What Is Routing Overhead Of The Network

What Is Routing Overhead Of The Network
PDR for proposed EEHM is maximal than other technique in WSN network. Maximum PDR value
for proposed approach is 0.98. Here EARC algorithm provides almost similar characteristics as of
EEHM whose PDR value is 0.96. Whereas the others existing techniques values are 0.4, 0.47 and
0.58 respectively. e. Routing Overhead of the Network Fig 7. Comparison of routing overhead
Figure 7 demonstrates the performance comparison plot for the routing overhead in the WSN for the
proposed approach. Through the simulation graph, it is clearly observed that proposed EEHM
provide effective routing overhead than other existing algorithms. Also, it is identified that EEHM
algorithm also provides almost similar characteristics as of EEHM algorithm. Other ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The miss ratio is also minimized through an efficient buffer partition and management. In our future
study, the proposed protocol needs to be modified and tested to adopt the real–time dynamic
environment. The protocol needs to be tested for real–time WSN applications that require diverse
reliability required in the sensing field. 7– REFERENCES [1] Arbi, I. B., Derbel, F., & Strakosch, F.
(2017, May). Forecasting methods to reduce energy consumption in WSN. In Instrumentation and
Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC), 2017 IEEE International (pp. 1–6). IEEE. [2]
Kułakowski, P., Calle, E., & Marzo, J. L. (2013). Performance study of wireless sensor and actuator
networks in forest fire scenarios. International journal of communication systems, 26(4), 515–529.
[3] Zhang, H., Zheng, M., Li, J., Yu, H., & Zeng, P. (2010, June). Redundancy control for
reliability–lifetime tradeoff in energy harvesting wireless sensor networks. In Computer Design and
Applications (ICCDA), 2010 International Conference on (Vol. 2, pp. V2–539). IEEE. [4] Bakr, B.
A., & Lilien, L. (2011, May). LEACH–SM: A protocol for extending wireless sensor network
lifetime by management of spare nodes. In Modeling and Optimization in Mobile, Ad Hoc and
Wireless Networks (WiOpt), 2011 International Symposium on (pp. 375–375). IEEE. [5] Hadim, S.,
& Mohamed, N. (2006). Middleware: Middleware
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Introduction And Definitions Of Internet Usage
CHAPTER –1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction and Definitions
Internet usage has skyrocketed in the last decade, propelled by web and multimedia applications.
While the predominant way to access the Internet is still cable or fiber, an increasing number of
users now demand mobile, ubiquitous access whether they are at home at work or on the move. For
instance, they want to compare prices on the web while shopping at the local department store,
access Internet "navigation" aids from their car, read e–mail while riding a bus or hold a project
review while at the local coffee shop or in the airport lounge. The concept of wireless, mobile
Internet is not new. When the packet switching technology, the fabric of the Internet, was introduced
with the ARPANET in 1969, the Department of Defense immediately understood the potential of a
packet switched radio technology to interconnect mobile nodes in the battlefield. Consequently, the
ad hoc protocols must self–configure to adjust to environment, traffic and mission changes. What
emerges from these characteristics if the vision of an extremely flexible, malleable and yet robust
and formidable network architecture. Because of its mobile, non–infrastructure nature, the ad hoc
network poses new design requirements. The first is self–configuration (of addresses and routing) in
the expression of mobility. At the function level, ad hoc network users typically communicate and
collaborate as teams. These applications thus require efficient group

1. 2 IEEE 802. 15. 4 : Lab Analysis
2.3.2 IEEE 802.15.4 IEEE 802.15.4 is the mostly used IoT standard for MAC. It has Source &
Destination address for communicating. In a word it follows frame format. Its specific MAC
features can be: Slot frame Structure, Scheduling, Synchronization, Channel Hopping, Network
formation. 2.3.3 IEEE 802.11 AH IEEE 802.11ah is a light version. Its applicable for low–energy.
For Laptop, smart mobile, smart Television and other digital devices using IEEE 802.11.AH. The
basic 802.11ah MAC layer features include: Synchronization Frame, Efficient Bidirectional Packet
Exchange, Short Mac Frame, Null Data Packet, Increase Sleep Time.2.3. 2.3.4 WirelessHART
WirelessHART is a datalink protocol that operates on the top of IEEE 802.15.4 PHY and adopts ...
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HomePlug suite covers both PHY and MAC layers and has three versions: HomePlug–AV,
HomePlug–AV2, and HomePlugGP. [29] 2.3.10 G.9959 G.9959 is a MAC layer protocol from ITU,
designed for low bandwidth and cost, half–duplex reliable wireless communication. [30] 2.3.11
LTE–A Long–Term Evolution Advanced (LTE–A) is a set of standards designed to fit M2M
communication and IoT applications in cellular networks. LTE–A uses OFDMA (Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiple Access) as a MAC layer access technology, which divides the
frequency into multiple bands and each one can be used separately. The architecture of LTE–A
consists of a core network (CN), a radio access network (RAN), and the mobile nodes. [31] Figure:
LTE–AArchitecture The CN is responsible for controlling mobile devices and to keep track of their
IPs. RAN is responsible for establishing the control and data planes and handling the wireless
connectivity and radio–access control. RAN and CN communicate using S1 link where RAN
consists of the eNB (E–UTRAN Node B)'s to which other mobile nodes are connected wirelessly.
2.3.12 LoRaWAN LoRaWAN is a newly arising wireless technology designed for low–power WAN
networks with low cost, mobility, security, and bi– directional communication for IoT applications.
[32] 2.3.13 Weightless Weightless is another wireless WAN technology for IoT applications
designed by the Weightless Special Interest Group (SIG) [33]

nt1210 Essay
Roman Katoliko
NT1210
CHAPTER 3: Building TCP/IP Networks
Lab 3.1: Network Reference Models
Ex 3.1.1
What would happen if wireless devices were not governed by the Wi–Fi Alliance and each vendor
had its own standards and protocol? What impact would this have on your personal life or business
communications?
If each vendor had their own standards and protocols, we would have a harder time making devices
that we use every day to inter–operate. Imagine buying specific BRAND of ROUTER for a
SPECIFIC computer just to use the internet; so if you have a Sony computer you would also need a
Sony wireless router to connect to the internet via provided Sony made routers. We would to have
multiple routers depending on the devices we own ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It provides the hardware means of sending and receiving data on a carrier, including defining cables,
cards and physical aspects.
2. DATA LINK (Layer2) – divided into 2 sub layers: MAC, which controls how a computer on the
network gains access to the data and permission to transmit it, and LLC which controls frame
synchronization. At this layer, data packets are encoded and decoded into bits. It furnishes
transmission protocol knowledge and management and handles errors in the physical layer, flow
control and frame synchronization.
3. NETWORK (layer 3) – Provides switching and routing technologies, creating logical paths,
known as virtual circuits, for transmitting data from node to node.
4. TRANSPORT (layer 4) – provides transparent transfer of data between end systems, or hosts, and
is responsible for end–to–end error recovery and flow control.
5. SESSION (layer 5) – this layer establishes, managers and terminates connections between
applications
6. PRESENTATION (layer 6) – this layer provides independence from differences in data
representation. E.g. encryption.
7. APPLICATION (layer 7) – This layer supports application and end–user process.
Ex 3.2.2
Ex 3.2.3
Briefly explain the deencapsulation steps in the communication from host B receiving a message
from Host A destined for an active application.
A. Converts data to bits for transmission
B. Packages the data for end to end transport

