools, homes, and cafes are
implementing wireless solutions as individual organizations and users seek more freedom and constant access. Wireless Fidelity (WiFi) is the latest
buzzword to capture the market in our individual quest for access anywhere at any time. All of this comes at a price. Security is a major concern
moving forward, as well as having too much access that does not lead to needed personal downtime. In the end what is more valuable, access or secure
access at the right time?
Wireless Technology Overview According to VoiceandData.com (2005), wireless "refers to communications,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
In corporate environments, wireless access is being used to perform all sorts of tasks. Wireless applications ranging from wireless Wide Area
Networks (WAN) to Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) and blackberry's are being used to facilitate constant access to the level of enterprise access. In
today's market, connectivity to and from corporate offices and outbuildings, to hotels and conferences is an absolute must.
Wireless in my world Wireless, as it applies to my life, consists of a wireless home network that allows me to sit on the couch and do my
homework. The freedom of connecting via a laptop and sitting on the couch to do homework and browse the internet is exactly the reason that
wireless access continues to grow throughout our homes and businesses. Wireless access has a strong market base, as is evident by the continued
advances and inventions that will continue to make our lives more convenient. Case in point, I recently purchased a WAP to use for my XBOX, to be
able to connect to XBOX live via my router upstairs. The WAP allows me to connect my XBOX to mywireless network and play online games. The
sheer freedom of movement is what wireless is all about. I feel I have done a good job of securing my wireless connection but there are those who
would probably not agree with me. Simple settings such as not broadcasting so my neighbors can see my wireless router to using password enabled

Wireless Devices and Applications Essay
Mann's Computer Service| Wireless Devices and Applications (WDA)| Wireless Devices and Applications Project| | Mann's| 6/13/2010|
|
The topic I will be discussing will focus on is a deployment plan for WDAs and designing an effective user interface for wireless devices. In my
paper I will outline a technique for quantifying design and quality assurance for wireless development. The example I will use is a WAP application,
you can use the same set of principles and mathematical models to quantify other types of mobile and wireless applications. Here are some of the
issues I will be discussing in my topic.
Limited bandwidth: Is the bandwidth that is given to a device through an internet company or cell phone company ... Show more content on
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In the future I believe there will be new ways for these types of devices to have more internal memory as well as higher memory expansion slots.
Limited CPU: Since the mobile device is so small the amount of CPU power is limited because of the bandwidth issues as well as the limitations of
the device. This is the biggest problem small wireless devices have is that the use of bandwidth, not only does it take a lot of power from the device
sending and receiving on the devices the CPU doesn't have the power to handle large tasks.
High latency: mobile device have a high latency because of their small size making data communication to take longer over the network. These
delays are caused by network speed long delays are a major problem when it comes to small wireless devices.
Limited user interface: the device screens are limited as well as the graphics because of the size of the device as well as the power consumption, if
the person buying the product doesn't like the interface that could make or break the device. This has to be a well thought out process from the design
to the usability of the product.
The Web Model
"The Web Model is based on the model of the internet world wide web." (Georgia southern.edu) When a person uses the internet over their device it
sends a HTTP request and then it

Type Of Networks What It Is? How It Works
Type of networksWhat it is?How it works Local area NetworkA set of computers linked through a network that are located in a single business
site. LANs usually have around 100s and 100s of users.LAN technologies are Ethernet and ring. Users can use printing and other services,
applications run on the LAN server. Could be used as a web server. Can be shared to others at the same LAN. User owned and does not run over
leased line. Metropolitan area networkFast operating network designed to link sites together within a cityMANs build networks with high data
connection speeds. MAN is not owned by a single organisation. A MAN gives joint network connections to users. A MAN mostly works on the data
link layer of the OSI model. Wide area... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The data transmission is simple and travels in a single direction. There is no data collision. Extra computes can be added with little effect on the
performance. Each node connects to two other nodes, making one on going pathway for signals through every single node. Data goes from node to
node, with every node handling all the packet. Bus network – A cable joins all of the workstations, printers, file servers and other components as a
group. At the ends of the bus is a terminator, this is something which prevents signals from bouncing all over the place.. It is easy to add
workstations. Uses less cable than a star network. Its good for temporary network. A bus topology is a network where every computer and network
device is connected to q single cable. Bus networks are useful in small networks. Bus can be used in a WAN. Star network– client server architecture
each workstation is connected by its own cable straight to the server. They are usually used in places like a school and office as they are the most
reliable topology. They are most reliable because if one connection fails for a user it does not affect others. Data collisions is a rare thing. It also has
good security no workstation can interact without going through the server first. Topology for a LAN all nodes are linked alone to a central connection
point such as a hub. Mesh network – this is a network where the communication is made up of

nt1210 Essay
Roman Katoliko
NT1210
CHAPTER 3: Building TCP/IP Networks
Lab 3.1: Network Reference Models
Ex 3.1.1
What would happen if wireless devices were not governed by the Wi–Fi Alliance and each vendor had its own standards and protocol? What impact
would this have on your personal life or business communications?
If each vendor had their own standards and protocols, we would have a harder time making devices that we use every day to inter–operate. Imagine
buying specific BRAND of ROUTER for a SPECIFIC computer just to use the internet; so if you have a Sony computer you would also need a Sony
wireless router to connect to the internet via provided Sony made routers. We would to have multiple routers depending on the devices we own... Show
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It provides the hardware means of sending and receiving data on a carrier, including defining cables, cards and physical aspects.
2. DATA LINK (Layer2)– divided into 2 sub layers: MAC, which controls how a computer on the network gains access to the data and permission to
transmit it, and LLC which controls frame synchronization. At this layer, data packets are encoded and decoded into bits. It furnishes transmission
protocol knowledge and management and handles errors in the physical layer, flow control and frame synchronization.
3. NETWORK (layer 3) – Provides switching and routing technologies, creating logical paths, known as virtual circuits, for transmitting data from
node to node.
4. TRANSPORT (layer 4) – provides transparent transfer of data between end systems, or hosts, and is responsible for end–to–end error recovery and
flow control.
5. SESSION (layer 5) – this layer establishes, managers and terminates connections between applications
6. PRESENTATION (layer 6)– this layer provides independence from differences in data representation. E.g. encryption.
7. APPLICATION (layer 7)– This layer supports application and end–user process.
Ex 3.2.2
Ex 3.2.3
Briefly explain the deencapsulation steps in the communication from host B receiving a message from Host A destined for an active application.
A. Converts data to bits for transmission
B. Packages the data for end to end transport

C. Adds the data–link header and trailer
D.

Type Of Networks What It Is? How It Works?
Assignment 10.1
Type pf networks
Type of networksWhat it is?How it works?
Local area networkLocal area network is a group of desktop computers linked through a network that are all located at a single business site. The
LANS can have more than 100 users. Users can use printing and other kind of services needed through applications run on the lan server. Can be used
as web server. It can also be shared to others at the same lan.
Metropolitan area networkMetropolitan area network is a high speed network designed to link together sites within a city. The metropolitan area
network usually interconnects a number of local area network using a high capacity backbone technology such a fiber optitical links and also provides
up link ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Data is sent from one node to another simultaneously to all other nodes in the work
Mesh networkMesh network is where not all the nodes are linked together. All nodes cooperate in the distribution of data in the network. Designers of
mesh networks can employ a flooding technique or a routing technique.
Star networkA local area network where all the every node are connected to a common central computer. Has one machine at its centre whose operation
controls the whole networks
Tree networkA combination of two or more start networks that are connected together. Each star network is a local network in which there is a central
computer or server to which all workstations nodes are directly linked.
Network components
Network componentsWhat it is?How it works?image servers Servers are computer that hold share files, programs and the network operating
system.Servers provide access to network resources to all the users of the networkworkstation They 're simply personal computers attached to a local
area networkEach workstation has its own cable to the server.no workstation can interact with another without going through the server.
Network cardEach computer in a network has a special expansion card called a network interface card.sends data, receives data, and controls data flow

Reliability Of Energy Efficient Cluster Based Routing...
Reliability of Energy Efficient Cluster–Based Routing Protocol for
Wireless Sensor Networks Thottikat, Vishnu K 012629108 Gudapati Supriya 012627938 Vishnu.thottikat@yahoo.comSupriya.gudapati@yahoo.com
Electrical Engineering Department
College of Engineering, California State University Long Beach
Long Beach, United States
Abstract – Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) comprises of several tiny, low–cost, resource constrained sensor nodes. These nodes are placed in harsh
environments and generally are used for air pollution monitoring, water quality monitoring, industrial monitoring, health monitoring and more. Routing
is difficult in such surroundings primarily due to the unique constraints the wireless sensor networks suffer from. Wireless sensor network is highly
dynamic, making existing routing protocols ineffective. This paper concentrates on energy efficiency of the protocols. Both the protocol presented are
hierarchical and cluster based. Both have sensor nodes and a base station (BS). The BS selects the Cluster Heads (CH) among themselves. CH is the
elected sensor node which passes on the sensor data collected by sensor nodes of its cluster to either BS or other CH. All candidate nodes for
becoming CH are listed, based on the various factors like relative distance of the candidate node from the Base Station, outstanding energy level,
possible number of neighboring sensor nodes the

The For Seed Germination Are Carried Out Under Controlled...
INTRODUCTION
The seed biology is known to be the most important stream of plant science. Various experiments for seed germination are carried out under controlled
environment. Researchers have experienced a need to maintain and monitor the relative humidity, temperature, water content of seeds kept in closed
containers. There exist some practices of using the super saturated solutions made by different chemicals to maintain the desired conditions for
effective seed germination and growth. wireless remote monitoring system that can be utilized to precisely monitor and measure the prerequisite
conditions of seedling germination. The rapid development and wide adaptability of wireless sensor networks in agriculture has increased the quality
of the crops produced. Many researchers have worked on real time monitoring systems. Aimed to design and develop a network integrated of sensors
to manage the agricultural water of sensors to manage the agricultural water. Now a days WSN(Wireless Sensor Network) ZigBee is one of the most
predictive, reliable and dominant standard. ZigBee model defines the first two layers as physical layer (a) and data–link layer (b) of OSI model.
ZigBee is specified for high level communication protocols using small, low–power digital radios signals based on IEEE 802 standard for Wireless
personal area networks. ZigBee is a low–cost wireless mesh network standard. The low cost of the ZigBee network enables the technology to be widely
used in