C. Adds the data–link header and trailer
D.

Internet Of Things : Challenges And Security
Internet of Things: Challenges and Security
Srikant Reddy Duvvuru
Department of Computer Engineering San Jose State University
San Jose, CA–95112
Abstract –– Internet of Things is rapidly gaining popularity in the recent days. The availability of
different variety of sensors and wireless technologies is responsible for the existence of the Internet
of Things. The Internet of things finds a large number of applications in numerous fields such as
Energy sector, Healthcare, Transportation, Business field and Agriculture. This paper mainly
concentrates on the challenges and security issues of the Internet of things. In addition to that the
paper provides solutions to these issues with the help of a construction of secure IoT ... Show more
Apart from wireless sensors and RFID's there is also a need to recognize each and every object
uniquely, which requires a large pool of IP Addresses, so undoubtedly IPv6 is the best choice. Cloud
computing is one of the emerging technologies which can give IoT a new dimension promising
proper storage, management and processing of the data.
According to Forrester in [2] "IoT uses information and communications technologies to make the
critical infrastructure components and services of a city administration, education, healthcare, public
safety, real estate, transportation and utilities more aware, interactive and efficient". It has the
capability to bring down the cost of all the major sectors like Healthcare, Transportation, Energy,
Education and Real State.
Security is one of the major concerns of the internet of things. As billions of objects will be
connected to it in the future. There has been an ever increasing need to address the security issues
related to the IoT. The data transmission across the networks need to be monitored and protected
from thefts and unauthorized malicious attacks. Different types of protocols and security measures
are available in the existing internet scenario but most of them have limited applicability in the
domain of IoT. Fig: 1 Survey of obstacles on IoT development.
According to the survey conducted by VDC Research as shown in fig 1,

Energy Efficient Cluster Formation Techniques
Energy–Efficient Cluster Formation Techniques: A Survey
Jigisha M. Patel
Department of Computer Engineering C.G.P.I.T, Uka Tarsadia University Bardoli, India
pateljigisha884@gmail.com Mr. Achyut Sakadasariya
Department of Computer Engineering C.G.P.I.T, Uka Tarsadia University
Bardoli, India achyut.sakadasariya@utu.ac.in Abstract–In wireless sensor network (WSN), many
novel architectures, protocols, algorithms and applications have been proposed and implemented for
energy efficiency. The efficiency of these networks is highly dependent on routing protocols which
directly affecting the network life–time. Cluster formation in sensor network is one of the most
popular technique for reducing the energy consumption and expand the lifetime of the sensor
network. There are various cluster formation techniques used in wireless sensor network. In which,
Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is simple and efficient optimization algorithm, which is used to
form the energy efficient clusters with optimal selection of cluster head. The comparison is made
with the well–known cluster based protocols developed for WSN, LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive
Clustering Hierarchy) and LEACH–C as well as the traditional K–means clustering algorithm. A
comparative analysis shown in the paper and come to the conclusion based on some parameters.
Keywords– wireless sensor network; energy efficient clusters; LEACH; LEACH–C; K–Means;
particle swarm optimization, pso
I. INTRODUCTION A Wireless

Reliability Of Energy Efficient Cluster Based Routing...
Reliability of Energy Efficient Cluster–Based Routing Protocol for
Wireless Sensor Networks Thottikat, Vishnu K 012629108 Gudapati Supriya 012627938
Vishnu.thottikat@yahoo.com Supriya.gudapati@yahoo.com
Electrical Engineering Department
College of Engineering, California State University Long Beach
Long Beach, United States
Abstract – Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) comprises of several tiny, low–cost, resource
constrained sensor nodes. These nodes are placed in harsh environments and generally are used for
air pollution monitoring, water quality monitoring, industrial monitoring, health monitoring and
more. Routing is difficult in such surroundings primarily due to the unique constraints the wireless
sensor networks suffer from. Wireless sensor network is highly dynamic, making existing routing
protocols ineffective. This paper concentrates on energy efficiency of the protocols. Both the
protocol presented are hierarchical and cluster based. Both have sensor nodes and a base station
(BS). The BS selects the Cluster Heads (CH) among themselves. CH is the elected sensor node
which passes on the sensor data collected by sensor nodes of its cluster to either BS or other CH. All
candidate nodes for becoming CH are listed, based on the various factors like relative distance of the
candidate node from the Base Station, outstanding energy level, possible number of neighboring
sensor nodes the

Wireless Network Design
Wireless Network Design Information technologies provide opportunities for improved and more
flexible working methods in a small business office. In particular, the provision of wireless
broadband network infrastructure is an important element in business premise. It supports
applications that require the exchange of complex large documents. It is convenient for integration
of many business–to–customer and business–to–business services. Network Architecture and
Internet Access Configuration Due to regularity and widespread vendor adoption, it is recommended
to use technical option to establish a secured wireless broadband network. This will support delivery
of online services and cloud computing applications with minimal complexity and associated client
cost. With this intent, it is important that the network work seamlessly with standard 802.11n (Wi–
Fi) clients (Comer, 2000). Bus network architectures seem to provide the best solution for small
scale wireless broadband networks. If a bus architecture solution is not provided, other architectures
can be presented as opposed to bus architecture. Bus functions as a shared communication medium
that devices attach or tap into with an interface connector. A device communicates with another
device on the network by sending a broadcast message onto the wireless access point that all other
devices see. Additionally, only the intended recipient actually accepts and processes the message. It
assists in the development of

Essay about IT530 Assignment-Unit 6
Running head: IT530 ASSIGNMENT UNIT 6
IT530 Assignment–Unit 6
No Name
Kaplan University
Prof: Jeffrey Robinson
03/15/2014
IT530 Assignment–Unit 6
Introduction
Wireless Security
The concepts of wireless network security consist of commitment of cyber security and maintaining
security based on the latest development and exploits against the network K.W. Ross, J. K. (2012).
Wireless Network Security is based on the principles of cryptography, message integrity,
authentication, securing e–mails, securing TCP connections: SSL, securing Network layer: IPsec,
securing wirelsess: LANs, securing the operational security structure, such as the firewalls and the
IDS K.W. Ross, J. K. (2012). This security ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Network security revolves around confidentiality, authentication, message integrity, and access
availability.
The vulnerabilities of wireless networking may involve the attack of web browsers, on–line
banking, DNS servers, and routers exchanging routing table updates, purchases, transactions or
stolen personal data. The lack of security with a wireless system may result in denial of service,
hijacking, fake impersonation, or eavesdropping for interception of messages through cyber–crimes.
Each communicating user should select the language of cryptography, agree and share the
symmetric key. The best security practices includes firewalls, intrusion detection systems, secured
and updated applications, transport, configured properly working network, and link layers.
Questions/Answers
Assignment Instructions:
1. Consider your own use of wireless networks; do you use a smartphone or a tablet?
Answer: I use an IPAD Air, a smartphone, wired/wireless desktop, and a Laptop.
2. Do your methods of securing your handheld devices differ from any methods that you may use
when connecting wirelessly with a computer?
Answer: The method for securing my smartphone and my IPAD Air is much different from my
Desktop and Laptop. Do you use a wireless network at your workplace?