Internet Of Things : Challenges And Security
Internet of Things: Challenges and Security
Srikant Reddy Duvvuru
Department of Computer Engineering San Jose State University
San Jose, CA–95112
Abstract –– Internet of Things is rapidly gaining popularity in the recent days. The availability of different variety of sensors and wireless technologies
is responsible for the existence of the Internet of Things. The Internet of things finds a large number of applications in numerous fields such as Energy
sector, Healthcare, Transportation, Business field and Agriculture. This paper mainly concentrates on the challenges and security issues of the Internet
of things. In addition to that the paper provides solutions to these issues with the help of a construction of secure IoT ... Show more content on
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Apart from wireless sensors and RFID's there is also a need to recognize each and every object uniquely, which requires a large pool of IP Addresses,
so undoubtedly IPv6 is the best choice. Cloud computing is one of the emerging technologies which can give IoT a new dimension promising proper
storage, management and processing of the data.
According to Forrester in [2] "IoT uses information and communications technologies to make the critical infrastructure components and services of a
city administration, education, healthcare, public safety, real estate, transportation and utilities more aware, interactive and efficient". It has the
capability to bring down the cost of all the major sectors like Healthcare, Transportation, Energy, Education and Real State.
Security is one of the major concerns of the internet of things. As billions of objects will be connected to it in the future. There has been an ever
increasing need to address the security issues related to the IoT. The data transmission across the networks need to be monitored and protected from
thefts and unauthorized malicious attacks. Different types of protocols and security measures are available in the existing internet scenario but most of
them have limited applicability in the domain of IoT. Fig: 1 Survey of obstacles on IoT development.
According to the survey conducted by VDC Research as shown in fig 1,

Mobile Adhoc Network ( Manet )
Mobile Adhoc Network(MANET) is a collection of two or more devices or terminals or hosts with the wireless communication with each other and the
exchange of information from the existing networks.A MANET can be a standalone network or it can be a standalone network or it can be connected
to the external networks.MANET consists of mobile platforms which are free to move. In this paper, we will focus on the current applications
,challenges and some of the protocols which provide the connectivity in mobile adhoc networks.The mode of operation of adhoc networks are basically
peer to peer multihop mobile wireless networks where the information packets are transmitted via the intermediate nodes.The challenges include
routing ,service ,billing... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
TYPES of the MANET:– We are having 3 types of the MANET's .They are:–
1.Vehicular Adhoc Network(VANET)
2.Intelligent Vehicular Adhoc Network(INVANET)
3.Internet Based Mobile Adhoc Network(IMANET)
The internet community routing support for mobile hosts is being formulated as mobile IP technology.The host may be directly physically connected
to the fixed network this can be connected as a wireless link ,dial up line.The host mobility requires address management,protocol interoperability
enhancement to the core network function such as hop by hop routing protocol operation within the fixed network.The goal of the MANET is to
extend mobility into the realm of autonomous,mobile wireless domain,set of nodes which combine routers and hosts from the network in adhoc
fashion.The new technologies like Bluetooth and the hyperlink are helping to enable the commercial MANET outside the military operation.The recent
growing interest will help more in

Bluetooth Vs. Bluetooth Essay
1.2 Bluetooth application
Bluetooth is designed to operate in an environment of many users. Up to eight devices can communicate in a
small network called a piconet. Ten of these piconets can coexist in the same coverage range of the Bluetooth
radio. To provide security, each link is encoded and protected against eavesdropping and interference.
Bluetooth provides support for three general application areas using short–range wireless connectivity:
п‚· Data and voice access points. Bluetooth facilitates real–time voice and data transmissions by providing
effortless wireless connection of portable and stationary communications devices.
п‚· Cable replacement. Bluetooth eliminates the need for numerous, often proprietary cable attachments for
connection of practically any kind of communications device. Connections are instant and are maintained
even when devices are not within line of sight. The range of each radio is approximately 10 m, but can be
extended to 100 m with an optional amplifier.
п‚· Ad hoc networking. A device equipped with a Bluetooth radio can establish instant connection to
another Bluetooth radio as soon as it comes into range.
1.3 Bl uetooth Standards Documents

The Bluetooth standards present a formidable bulk–well over 1,500 pages, divided into two groups: core and
profile. The core specifications describe the details of the various layers of the Bluetooth protocol architecture,
from the radio interface to link control. Related topics are also

How Lan Can Use A Specific Lan For Essay
Describe what the user will mainly use a specific LAN for: LAN is a local–area network which covers a relatively small area. Most LAN's are
restricted to a single building or groups of buildings. One LAN can be connected to other LANs for any distance through telephone lines and radio
waves. LAN connects the computer hardware in a localized area for example in an office or home. Furthermore, LANs use wired connections to
link the computers to each other and to a variety of peripheral devices such as printers. Devices that are connected to a LAN enable the access of
data from any machine that is connected to the network. LAN users can communicate with each other by chat or email. Compare and contrast the
characteristics and the purposes of peer to peer LANs and client/server LANs. On a Client/server network, every computer has a different role; for
example a client or a server. A server has been designed to distribute its resources within the client computers on the network. Servers are located in
prohibited areas such as closet, separate room (server room) because they consist the most valuable data of an organisation. The servers do not have to
be accessed by the operators on a continuous basis. The other computers of the organisation work as a client as shown below. Although every device on
a LAN is connected to every other device, they do not communicate necessarily with each other. There are two common types of LANs, based on the
communication patterns between

Mobile Technology : A Technological Advancement
Austin Fu7
Ms. Hadded
EE
6 December, 2013
App Development
Intro
The twenty first century is filled with fast growing technological advancement, and as some liked to call it, a mobile technology age. The diversity of
mobile technology has increased dynamically in just a few years, which left only a handful of people that truly understand the profits and the value of
the uprising mobile technology. Many have taken the advancement for granted and lack the effort to pursue knowledge of the mobile industry. Teens,
or even children own a handheld device with functionalities exceed much further than needed. Business men or women are experiencing the same
problem with teens and children. People had been merely tricked by the superficial information through advertisements provided by the mobile
companies. There have been only a few that grew an interest for the origin of application software, but the numbers of people have increased slowly.
Those interested for a deeper understanding of app development wonder the extent of the methods of app developments, the market value, and the
difference between different platforms.
History/ Background
The first handheld mobile device was first marketed in 1983, and it was called Motorola DynaTac 8000X. The mobile device has a dimension of
13x1.75x3.5, and weighed 2.5 pounds (Clark, John F.).The functionality of the Motorola DynaTac 8000X had a fairly low efficiency compared to our
recent mobile handheld devices such as the Samsung

Introduction And Definitions Of Internet Usage
CHAPTER –1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction and Definitions
Internet usage has skyrocketed in the last decade, propelled by web and multimedia applications. While the predominant way to access the Internet is
still cable or fiber, an increasing number of users now demand mobile, ubiquitous access whether they are at home at work or on the move. For
instance, they want to compare prices on the web while shopping at the local department store, access Internet "navigation" aids from their car, read
e–mail while riding a bus or hold a project review while at the local coffee shop or in the airport lounge. The concept of wireless, mobile Internet is not
new. When thepacket switching technology, the fabric of the Internet, was introduced with the ARPANET in 1969, the Department of Defense
immediately understood the potential of a packet switched radio technology to interconnect mobile nodes in the battlefield. Consequently, the ad hoc
protocols must self–configure to adjust to environment, traffic and mission changes. What emerges from these characteristics if the vision of an
extremely flexible, malleable and yet robust and formidable network architecture. Because of its mobile, non–infrastructure nature, the ad hoc network
poses new design requirements. The first is self–configuration (of addresses and routing) in the expression of mobility. At the function level, ad hoc
network users typically communicate and collaborate as teams. These applications thus require efficient group

What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Network...
Chapter 4 Simulation & Experiment
4.1 Network Simulators "According to dictionary, Simulation can be defined as вЂ•reproduction of essential features of something as an aid to study
or training." In simple words, this process is called where we can build one model of math called simulated in order to solve the problem of the
system. In order to simulate the ad hoc network Networks or so–called MANET There are many simulation available networks such as QUALNET ,
OPENET and NS2 etc[25]. First part of this section, we will take the overview of all such networks with their usage, advantages and disadvantages of
using it. For our simulation, we have to finalize the one out of them depending on their availability and problem compatibility ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Choice in which the routing is done along multiple paths because its provides the number of routing protocols .
NS2 is developed as the completely object oriented network simulator by Using the technologies such as OTcL and CPP. The class hierarchy which is
presented in the OTcL and C++ interpreted is very much supported by the network simulator in which there is one to one mapping in between compile
hierarchy and the class in the interpreted hierarchy .
NS2 contain two types of programming languages used that we have discussed above, such as C ++ and OTcl :
Use C++ : is used for the speed efficiency in the simulation of the networks.
Use OTcl: the reason is that OTcl language is suitable for the programs and configurations which are demanding for the fast and frequent network
changes.
Thus such tool is very flexible for the useNs–2 as it also allows user to existing protocols for their application simulations as well as to develop their
network protocol in order to extend the functionality of the tool. Network simulator also helps for the performance measurement from the trace
analysis functionality which is very important for the research purposes in order to measure the efficiency of particular application or particular
routing protocol. NS2 is open source and free software tool which is widely available for downloads from the Internet. It was initially developed for
the UNIX systems

Nt1310 Unit 3 Assignment 1 Network Analysis
Contents Page Task 1 ................................................................................................................................................... 3 Task
2.................................................................................................................................................... 5 Task
3.................................................................................................................................................... 7 Task 1 Types of network LAN stands for Local Area
Network. LAN is a type of network that interconnects computers and devices either wired or wireless and covers a greater distance. LAN is mainly
used in private organisations such as college or university. More or less everyone uses wireless router at home these days and the user is able to
connect between 5–10 devices wirelessly. The user can share the broadband or the connection with ADSL by using Ethernet cables. Smaller LANs can
connect at least... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
AdvantagesDisadvantages The user has the control to set up the network and it easier that client server. The user does not need special knowledge
of setting up the network.Performance of the network might be slow as other users are also using the same network. It also depends on how
many computers are connected with the network. NOS is not needed for peer to peer network.Back up of files and folders cannot be made
centrally The user can share the files with other peers and can set permissions for the files.Files and folders are unorganised as it does not have a
particular share drive therefore it is hard to locate files and is stored on individuals' computer. It can be run on any operating system such as
Windows. Each user is responsible for their own network so if a virus is found in the network, the user is responsible for it. If one is affected, it does
not affect the others meaning files will be unavailable for that specific user, not all of them. Little or no security is provided as sign in is not required
for the users when using the