Answer: No, my company does not allow wireless systems, not even with the telephone.
If so, what methods are used in your workplace for securing the wireless "cloud"? Would you
suggest

Importance Of Region-Based Threshold Threshold Sensitive...
Region–Based Enhanced Threshold Sensitive Stable Election Protocol
Shailie Rai
M.Tech
Department of Electronics and Communication
Babu Banarasi Das University
Lucknow, India shailierai11@gmail.com Ashutosh Rastogi
Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics and Communication
Babu Banarasi Das University
Lucknow, India ashutoshrastogi1984@gmail.com Abstract–A unique Region–Based Enhanced
Threshold Sensitive Stable Election Protocol (RBETSSEP) is proposed in this paper for the rise in
stability period and to enhance the lifespan of the heterogeneous wireless sensor networks
(HWSNs). It provides the improvement in ETSSEP protocol by dividing the sensing area into nine
regions and these are dedicated to the different ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Across the different field of applications, several routing protocols have been proposed to achieve
enhanced network lifetime via energy efficient transmission [5]. The main cause for the energy
depletion in batteries in WSN is the communication required to transmit and receive data to other
nodes. Mostly the energy consumption in the network is due to transmission and reception activities.
However, the energy consumed for the processing operation is less important than the energy used
for communication [6].
The wireless sensor networks mainly comprise stationary and mobile sensors that are deployed
randomly inside the network and they collect data from the surroundings via wireless
communication links [7, 8].
Single–hop or multi–hop protocols are used to further transmit collected data to one or more base
stations or sink [9]. An enormous amount of structured and unstructured data known as big data is
generated rapidly that requires a flexible and reliable storage infrastructure [10]. Sensor nodes
transfer the obtained useful information from a defined network either directly or via a chain of CHs
to the BS [11]. In designing a routing protocol for WSN the main concern is the energy efficiency
[12]. Thus, energy depletion of one node may vary from other, i.e., nodes near the BS or sink have
more energy depletion than the other nodes. This results in the creation of energy holes near the sink
[13].
Further transmission of data towards the sink is not

Secure Data Aggregation Of Wireless Sensor Networks
Secure data aggregation in wireless sensor networks: A comprehensive overview
Abstract:
Wireless sensor networks frequently consists of a huge number of less expensive radar networks that
rigorously partial detecting,computation and communique abilities.due to source regulated radar
nodules,this one is essential to diminish the extent of data broadcast so that the normal radar life
span and the global bandwidth operation exist upgraded.data transmission in the network.As
wireless sensor systems are frequently arranged in distinct and unfriendly locations to transfer
complex data,radar nodules are disposed to node conciliation doses and safety problems like data
combination protocol,need to be considered with safety in notice.this sheet examines the connection
among safety and data combination procedure in wireless node systems.a classification of protected
data combination protocol 's is agreed by plotting the present "state–of–the–art" effort in this part.In
count,centered on the current investigation ,the uncluttered investigation zones and upcoming
investigation commands in protected data combination perception stay provided.
Introduction:
With proceed in technology,these sensor networks collected of little and price efficient sense devices
set among wireless broadcasting transceiver for atmosphere monitor have turn into reasonable. The
key benefit of using these little devices to examine the surroundings is that it does not require
communications such as electric

Ad Hoc Network : An Overview
AD HOC NETWORK: AN OVERVIEW
Mehak Saini,14116041
Dept. of Electronics and Communication, IIT Roorkee
Abstract
Recent trends in compact computing and wireless technologies are expansion of ad hoc network. Ad
hoc network consists of versatile flat forms which are free to move expeditiously. Ad hoc networks
are multi–hop network that use wireless communication for transmission without any fixed
infrastructure. The networks are form and deform on–the–fly without the need for any system. Ad
hoc structure does not require an access point, it is easy to setup, especially in a small or temporary
network. Each node in the network forwards the packet without the need of central administration.
In ad hoc network, node acts as a router to send and receive the data. An advantage of the system is
robustness, flexibility and mobility. Ad hoc network are capable for analyzing radio propagation
environment to optimize the performance. This typically requires that the network node have
positioning capability as well as memory to recall geographical local condition. An ad hoc network
typically refers to any set of network where all devices have equal status on a network and are free
to associate with any other ad hoc network device in link range. Ad hoc network often refers to a
mode of operation of IEEE 802.11 wireless networks. This review is focused on the applications,
advantages and challenges of ad hoc networks.
Introduction
Ad Hoc network is an autonomous system node

Essay Wireless Technology
IEEE 802.15.4: a wireless communication technology for large–scale ubiquitous computing
applications
Anis Koubâa, Mario Alves, Eduardo Tovar
PP–HURRAY! Research Group, Polytechnic Institute of Porto Rua Dr. Antonio Bernardino de
Almeida, 431, 4200–072 Porto, PORTUGAL {akoubaa, emt}@dei.isep.ipp.pt, mjf@isep.ipp.pt
Abstract. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been attracting increasing interest for supporting
a new generation of ubiquitous computing systems with great potential for many applications such
as surveillance, environmental monitoring, health care monitoring or home automation. However,
the communication paradigms in WSNs differ from the ones associated to traditional wireless
networks, triggering the need for new ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Additionally, the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol may also provide timeliness guarantees by using the
Guaranteed–Time Slot (GTS) mechanism, which is quite attractive for time–sensitive WSNs. In
fact, when operating in beacon–enabled mode, i.e. beacon frames are transmitted periodically by a
central node called the PAN Coordinator for synchronizing the network, the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol
allows the allocation/deallocation of GTSs in a superframe for applications with real–time
constraints. Hence, the GTS mechanism provides a minimum service guarantee for the
corresponding nodes, thus enabling the prediction of the worst–case performance for each node's
application. In this paper, we describe the most important features of the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol
that are relevant for WSNs and we discuss the ability of this protocol to fulfill the different
requirements of WSNs and to resolve inherent paradoxes involving power–efficiency and timeliness
guarantees.
2. Overview of the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol
2.1. Physical Layer (PHY) IEEE 802.15.4 offers three operational frequency bands: 2.4 GHz, 915
MHz and 868 MHz. There is a single channel between 868 and 868.6 MHz, 10 channels between
902 and 928 MHz, and 16 channels between 2.4 and 2.4835 GHz. The data rates are 250 kbps at 2.4
GHz, 40 kbps at 915 MHZ and 20 kbps at 868 MHz. Lower frequencies are more suitable for longer
transmission ranges due to lower propagation losses. However, the advantage of high data

Mobile Technology : A Technological Advancement
Austin Fu7
Ms. Hadded
EE
6 December, 2013
App Development
Intro
The twenty first century is filled with fast growing technological advancement, and as some liked to
call it, a mobile technology age. The diversity of mobile technology has increased dynamically in
just a few years, which left only a handful of people that truly understand the profits and the value of
the uprising mobile technology. Many have taken the advancement for granted and lack the effort to
pursue knowledge of the mobile industry. Teens, or even children own a handheld device with
functionalities exceed much further than needed. Business men or women are experiencing the same
problem with teens and children. People had been merely tricked by the superficial information
through advertisements provided by the mobile companies. There have been only a few that grew an
interest for the origin of application software, but the numbers of people have increased slowly.
Those interested for a deeper understanding of app development wonder the extent of the methods
of app developments, the market value, and the difference between different platforms.
History/ Background
The first handheld mobile device was first marketed in 1983, and it was called Motorola DynaTac
8000X. The mobile device has a dimension of 13x1.75x3.5, and weighed 2.5 pounds (Clark, John
F.).The functionality of the Motorola DynaTac 8000X had a fairly low efficiency compared to our
recent mobile handheld devices such as the Samsung