The And Throughput Of Wireless Sensor Network Using Actor...
A NOVEL APPROACH TO ENHANCE THE LIFETIME AND THROUGHPUT OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK USING ACTOR NODES.
1Diksha Garg
1diksha.garg17@gmail.com
1Chandigarh Engineering College, Landran.
2Geetanjali Babbar
2cecm.cse.gbi@gmail.com
2Chandigarh Engineering College, Landran.
ABSTRACT: Wirelesssensor networks is a self–configured network means any node can join it or leave it at any time. it is a self–healing and
self–organizing. Self–healing networks allow nodes to reconfigure their link associations and find other pathways around powered–down nodes or
failed nodes. Self–organizing allows a network automatically join new node without the need for manual interference. In this paper, we are using actor
nodes to solve energy hole problem so that we can reduce energy consumption and can enhance throughput of network.
Keywords: WSN, AODV, Energy holes, routing, energy consumption I.INTRODUCTION
A wireless ad hoc network is the collection of mobile nodes, without any requirement of centralized access point. Every node in the network, act as a
router and packet forwarder. Now days, the ad hoc networking is used for the commercial uses. There are the many applications of the ad hoc
networks, ad–hoc network are using in the military and it is also using for the other security operations. The secure routing is the biggest issue in the
ad hoc routing applications. In ad hoc networks it is very difficult to design the security due to its unique characteristics. The characteristics of ad

Designing Secure Protocol For Wireless Ad Hoc Networks
Faculty of Computing, Engineering and Science DESIGNING SECURE PROTOCOL FOR WIRELESS AD–HOC NETWORKS STUDENT NAME
:ARVINDH KUMAR S T REFERENCE NO:14024765 AWARD: COMPUTER NETWORKS AND SECURITY MODULE
CODE:C0CS70686–2014–SPG1–2014–SPG1 MODULE TITLE:RESEARCH METHODS FOR NETWORKING LECTURER:RACHEL CORNES
SUBMISSION DATE:05–DEC–2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS: 1BACKGROUND 2PROPOSED WORK 3AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
4INTELLECTUAL CHALLENGE 5RESEARCH SCHEDULE 6DELIVERABLES 7ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS 8RESOURCES
9REFERENCES Figure 1 Wireless ad–hoc networks (Source: http://www.thelifenetwork.org/about.html) BACKGROUND: Now–a–days,
communication had become a major role within the people. Communication is done by a medium with sender and receiver. In internet the way of
communication takes place by medium of wired and wireless. There is a rapid growth in both wired and wireless infrastructures. It makes use of the
customers for the internet connection in many possible ways .In most of the places wireless internet has been used. Most of the wireless spontaneous
network is not secure because it is not a planned network and network boundaries are defined poor, due to the lack of centralized server in the network.
Usually wireless networks perform both communication and measurement in a given network. Wireless network architecture usually

List Other Types Of Attacks
3.5Other Types of Attacks Since the inception of IEEE 802.11i in 2004, users and IT administrators have been able to improve the security of their
wireless networks by taking advantage of protocols like CCMP, which is an algorithm designed to provide authentication and encryption. With CCMP,
wireless networks can be secured with 128–bit AES encryption, provided by the Counter Mode component of CCMP. The CBC–MAC mode
component is what provides the authentication mechanism. Although the security provided by 802.11i is a significant improvement to 802.11
networks, the security only applies to the data frames and does not provide any security over the management frames. In an 802.11 network, the data
frame is what carries the protocols... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In a nutshell, the OSI model is divided into seven layers that are responsible for moving data up and down the stack; from the user, all the way down to
the physical layer where the cables reside and then back up again. Each layer uses its own protocols and is responsible for carrying out its assigned
function. These layers include the Application Layer (layer 7), Presentation Layer (layer 6), Session Layer (layer 5), Transport Layer (layer 4),
Network Layer (layer 3), Data Link Layer (layer 2) and the Physical Layer (layer 1). See Figure 3–3 for illustration of OSI model. Although there are
multiple layers in the OSI model an attacker can choose to exploit, the subsequent section will focus its attention on the Application Layer, since this
layer is most often neglected when it comes to security. Additionally, it's the most difficult layer to defend. 3.5.1Application Layer Attacks As you can
see from the image above (Figure 3–3), Layer 7 is the Application Layer; the place where data both originates and returns. This is also the layer where
the user is directly interfacing with an application, such as a web page. An attack against this layer is generally intended to disrupt certain components
of an application. Thus, Application Layer attacks are also referred to

Wireless Sensor Network
INDEX
1. INTRODUCTION1 1.1 Wireless sensors Deployment2 1.2 Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks3 1.3 The Physical Architecture of WSANs3 1.4
Difference between WSNS and WS4 1.5 Requirement of WSNs5
2. Wireless Ad–Hoc Network5
3. Current Issues and solution6 3.1 Key management issue for future9
4. Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications of WSNs10
5. Conclusion 11
6. References12
List of figures
Figure 1 Working principle of WSNs1
Figure 1.3 The Physical Architecture of WSANs4 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For achieving this goal, physical deployment of the nodes and the sample periods are pre–determined by the scientists. To ensure that data is delivered
as expected is the real role of the network. For achieving this goal it is necessary to reduce the network complexity as much as possible from the
services and its application. It is possible to optimize communication performance for that application–not for a generic set of users as each node
executes a single application. For achieving this it is necessary to translate them into a set of goals for media access protocol to satisfy the requirement
of wireless sensor network deployment and monitoring application. For WSNs application, the common goals for a MAC protocol are:
1) Collision Avoidance in effective manner
2) High Data Rate and Efficient Channel Utilization
3) Network protocol should be Reconfigurable
4) Low Power Operation
5) Large number of nodes should be scalable
6) RAM size, Small Code, and Simple Implementation
7) Tolerant to changing RF/Networking conditions.
The B–MAC is proposed to meet these goals, a configurable MAC protocol for WSNs. It is simple in both for implementation and design. MAC
protocol support a wide variety of sensor network workloads by factoring out some functionality and exposing control to higher services. In contrast to
the classic monolithic MAC protocol this minimalist model of MAC protocol is designed [1].

What Is Routing Overhead Of The Network
PDR for proposed EEHM is maximal than other technique in WSN network. Maximum PDR value for proposed approach is 0.98. Here EARC
algorithm provides almost similar characteristics as of EEHM whose PDR value is 0.96. Whereas the others existing techniques values are 0.4, 0.47
and 0.58 respectively. e.Routing Overhead of the Network Fig 7. Comparison of routing overhead Figure 7 demonstrates the performance comparison
plot for the routing overhead in the WSN for the proposed approach. Through the simulation graph, it is clearly observed that proposed EEHM provide
effective routing overhead than other existing algorithms. Also, it is identified that EEHM algorithm also provides almost similar characteristics as of
EEHM algorithm. Other... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The miss ratio is also minimized through an efficient buffer partition and management. In our future study, the proposed protocol needs to be modified
and tested to adopt the real–time dynamic environment. The protocol needs to be tested for real–time WSN applications that require diverse reliability
required in the sensing field. 7–REFERENCES [1]Arbi, I. B., Derbel, F., & Strakosch, F. (2017, May). Forecasting methods to reduce energy
consumption in WSN. In Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC), 2017 IEEE International (pp. 1–6). IEEE.
[2]KuЕ‚akowski, P., Calle, E., & Marzo, J. L. (2013). Performance study of wireless sensor and actuator networks in forest fire scenarios. International
journal of communication systems, 26(4), 515–529. [3]Zhang, H., Zheng, M., Li, J., Yu, H., & Zeng, P. (2010, June). Redundancy control for
reliability–lifetime tradeoff in energy harvesting wireless sensor networks. In Computer Design and Applications (ICCDA), 2010 International
Conference on (Vol. 2, pp. V2–539). IEEE. [4]Bakr, B. A., & Lilien, L. (2011, May). LEACH–SM: A protocol for extending wireless sensor network
lifetime by management of spare nodes. In Modeling and Optimization in Mobile, Ad Hoc and Wireless Networks (WiOpt), 2011 International
Symposium on (pp. 375–375). IEEE. [5]Hadim, S., & Mohamed, N. (2006). Middleware: Middleware

Security Issues Of Wireless Sensor Networks
Security issues in Wireless Sensor Networks
What the security issues are related to Wireless Sensor Networks
Name:Sandeep Kumar Pulijala
Student ID:S0261345
Teacher:Erin
Class:DEA3 Central Queensland University
What the security issues are related to Wireless Sensor Networks
Wireless sensor networks are very important in everyday life. This new technology is exciting with unlimited potential for numerous application areas
including environmental, medical, military, transportation, entertainment, emergency management and homeland defence. WSN are connected with
nodes, in WSN communication takes place through air. The exploration subject that I have picked is on Wireless... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
An extension of this approach is in–network aggregation which aggregates data progressively as it is passed through a network. In–network data
aggregation can reduce the data packet size, the number of data transmissions and the number of nodes involved in gathering data from a WSN.
Therefore, in the field of WSNs, privacy–preserving data aggregation is becoming a hot issue in WSNs. To address this issue, some protocols have
been proposed. In this, they provide a comprehensive summary and comparison of the existing privacy–preserving data aggregation protocols for
WSNs. WSN is related to privacy–preserving data aggregation protocols (Ping et al 2012). In the authors reviewed privacy–preserving techniques for
protecting two types of private information: data–oriented and context–oriented privacy. First, authors focuses only on data privacy in order to provide
detailed overviews of the existing privacy–preserving data aggregation protocols for WSNs (Ping et al 2012). Two main security challenges in secure
data aggregation are confidentiality and integrity of data (Sugandhi et al 2013). While traditionally encryption is used to provide end to end
confidentiality in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), the aggregators in a secure data aggregation scenario need to decrypt the encrypted data to perform
aggregation. Thus, while data aggregation improves energy efficiency of a network, it complicates the existing