Type Of Networks What It Is? How It Works?
Assignment 10.1
Type pf networks
Type of networks What it is? How it works?
Local area network Local area network is a group of desktop computers linked through a network
that are all located at a single business site. The LANS can have more than 100 users. Users can use
printing and other kind of services needed through applications run on the lan server. Can be used as
web server. It can also be shared to others at the same lan.
Metropolitan area network Metropolitan area network is a high speed network designed to link
together sites within a city. The metropolitan area network usually interconnects a number of local
area network using a high capacity backbone technology such a fiber optitical links and also
provides up link ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Data is sent from one node to another simultaneously to all other nodes in the work
Mesh network Mesh network is where not all the nodes are linked together. All nodes cooperate in
the distribution of data in the network. Designers of mesh networks can employ a flooding technique
or a routing technique.
Star network A local area network where all the every node are connected to a common central
computer. Has one machine at its centre whose operation controls the whole networks
Tree network A combination of two or more start networks that are connected together. Each star
network is a local network in which there is a central computer or server to which all workstations
nodes are directly linked.
Network components
Network components What it is? How it works? image servers Servers are computer that hold share
files, programs and the network operating system. Servers provide access to network resources to all
the users of the network workstation They 're simply personal computers attached to a local area
network Each workstation has its own cable to the server.no workstation can interact with another
without going through the server.
Network card Each computer in a network has a special expansion card called a network interface
card. sends data, receives data, and controls data flow

Network Administrator Has Higher Level Of Control
LAN stands for Local Area Network. It is a type of network that covers a greater distance and it
interconnects computers and devices either wired or wireless. LAN is mainly used in private
organisations such as college or university. More or less everyone uses wireless router at home these
days and the user is able to connect between 5–10 devices wirelessly. The user can share the
broadband or the connection with ADSL by using Ethernet cables. Smaller LANs can connect at
least 2–3 computers using one cable. It also depends on the size of the organisation. Smaller LANs
are easier to manage. The users need to be careful when using larger LANs and need to make sure
that the network within it is transmitted efficiently. The user can increase the number of computers
connected by using routers and switches. This ensures that the network administrator has higher
level of control over the network. IEEE 802.3 is the wired Ethernet used by LAN and therefore it is
related to LAN. The set up cost for LAN is relatively cheap. WAN stands for Wide Area Network. It
is a type of network that interconnects the LANs meaning it connects the LANs together over large
distance. WAN is used in school or college or in a joint network academy (Super Janet). WANs can
be both public and private. Frame replay is one type of technology used by WAN. Frame relay is a
standardised packet based protocol that is used for high speed data transmission to connect devices
by WAN. MPLS stands for Multiprotocol

How Lan Can Use A Specific Lan For Essay
Describe what the user will mainly use a specific LAN for: LAN is a local–area network which
covers a relatively small area. Most LAN's are restricted to a single building or groups of buildings.
One LAN can be connected to other LANs for any distance through telephone lines and radio
waves. LAN connects the computer hardware in a localized area for example in an office or home.
Furthermore, LANs use wired connections to link the computers to each other and to a variety of
peripheral devices such as printers. Devices that are connected to a LAN enable the access of data
from any machine that is connected to the network. LAN users can communicate with each other by
chat or email. Compare and contrast the characteristics and the purposes of peer to peer LANs and
client/server LANs. On a Client/server network, every computer has a different role; for example a
client or a server. A server has been designed to distribute its resources within the client computers
on the network. Servers are located in prohibited areas such as closet, separate room (server room)
because they consist the most valuable data of an organisation. The servers do not have to be
accessed by the operators on a continuous basis. The other computers of the organisation work as a
client as shown below. Although every device on a LAN is connected to every other device, they do
not communicate necessarily with each other. There are two common types of LANs, based on the
communication patterns between

The For Seed Germination Are Carried Out Under Controlled...
INTRODUCTION
The seed biology is known to be the most important stream of plant science. Various experiments for
seed germination are carried out under controlled environment. Researchers have experienced a
need to maintain and monitor the relative humidity, temperature, water content of seeds kept in
closed containers. There exist some practices of using the super saturated solutions made by
different chemicals to maintain the desired conditions for effective seed germination and growth.
wireless remote monitoring system that can be utilized to precisely monitor and measure the
prerequisite conditions of seedling germination. The rapid development and wide adaptability of
wireless sensor networks in agriculture has increased the quality of the crops produced. Many
researchers have worked on real time monitoring systems. Aimed to design and develop a network
integrated of sensors to manage the agricultural water of sensors to manage the agricultural water.
Now a days WSN(Wireless Sensor Network) ZigBee is one of the most predictive, reliable and
dominant standard. ZigBee model defines the first two layers as physical layer (a) and data–link
layer (b) of OSI model. ZigBee is specified for high level communication protocols using small,
low–power digital radios signals based on IEEE 802 standard for Wireless personal area networks.
ZigBee is a low–cost wireless mesh network standard. The low cost of the ZigBee network enables
the technology to be widely used in

Mobile Adhoc Network ( Manet )
Mobile Adhoc Network(MANET) is a collection of two or more devices or terminals or hosts with
the wireless communication with each other and the exchange of information from the existing
networks.A MANET can be a standalone network or it can be a standalone network or it can be
connected to the external networks.MANET consists of mobile platforms which are free to move. In
this paper, we will focus on the current applications ,challenges and some of the protocols which
provide the connectivity in mobile adhoc networks.The mode of operation of adhoc networks are
basically peer to peer multihop mobile wireless networks where the information packets are
transmitted via the intermediate nodes.The challenges include routing ,service ,billing ... Show more
TYPES of the MANET:– We are having 3 types of the MANET's .They are:–
1. Vehicular Adhoc Network(VANET)
2. Intelligent Vehicular Adhoc Network(INVANET)
3. Internet Based Mobile Adhoc Network(IMANET)
The internet community routing support for mobile hosts is being formulated as mobile IP
technology.The host may be directly physically connected to the fixed network this can be
connected as a wireless link ,dial up line.The host mobility requires address management,protocol
interoperability enhancement to the core network function such as hop by hop routing protocol
operation within the fixed network.The goal of the MANET is to extend mobility into the realm of
autonomous,mobile wireless domain,set of nodes which combine routers and hosts from the network
in adhoc fashion.The new technologies like Bluetooth and the hyperlink are helping to enable the
commercial MANET outside the military operation.The recent growing interest will help more in

Wireless Networks Can Be Broadly Classified Into Three...
Wireless Networks can be broadly classified into three categories: Infrastructure based networks,
Wireless LANs and Ad Hoc Networks. Infrastructure based networks are traditional cellular systems
which require base station infrastructure. Wireless LANs are very flexible within the reception area.
It requires low bandwidth when compared to wired networks. Ad Hoc networks are useful when the
infrastructure is not available, impractical or expensive to build.
In Cellular Wireless, spaces are divided into cells. Each cell consists of base stations which is
responsible to communicate with the hosts in its cell. Hosts moves from one cell to cell to another
and hand off occurs, the new base station takes care of the communication. In Multi–hop wireless,
mobility causes a change of route. Hence it need to traverse multiple links to reach destination. Ad
hoc network is a self– organizing multi hop wireless network, which relies neither on infrastructure
nor on the predetermined connectivity.
Rapid deployment of mobile users will be the need for the next generation wireless communication
systems. A mobile ad–hoc network is a collection of mobile users that communicate over
constrained wireless links with lower bandwidth. Network scenarios which include establishing
dynamic communication for emergency/rescue operations, survivable, efficient, disaster relief
efforts and military networks cannot rely on organized and centralized connectivity. Networks are
known as ad hoc because

Wireless Sensor Network
INDEX
1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Wireless sensors Deployment 2 1.2 Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks
3 1.3 The Physical Architecture of WSANs 3 1.4 Difference between WSNS and WS 4 1.5
Requirement of WSNs 5
2. Wireless Ad–Hoc Network 5
3. Current Issues and solution 6 3.1 Key management issue for future 9
4. Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications of WSNs 10
5. Conclusion 11
6. References 12
List of figures
Figure 1 Working principle of WSNs 1
Figure 1.3 The Physical Architecture of WSANs 4 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For achieving this goal, physical deployment of the nodes and the sample periods are pre–
determined by the scientists. To ensure that data is delivered as expected is the real role of the
network. For achieving this goal it is necessary to reduce the network complexity as much as
possible from the services and its application. It is possible to optimize communication performance
for that application–not for a generic set of users as each node executes a single application. For
achieving this it is necessary to translate them into a set of goals for media access protocol to satisfy
the requirement of wireless sensor network deployment and monitoring application. For WSNs
application, the common goals for a MAC protocol are:
1) Collision Avoidance in effective manner
2) High Data Rate and Efficient Channel Utilization
3) Network protocol should be Reconfigurable
4) Low Power Operation
5) Large number of nodes should be scalable
6) RAM size, Small Code, and Simple Implementation
7) Tolerant to changing RF/Networking conditions.
The B–MAC is proposed to meet these goals, a configurable MAC protocol for WSNs. It is simple
in both for implementation and design. MAC protocol support a wide variety of sensor network
workloads by factoring out some functionality and exposing control to higher services. In contrast to
the classic monolithic MAC protocol this minimalist model of MAC protocol is designed [1].

List Other Types Of Attacks
3.5 Other Types of Attacks Since the inception of IEEE 802.11i in 2004, users and IT administrators
have been able to improve the security of their wireless networks by taking advantage of protocols
like CCMP, which is an algorithm designed to provide authentication and encryption. With CCMP,
wireless networks can be secured with 128–bit AES encryption, provided by the Counter Mode
component of CCMP. The CBC–MAC mode component is what provides the authentication
mechanism. Although the security provided by 802.11i is a significant improvement to 802.11
networks, the security only applies to the data frames and does not provide any security over the
management frames. In an 802.11 network, the data frame is what carries the protocols ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In a nutshell, the OSI model is divided into seven layers that are responsible for moving data up and
down the stack; from the user, all the way down to the physical layer where the cables reside and
then back up again. Each layer uses its own protocols and is responsible for carrying out its assigned
function. These layers include the Application Layer (layer 7), Presentation Layer (layer 6), Session
Layer (layer 5), Transport Layer (layer 4), Network Layer (layer 3), Data Link Layer (layer 2) and
the Physical Layer (layer 1). See Figure 3–3 for illustration of OSI model. Although there are
multiple layers in the OSI model an attacker can choose to exploit, the subsequent section will focus
its attention on the Application Layer, since this layer is most often neglected when it comes to
security. Additionally, it's the most difficult layer to defend. 3.5.1 Application Layer Attacks As you
can see from the image above (Figure 3–3), Layer 7 is the Application Layer; the place where data
both originates and returns. This is also the layer where the user is directly interfacing with an
application, such as a web page. An attack against this layer is generally intended to disrupt certain
components of an application. Thus, Application Layer attacks are also referred to

Wireless Technology Essay
Wireless Technology
Wireless technology is a booming business that is finding far reaching benefits on a global level.
Corporations, schools, homes, and cafes are implementing wireless solutions as individual
organizations and users seek more freedom and constant access. Wireless Fidelity (WiFi) is the
latest buzzword to capture the market in our individual quest for access anywhere at any time. All of
this comes at a price. Security is a major concern moving forward, as well as having too much
access that does not lead to needed personal downtime. In the end what is more valuable, access or
secure access at the right time?
Wireless Technology Overview According to VoiceandData.com (2005), wireless "refers to
communications, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In corporate environments, wireless access is being used to perform all sorts of tasks. Wireless
applications ranging from wireless Wide Area Networks (WAN) to Voice over Internet Protocol
(VoIP) and blackberry's are being used to facilitate constant access to the level of enterprise access.
In today's market, connectivity to and from corporate offices and outbuildings, to hotels and
conferences is an absolute must.
Wireless in my world Wireless, as it applies to my life, consists of a wireless home network that
allows me to sit on the couch and do my homework. The freedom of connecting via a laptop and
sitting on the couch to do homework and browse the internet is exactly the reason that wireless
access continues to grow throughout our homes and businesses. Wireless access has a strong market
base, as is evident by the continued advances and inventions that will continue to make our lives
more convenient. Case in point, I recently purchased a WAP to use for my XBOX, to be able to
connect to XBOX live via my router upstairs. The WAP allows me to connect my XBOX to my
wireless network and play online games. The sheer freedom of movement is what wireless is all
about. I feel I have done a good job of securing my wireless connection but there are those who
would probably not agree with me. Simple settings such as not broadcasting so my neighbors can
see my wireless router to using password enabled

Mobile Wireless Network Essay
Recent progress in mobile wireless network has provided a major impulse towards the development
of self–organized, self–created, and rapidly deployable network architecture referred to as Mobile
Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs). Although the application area of MANETs was initially proposed for
environments of disaster recovery and battle–field communications, the evolution of the Multimedia
Technology and the commercial interest of companies to reach widely civilian applications, have
made Quality of Service in such networks more important.
Many different protocols have been proposed to support Quality of service in MANETs, each based
on different intuitions & assumptions. Current proposals in the literature have attempted to provide
Quality of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A Mobile Ad Hoc network is receiving attention due to several salient characteristics such as:
 Dynamic topologies
 Bandwidth–constrained links
 Energy constrained operation
 Limited physical security.
Therefore the routing protocols for wired networks cannot be directly used for wireless networks.
Some examples of the possible uses of Ad Hoc networking include students using laptop computers
to participate in an interactive lecture, business associates sharing information during a meeting,
soldiers relaying information for situational awareness on the battlefield and emergency disaster
relief personnel coordinating efforts after a hurricane or earthquake. A MANET uses multi–hop
routing instead of a static network infrastructure to provide network connectivity. Several routing
protocols have been proposed for MANETs. Initially, in this work, number of ways of classification
or categorization of existing routing protocols and the survey on the performance comparison of
important protocols such as AODV [2], DSR [3] and DSDV [4] are presented. A number of
researchers have done the performance analysis of Ad Hoc Routing protocols over the years using
different simulators like NS2, Qualnet, Opnet etc. From the survey of QoS Models and Protocols of
the IP network such as IntServ, DiffServ, FQMM (Flexible QoS Model for MANET), RSVP etc., it
is observed that they