Importance Of Region-Based Threshold Threshold Sensitive...
Region–Based Enhanced Threshold Sensitive Stable Election Protocol
Shailie Rai
M.Tech
Department of Electronics and Communication
Babu Banarasi Das University
Lucknow, India shailierai11@gmail.com Ashutosh Rastogi
Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics and Communication
Babu Banarasi Das University
Lucknow, India ashutoshrastogi1984@gmail.com Abstract–A unique Region–Based Enhanced Threshold Sensitive Stable Election Protocol
(RBETSSEP) is proposed in this paper for the rise in stability period and to enhance the lifespan of the heterogeneous wireless sensor networks
(HWSNs). It provides the improvement in ETSSEP protocol by dividing the sensing area into nine regions and these are dedicated to the different ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Across the different field of applications, several routing protocols have been proposed to achieve enhanced network lifetime via energy efficient
transmission [5]. The main cause for the energy depletion in batteries in WSN is the communication required to transmit and receive data to other
nodes. Mostly the energy consumption in the network is due to transmission and reception activities. However, the energy consumed for the processing
operation is less important than the energy used for communication [6].
The wireless sensor networks mainly comprise stationary and mobile sensors that are deployed randomly inside the network and they collect data from
the surroundings via wireless communication links [7, 8].
Single–hop or multi–hop protocols are used to further transmit collected data to one or more base stations or sink [9]. An enormous amount of
structured and unstructured data known as big data is generated rapidly that requires a flexible and reliable storage infrastructure [10]. Sensor nodes
transfer the obtained useful information from a defined network either directly or via a chain of CHs to the BS [11]. In designing a routing protocol
for WSN the main concern is the energy efficiency [12]. Thus, energy depletion of one node may vary from other, i.e., nodes near the BS or sink have
more energy depletion than the other nodes. This results in the creation of energy holes near the sink [13].
Further transmission of data towards the sink is not

Essay about IT530 Assignment-Unit 6
Running head: IT530 ASSIGNMENT UNIT 6
IT530 Assignment–Unit 6
No Name
Kaplan University
Prof: Jeffrey Robinson
03/15/2014
IT530 Assignment–Unit 6
Introduction
Wireless Security
The concepts of wireless network security consist of commitment of cyber security and maintaining security based on the latest development and
exploits against the network K.W. Ross, J. K. (2012). Wireless Network Security is based on the principles of cryptography, message integrity,
authentication, securing e–mails, securing TCP connections: SSL, securing Network layer: IPsec, securing wirelsess: LANs, securing the operational
security structure, such as the firewalls and the IDS K.W. Ross, J. K. (2012). This security... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Network security revolves around confidentiality, authentication, message integrity, and access availability.
The vulnerabilities of wireless networking may involve the attack of web browsers, on–line banking, DNS servers, and routers exchanging routing table
updates, purchases, transactions or stolen personal data. The lack of security with a wireless system may result in denial of service, hijacking, fake
impersonation, or eavesdropping for interception of messages through cyber–crimes. Each communicating user should select the language of
cryptography, agree and share the symmetric key. The best security practices includes firewalls, intrusion detection systems, secured and updated
applications, transport, configured properly working network, and link layers.
Questions/Answers
Assignment Instructions:
1. Consider your own use of wireless networks; do you use a smartphone or a tablet?
Answer: I use an IPAD Air, a smartphone, wired/wireless desktop, and a Laptop.
2. Do your methods of securing your handheld devices differ from any methods that you may use when connecting wirelessly with a computer?

Answer: The method for securing my smartphone and my IPAD Air is much different from my Desktop and Laptop. Do you use awireless network at
your workplace?
Answer: No, my company does not allow wireless systems, not even with the telephone.
If so, what methods are used in your workplace for securing the wireless "cloud"? Would you suggest

Wireless Network Design
Wireless Network Design Information technologies provide opportunities for improved and more flexible working methods in a small business office.
In particular, the provision of wireless broadband network infrastructure is an important element in business premise. It supports applications that
require the exchange of complex large documents. It is convenient for integration of many business–to–customer and business–to–business services.
Network Architecture and Internet Access Configuration Due to regularity and widespread vendor adoption, it is recommended to use technical option
to establish a secured wireless broadband network. This will support delivery of online services and cloud computing applications with minimal
complexity and associated client cost. With this intent, it is important that the network work seamlessly with standard 802.11n (Wi–Fi) clients (Comer,
2000). Bus network architectures seem to provide the best solution for small scale wireless broadband networks. If a bus architecture solution is not
provided, other architectures can be presented as opposed to bus architecture. Bus functions as a shared communication medium that devices attach or
tap into with an interface connector. A device communicates with another device on the network by sending a broadcast message onto the wireless
access point that all other devices see. Additionally, only the intended recipient actually accepts and processes the message. It assists in the
development of

Energy Efficient Cluster Formation Techniques
Energy–Efficient Cluster Formation Techniques: A Survey
Jigisha M. Patel
Department of Computer Engineering C.G.P.I.T, Uka Tarsadia University Bardoli, India pateljigisha884@gmail.com Mr. Achyut Sakadasariya
Department of Computer Engineering C.G.P.I.T, Uka Tarsadia University
Bardoli, India achyut.sakadasariya@utu.ac.in Abstract–In wireless sensor network (WSN), many novel architectures, protocols, algorithms and
applications have been proposed and implemented for energy efficiency. The efficiency of these networks is highly dependent on routing protocols
which directly affecting the network life–time. Cluster formation in sensor network is one of the most popular technique for reducing the energy
consumption and expand the lifetime of the sensor network. There are various cluster formation techniques used in wireless sensor network. In which,
Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is simple and efficient optimization algorithm, which is used to form the energy efficient clusters with optimal
selection of cluster head. The comparison is made with the well–known cluster based protocols developed for WSN, LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive
Clustering Hierarchy) and LEACH–C as well as the traditional K–means clustering algorithm. A comparative analysis shown in the paper and come to
the conclusion based on some parameters.
Keywords– wireless sensor network; energy efficient clusters; LEACH; LEACH–C; K–Means; particle swarm optimization, pso
I.INTRODUCTION A Wireless