Paper On Wireless Sensor Networking
Amandeep Singh1, Sunny Behal et al. [18]: Wireless sensor networks is very important field in
today's technology and one may concern about the life time of sensors as they have no facility to
change the battery of those sensors inside the field. Wireless Sensor Networks are prone to node
failure due to power loss. In order to provide reliable service through the network, the network
should be self–adjusting and must have adaptable properties as required from time to time. Here in
this research we have proposed a new algorithm which is capable of not only to do optimize routing
even with that it has the benefit to overcome through pits creating problem around the sink. In this
research, we have investigated the impact of sink mobility on ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The collection of sensor nodes by enabling cooperation, coordination and collaboration among
sensor nodes is formed Wireless Sensor Network (WSN); the WSN consists of multiple autonomous
nodes with a base station.
.
I.F. Akyildiz et al. [21] performed a survey on WSNs in 2002. Previous works concentrate wired
sensor network concepts and architecture. But, this paper described the concept of Wireless sensor
networks which has been made viable by the convergence of MEMS Technology, wireless
communications and digital electronics. Then, the communication architecture for sensor networks
is outlined, and the algorithms and protocols developed for each layer in the literature are explored.
In the future, this wide range of application areas will make sensor networks an integral part of our
lives. F. L. Lewis et al. [22] conducted a review on wireless sensor networks in 2004. This paper
performed a review on wireless sensor network technologies, protocols and applications. In future,
conduct a review based on wireless sensor network routing techniques, power consumption
techniques, IEEE standards and MAC protocols.
Jennifer Yick et al. [23] performed a survey on wireless sensor network in 2008. The goal of survey
is to present a comprehensive review of the recent literature since the publication of [I.F. Akyildiz et
al., A survey on sensor networks, IEEE Communications Magazine, 2002]. This paper summarized
and compared different proposed designs,

Bluetooth Vs. Bluetooth Essay
1.2 Bluetooth application
Bluetooth is designed to operate in an environment of many users. Up to eight devices can
communicate in a
small network called a piconet. Ten of these piconets can coexist in the same coverage range of the
Bluetooth
radio. To provide security, each link is encoded and protected against eavesdropping and
interference.
Bluetooth provides support for three general application areas using short–range wireless
connectivity:
 Data and voice access points. Bluetooth facilitates real–time voice and data transmissions by
providing
effortless wireless connection of portable and stationary communications devices.
 Cable replacement. Bluetooth eliminates the need for numerous, often proprietary cable
attachments for
connection of practically any kind of communications device. Connections are instant and are
maintained
even when devices are not within line of sight. The range of each radio is approximately 10 m, but
can be
extended to 100 m with an optional amplifier.
 Ad hoc networking. A device equipped with a Bluetooth radio can establish instant connection to
another Bluetooth radio as soon as it comes into range.
1.3 Bl uetooth Standards Documents

The Bluetooth standards present a formidable bulk–well over 1,500 pages, divided into two groups:
core and
profile. The core specifications describe the details of the various layers of the Bluetooth protocol
architecture,
from the radio interface to link control. Related topics are also

Type Of Networks What It Is? How It Works
Type of networks What it is? How it works Local area Network A set of computers linked through a
network that are located in a single business site. LANs usually have around 100s and 100s of users.
LAN technologies are Ethernet and ring. Users can use printing and other services, applications run
on the LAN server. Could be used as a web server. Can be shared to others at the same LAN. User
owned and does not run over leased line. Metropolitan area network Fast operating network
designed to link sites together within a city MANs build networks with high data connection speeds.
MAN is not owned by a single organisation. A MAN gives joint network connections to users. A
MAN mostly works on the data link layer of the OSI model. Wide area ... Show more content on
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The data transmission is simple and travels in a single direction. There is no data collision. Extra
computes can be added with little effect on the performance. Each node connects to two other nodes,
making one on going pathway for signals through every single node. Data goes from node to node,
with every node handling all the packet. Bus network – A cable joins all of the workstations,
printers, file servers and other components as a group. At the ends of the bus is a terminator, this is
something which prevents signals from bouncing all over the place.. It is easy to add workstations.
Uses less cable than a star network. Its good for temporary network. A bus topology is a network
where every computer and network device is connected to q single cable. Bus networks are useful in
small networks. Bus can be used in a WAN. Star network – client server architecture each
workstation is connected by its own cable straight to the server. They are usually used in places like
a school and office as they are the most reliable topology. They are most reliable because if one
connection fails for a user it does not affect others. Data collisions is a rare thing. It also has good
security no workstation can interact without going through the server first. Topology for a LAN all
nodes are linked alone to a central connection point such as a hub. Mesh network – this is a network
where the communication is made up of

Designing Secure Protocol For Wireless Ad Hoc Networks
Faculty of Computing, Engineering and Science DESIGNING SECURE PROTOCOL FOR
WIRELESS AD–HOC NETWORKS STUDENT NAME : ARVINDH KUMAR S T REFERENCE
NO : 14024765 AWARD : COMPUTER NETWORKS AND SECURITY MODULE CODE :
C0CS70686–2014–SPG1–2014–SPG1 MODULE TITLE : RESEARCH METHODS FOR
NETWORKING LECTURER : RACHEL CORNES SUBMISSION DATE: 05–DEC–2014 TABLE
OF CONTENTS: 1 BACKGROUND 2 PROPOSED WORK 3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 4
INTELLECTUAL CHALLENGE 5 RESEARCH SCHEDULE 6 DELIVERABLES 7 ETHICAL
CONSIDERATIONS 8 RESOURCES 9 REFERENCES Figure 1 Wireless ad–hoc networks
(Source: http://www.thelifenetwork.org/about.html) BACKGROUND: Now–a–days,
communication had become a major role within the people. Communication is done by a medium
with sender and receiver. In internet the way of communication takes place by medium of wired and
wireless. There is a rapid growth in both wired and wireless infrastructures. It makes use of the
customers for the internet connection in many possible ways .In most of the places wireless internet
has been used. Most of the wireless spontaneous network is not secure because it is not a planned
network and network boundaries are defined poor, due to the lack of centralized server in the
network. Usually wireless networks perform both communication and measurement in a given
network. Wireless network architecture usually

Analysis Of Wireless Sensor Network Routing Protocols
Analysis of Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks:
Review
Shalabh Mishra
Computer Science Department
IMS Engineering College
Ghaziabad, India shalabhgreat1@gmail.com Dipesh Rai
Computer Engineering Department
Ghaziabad, India dipeshrai111@gmail.com Shashank Dixit
Computer Engineering Department
Ghaziabad, India shiva.imsec@gmail.com Abstract–this paper attempts to describe a literature
review of Wireless Sensor Network routing protocols. A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of
spatially distributed autonomous sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions and to
cooperatively pass their data through the network to a main location. Routing in
WSNs is very challenging due to the inherent characteristics that distinguish these networks from
other wireless networks like mobile ad hoc networks or cellular networks. Due to the relatively large
number of sensor nodes, it is not possible to build a global addressing scheme for the deployment of
a large number of sensor nodes as the overhead of ID maintenance is high. Thus they require careful
resource management. This paper describes various routing protocols and their comparison and
working of LEACH protocol and enhanced LEACH protocol. Keywords–Wireless Sensor Networks
(WSN), Sensor Nodes,
LEACH, Enhanced LEACH Base Station (BS) Cluster Head (CH).
I. Introduction
A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of spatially distributed autonomous sensors to monitor

What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Network...
Chapter 4 Simulation & Experiment
4.1 Network Simulators "According to dictionary, Simulation can be defined as ―reproduction of
essential features of something as an aid to study or training." In simple words, this process is called
where we can build one model of math called simulated in order to solve the problem of the system.
In order to simulate the ad hoc network Networks or so–called MANET There are many simulation
available networks such as QUALNET , OPENET and NS2 etc[25]. First part of this section, we
will take the overview of all such networks with their usage, advantages and disadvantages of using
it. For our simulation, we have to finalize the one out of them depending on their availability and
problem compatibility ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Choice in which the routing is done along multiple paths because its provides the number of routing
protocols .
NS2 is developed as the completely object oriented network simulator by Using the technologies
such as OTcL and CPP. The class hierarchy which is presented in the OTcL and C++ interpreted is
very much supported by the network simulator in which there is one to one mapping in between
compile hierarchy and the class in the interpreted hierarchy .
NS2 contain two types of programming languages used that we have discussed above, such as C ++
and OTcl :
Use C++ : is used for the speed efficiency in the simulation of the networks.
Use OTcl: the reason is that OTcl language is suitable for the programs and configurations which are
demanding for the fast and frequent network changes.
Thus such tool is very flexible for the useNs–2 as it also allows user to existing protocols for their
application simulations as well as to develop their network protocol in order to extend the
functionality of the tool. Network simulator also helps for the performance measurement from the
trace analysis functionality which is very important for the research purposes in order to measure the
efficiency of particular application or particular routing protocol. NS2 is open source and free
software tool which is widely available for downloads from the Internet. It was initially developed
for the UNIX systems

Wireless Devices and Applications Essay
Mann's Computer Service | Wireless Devices and Applications (WDA) | Wireless Devices and
Applications Project | | Mann's | 6/13/2010 |
|
The topic I will be discussing will focus on is a deployment plan for WDAs and designing an
effective user interface for wireless devices. In my paper I will outline a technique for quantifying
design and quality assurance for wireless development. The example I will use is a WAP application,
you can use the same set of principles and mathematical models to quantify other types of mobile
and wireless applications. Here are some of the issues I will be discussing in my topic.
Limited bandwidth: Is the bandwidth that is given to a device through an internet company or cell
phone company ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the future I believe there will be new ways for these types of devices to have more internal
memory as well as higher memory expansion slots.
Limited CPU: Since the mobile device is so small the amount of CPU power is limited because of
the bandwidth issues as well as the limitations of the device. This is the biggest problem small
wireless devices have is that the use of bandwidth, not only does it take a lot of power from the
device sending and receiving on the devices the CPU doesn't have the power to handle large tasks.
High latency: mobile device have a high latency because of their small size making data
communication to take longer over the network. These delays are caused by network speed long
delays are a major problem when it comes to small wireless devices.
Limited user interface: the device screens are limited as well as the graphics because of the size of
the device as well as the power consumption, if the person buying the product doesn't like the
interface that could make or break the device. This has to be a well thought out process from the
design to the usability of the product.
The Web Model
"The Web Model is based on the model of the internet world wide web." (Georgia southern.edu)
When a person uses the internet over their device it sends a HTTP request and then it

Application Layer Protocol Called Hypertext Transfer...
Application Layer
The next layer we will examine is the application layer. This is the topmost layer of the TCP/IP
model and preforms the functions of the Application, Presentation and Session layers that are part of
the OSI stack model. We are now squarely in the domain of software and applications. This is the
layer that directly interfaces with the user. This layer helps top format and forward the users request
for information, files or application execution and displays the resulting information supplied by the
responding server.
When we think about the Web we are often talking about the information presented to us by a
browser program that is using an application layer protocol called Hypertext Transfer Protocol
(HTTP). This information may be in the form of Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) files, regular
text files, graphics, media files or various other types of information.
The typical web site that we are accustomed to viewing was most likely written in HTML. HTML is
a special language developed to provide informational markers for software applications that will
instruction the software application, how to present the information contained in the HTML file.
These documents are constructed in a particular format and a well–constructed very basic webpage
should have the following structure:
The type of document public vs private for example. This section also lists the version of HTML
that was used to create the document. This basically states that

Installing A Wireless Sensor Network Essay
INTRODUCTION A Wireless Sensor Network or WSN is supposed to be made up of a large
number of sensors and at least one base station. The sensors are autonomous small devices with
several constraints like the battery power, computation capacity, communication range and memory.
They also are supplied with transceivers to gather information from its environment and pass it on
up to a certain base station, where the measured parameters can be stored and available for the end
user. In most cases, the sensors forming these networks are deployed randomly and left unattended
to and are expected to perform their mission properly and efficiently. As a result of this random
deployment, the WSN has usually varying degrees of node density along its area. Sensor networks
are also energy constrained since the individual sensors, which the network is formed with, are
extremely energy–constrained as well. The communication devices on these sensors are small and
have limited power and range. Both the probably difference of node density among some regions of
the network and the energy constraint of the sensor nodes cause nodes slowly die making the
network less dense. Also it is quite common to deploy WSNs in harsh environment, what makes
many sensors inoperable or faulty. For that reason, these networks need to be fault–tolerant so that
the need for maintenance is minimized. Typically the network topology is continuously and
dynamically changing, and it is actually not a desired solution to

The And Throughput Of Wireless Sensor Network Using Actor...
A NOVEL APPROACH TO ENHANCE THE LIFETIME AND THROUGHPUT OF WIRELESS
SENSOR NETWORK USING ACTOR NODES.
1Diksha Garg
1diksha.garg17@gmail.com
1Chandigarh Engineering College, Landran.
2Geetanjali Babbar
2cecm.cse.gbi@gmail.com
2Chandigarh Engineering College, Landran.
ABSTRACT: Wireless sensor networks is a self–configured network means any node can join it or
leave it at any time. it is a self–healing and self–organizing. Self–healing networks allow nodes to
reconfigure their link associations and find other pathways around powered–down nodes or failed
nodes. Self–organizing allows a network automatically join new node without the need for manual
interference. In this paper, we are using actor nodes to solve energy hole problem so that we can
reduce energy consumption and can enhance throughput of network.
Keywords: WSN, AODV, Energy holes, routing, energy consumption I. INTRODUCTION
A wireless ad hoc network is the collection of mobile nodes, without any requirement of centralized
access point. Every node in the network, act as a router and packet forwarder. Now days, the ad hoc
networking is used for the commercial uses. There are the many applications of the ad hoc networks,
ad–hoc network are using in the military and it is also using for the other security operations. The
secure routing is the biggest issue in the ad hoc routing applications. In ad hoc networks it is very
difficult to design the security due to its unique characteristics. The characteristics of ad