Wireless Network Method Using Smart Grid Communications
WIRELESS NETWORK METHOD USING IN SMART GRID COMMUNICATIONS
Ehsan Dolatshahi
Independent Study
April 22, 2015
Introduction
The old generation of electrical power grid has taken care of our needs in the past. However, as our world progress technologically, so do the
expectations from different infrastructures around us. Smart grid is an initiative to completely restructure the electrical power grid to meet the current
and future requirements of its clients. Upgrading our electrical power grid could bring novel security vulnerabilities into the system. Thus, security is
one of the key parts in smart grid technology. Smart grid technology also puts more reliability demands on WAN (wide area network) infrastructures. [1]
A smart grid is an intelligent electricity network that integrates the actions of all users connected to it and makes use of innovative information, control,
and communication technologies to save energy, cut cost, and raise reliability and transparency. The smart grid is an upgrade to the current electrical
power structure. Meaning, on top of the functionality of our existing power system, it has upgraded with some novel specifications. These new features
adds more vulnerability to the system. [2]
Smart grid is mainly composed of six basic systems: power generation system, distribution system, transmission network, data management and
processing system, smart metering system, and customer information system. The network architecture of smart grid

Network Administrator Has Higher Level Of Control
LAN stands for Local Area Network. It is a type of network that covers a greater distance and it interconnects computers and devices either wired or
wireless. LAN is mainly used in private organisations such as college or university. More or less everyone uses wireless router at home these days and
the user is able to connect between 5–10 devices wirelessly. The user can share the broadband or the connection with ADSL by using Ethernet cables.
Smaller LANs can connect at least 2–3 computers using one cable. It also depends on the size of the organisation. Smaller LANs are easier to
manage. The users need to be careful when using larger LANs and need to make sure that the network within it is transmitted efficiently. The user
can increase the number of computers connected by using routers and switches. This ensures that the network administrator has higher level of
control over the network. IEEE 802.3 is the wired Ethernet used by LAN and therefore it is related to LAN. The set up cost for LAN is relatively
cheap. WAN stands for Wide Area Network. It is a type of network that interconnects the LANs meaning it connects the LANs together over large
distance. WAN is used in school or college or in a joint network academy (Super Janet). WANs can be both public and private. Frame replay is one
type of technology used by WAN. Frame relay is a standardised packet based protocol that is used for high speed data transmission to connect devices
by WAN. MPLS stands for Multiprotocol

Wireless Sensor Networks ( Wsn )
Introduction
With the recent technological advancements in smaller sensor devices with ubiquitous sensing and monitoring capabilities, Wireless Sensor Networks
(WSN) are evolving as one of the most significant technologies of 21st century (Ruiz–Garcia, Lunadei, Barreiro, & Robla, 2009). Though wired
networks provide more stable and reliable communication, wireless networking does provide more advantages with connectivity without being
tethered. WSN with dense wireless networks of small, low cost sensors for collecting and disseminating environment data has facilitated connecting,
monitoring and controlling of physical environments and environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, pressure from remote locations with
better accuracy which are not possible with wired networks (Potnis & Rajeshwari, 2015). Moreover, with the unique characteristics of flexibility,
energy efficiency, distributed intelligence, low cost and most importantly with very good sensing and monitoring capabilities, WSNs are serving wide
range of applications in various fields including remote environmental monitoring, home security, industry applications, military purposes such as target
tracking by preparing and providing a ubiquitous computing environment (Ruiz–Garcia et al., 2009).
In this paper, I will mainly focus on analyzing and evaluating the current Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). This paper starts with an overview on
fundamentals of WSNs, by providing necessary background to understand

Secure Data Aggregation Of Wireless Sensor Networks
Secure data aggregation in wireless sensor networks: A comprehensive overview
Abstract:
Wireless sensor networks frequently consists of a huge number of less expensive radar networks that rigorously partial detecting,computation and
communique abilities.due to source regulated radar nodules,this one is essential to diminish the extent of data broadcast so that the normal radar life
span and the global bandwidth operation exist upgraded.data transmission in the network.As wireless sensor systems are frequently arranged in distinct
and unfriendly locations to transfer complex data,radar nodules are disposed to node conciliation doses and safety problems like data combination
protocol,need to be considered with safety in notice.this sheet examines the connection among safety and data combination procedure in wireless node
systems.a classification of protected data combination protocol 's is agreed by plotting the present "state–of–the–art" effort in this part.In
count,centered on the current investigation ,the uncluttered investigation zones and upcoming investigation commands in protected data combination
perception stay provided.
Introduction:
With proceed in technology,these sensor networks collected of little and price efficient sense devices set among wireless broadcasting transceiver for
atmosphere monitor have turn into reasonable. The key benefit of using these little devices to examine the surroundings is that it does not require
communications such as electric

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