Wireless Sensor Network Essay
I. INTRODUCTION
Wireless Sensor Network consists of highly distributed
Autonomous sensors nodes to monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature,
sound, vibration, pressure, motion or pollutants and to cooperatively pass their data through the
network to a receiver (destination) [1] [7].
A sensor node consist of a radio transceiver with internal antenna or connected to external antenna, a
microcontroller and electronic circuits for interfacing with the sensors and energy source such as
battery[1][7].
A. Topologies:
Topologies used in Wireless Sensor Network are Mesh, Star, Ring, Tree, and Bus, Fully connected.
Mesh Network.
B. Characteristics:
Power consumption constrains for nodes using batteries or energy ... Show more content on
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Wireless Sensor Network Protocols:
Physical layer: Sonet , ISDN
Data link Layer: Frame Relay, FDDI, Ethernet
Network Layer: RIP,OSPF, EGP,IPX,IPv6,ARP
Transport Layer: TCP, UDP, SPX
Application Layer: BOOTP, DHCP, HTTP, DNS
Classifications of the Protocols
Protocols are classified into the following major categories.
TCP/IP IP, TCP, UDP, SMTP, POP3, RIP, FTP, DHCP
Cellular GPRS, GSM, WAP and CDMA
VOIP SIP, RTP, MGCP and H.323
General Frame Relay, ATM, X.25, PPP[1].
II.OBSTACLES IN WIRELESS SENSOR SECURITY
Wireless sensor nodes[2] have limited resources such as limited memory and limited power. There is
unreliable communication in wireless sensor network that leads to threat to sensor security. The
security of network depend on communication which relies on protocol.

Energy Constraint: Energy requires converting input to output (sensor transducer), communication
among the sensor nodes and computation. Security levels depend upon the cost of energy.
Memory Limitations: Sensor nodes have small amount of memory and storage. Sensor nodes require
simple algo–rithms because they do not have enough space to store complicated algorithms and
executed them.
Unreliable communication: – Unreliable communication occurs due to unreliable transfer, conflict
and latency. Unreliable communication occurs due to connectionless packet based routing in
wireless sensor network. Even if channel is

Security Issues Of Wireless Sensor Networks
Security issues in Wireless Sensor Networks
What the security issues are related to Wireless Sensor Networks
Name:Sandeep Kumar Pulijala
Student ID:S0261345
Teacher:Erin
Class:DEA3 Central Queensland University
What the security issues are related to Wireless Sensor Networks
Wireless sensor networks are very important in everyday life. This new technology is exciting with
unlimited potential for numerous application areas including environmental, medical, military,
transportation, entertainment, emergency management and homeland defence. WSN are connected
with nodes, in WSN communication takes place through air. The exploration subject that I have
picked is on Wireless ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An extension of this approach is in–network aggregation which aggregates data progressively as it is
passed through a network. In–network data aggregation can reduce the data packet size, the number
of data transmissions and the number of nodes involved in gathering data from a WSN. Therefore,
in the field of WSNs, privacy–preserving data aggregation is becoming a hot issue in WSNs. To
address this issue, some protocols have been proposed. In this, they provide a comprehensive
summary and comparison of the existing privacy–preserving data aggregation protocols for WSNs.
WSN is related to privacy–preserving data aggregation protocols (Ping et al 2012). In the authors
reviewed privacy–preserving techniques for protecting two types of private information: data–
oriented and context–oriented privacy. First, authors focuses only on data privacy in order to provide
detailed overviews of the existing privacy–preserving data aggregation protocols for WSNs (Ping et
al 2012). Two main security challenges in secure data aggregation are confidentiality and integrity
of data (Sugandhi et al 2013). While traditionally encryption is used to provide end to end
confidentiality in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), the aggregators in a secure data aggregation
scenario need to decrypt the encrypted data to perform aggregation. Thus, while data aggregation
improves energy efficiency of a network, it complicates the existing

Wireless Sensor Networks ( Wsn )
Introduction
With the recent technological advancements in smaller sensor devices with ubiquitous sensing and
monitoring capabilities, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are evolving as one of the most
significant technologies of 21st century (Ruiz–Garcia, Lunadei, Barreiro, & Robla, 2009). Though
wired networks provide more stable and reliable communication, wireless networking does provide
more advantages with connectivity without being tethered. WSN with dense wireless networks of
small, low cost sensors for collecting and disseminating environment data has facilitated connecting,
monitoring and controlling of physical environments and environmental conditions such as
temperature, humidity, pressure from remote locations with better accuracy which are not possible
with wired networks (Potnis & Rajeshwari, 2015). Moreover, with the unique characteristics of
flexibility, energy efficiency, distributed intelligence, low cost and most importantly with very good
sensing and monitoring capabilities, WSNs are serving wide range of applications in various fields
including remote environmental monitoring, home security, industry applications, military purposes
such as target tracking by preparing and providing a ubiquitous computing environment (Ruiz–
Garcia et al., 2009).
In this paper, I will mainly focus on analyzing and evaluating the current Wireless Sensor Networks
(WSN). This paper starts with an overview on fundamentals of WSNs, by providing necessary
background to understand

Nt1310 Unit 3 Assignment 1 Network Analysis
Contents Page Task 1
................................................................................................................................................... 3 Task
2.................................................................................................................................................... 5
Task 3....................................................................................................................................................
7 Task 1 Types of network LAN stands for Local Area Network. LAN is a type of network that
interconnects computers and devices either wired or wireless and covers a greater distance. LAN is
mainly used in private organisations such as college or university. More or less everyone uses
wireless router at home these days and the user is able to connect between 5–10 devices wirelessly.
The user can share the broadband or the connection with ADSL by using Ethernet cables. Smaller
LANs can connect at least ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Advantages Disadvantages The user has the control to set up the network and it easier that client
server. The user does not need special knowledge of setting up the network. Performance of the
network might be slow as other users are also using the same network. It also depends on how many
computers are connected with the network. NOS is not needed for peer to peer network. Back up of
files and folders cannot be made centrally The user can share the files with other peers and can set
permissions for the files. Files and folders are unorganised as it does not have a particular share
drive therefore it is hard to locate files and is stored on individuals' computer. It can be run on any
operating system such as Windows. Each user is responsible for their own network so if a virus is
found in the network, the user is responsible for it. If one is affected, it does not affect the others
meaning files will be unavailable for that specific user, not all of them. Little or no security is
provided as sign in is not required for the users when using the

Wireless Network Method Using Smart Grid Communications
WIRELESS NETWORK METHOD USING IN SMART GRID COMMUNICATIONS
Ehsan Dolatshahi
Independent Study
April 22, 2015
Introduction
The old generation of electrical power grid has taken care of our needs in the past. However, as our
world progress technologically, so do the expectations from different infrastructures around us.
Smart grid is an initiative to completely restructure the electrical power grid to meet the current and
future requirements of its clients. Upgrading our electrical power grid could bring novel security
vulnerabilities into the system. Thus, security is one of the key parts in smart grid technology. Smart
grid technology also puts more reliability demands on WAN (wide area network) infrastructures. [1]
A smart grid is an intelligent electricity network that integrates the actions of all users connected to
it and makes use of innovative information, control, and communication technologies to save
energy, cut cost, and raise reliability and transparency. The smart grid is an upgrade to the current
electrical power structure. Meaning, on top of the functionality of our existing power system, it has
upgraded with some novel specifications. These new features adds more vulnerability to the system.
[2]
Smart grid is mainly composed of six basic systems: power generation system, distribution system,
transmission network, data management and processing system, smart metering system, and
customer information system. The network architecture of smart grid

What Is Routing Overhead Of The Network

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