A Study On Drosophila Melanogaster

A Study On Drosophila Melanogaster
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster was used for this study for their fast reproduction cycles, fast
regenerations, large amounts of offspring for each generation and their capability of living in a small
limited space. The dominant or recessive genotype could be determining by the used of Mendelian
genetic ratios for wild–type to mutant's genes. The mutation that this study focuses on is the defects
of the phenotypes in the common fruit fly, example; wing shape, wing sizes, body color and what
the main focus of this experiment is dark eye pigment of the flies. These mutations were followed
for three generations, collectable data for wild–type and mutants was obtained for each of the
Drosophila melanogaster generations. The flies were ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Gender isn't a key factor when it comes to determining a autosomal inheritance, Only sex–linked
chromosomes like X or Y have an effect on the ratios for male and females having mutant alleles.
This phenomenon is cause by the specific genome that each gender has, males have the XY
chromosomes for sex and females have XX sex chromosomes. The reason for using Drosophila
melanogaster flies is for their great genetics and fast reproduction that allows us to see in a short
period of time the Mendelian genetic ratios from one generation to the other. Among this reason
many others are in great importance as well, the common fruit fly has the same type of sex
chromosomes as of humans, as mention previously in the text male flies have the same XY sex
genes as male humans and same for female flies and female humans having XX sex genes. The fast
regeneration, short life span and large number of offspring makes this specific organism a prime
species to examine and study for better understanding of the Mendelian genetic ratios. Research was
done on Drosophila melanogaster for the genetic analysis of sex chromosomes, meiotic mutations
and their effect on recombination, disjunctions and their dominance (Baker and Carpenter, 1972).
The mutation that is specific
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Drosophila Suzukii Research Paper
ABSTRACT
Evaluation of Monitoring for Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in the Field and
Laboratory in South Dakota and Infestation of Drosophila suzukii in Raspberry Crops
Bennur Agbaba
2016–2017
The spotted wing Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is an attacking pest of berries crops.
Unlike most other Drosophila, this insect can oviposit into ripe and ripening berries, so that they
make them unmarketable. D. suzukii is spreading quickly throughout the continental US and they
give a serious damage in horticultural areas and the fruit industry. Spotted wing drosophila (SWD)
puts its eggs in both commercial fruit and wild fruits, so it is of great concern to fruit and vegetable
growers. It became a pest of economic significance, but it is important point that requires early
detection, monitoring and moderation to control it. Last researches show that D. suzukii infests a
number of wild plant species and also those may be harvested commercially like cranberry. Gray
dogwood (Cornus racemose Lam.), Tatarian honeysuckle (Lonicera tatarica Linneaus), Mulberry
(Morus alba L.), Nanking cherry (Prunus tomentosa L.), Common chokecherry (Prunus virginiana
L.), Common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica R. Davurica), Elderberry (Sambucus Canadensis L.),
White snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus L.), Yew (Taxus ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Applying management programs for D. suzukii involve the use of broad spectrum insecticides
mainly organophosphorus and pyrethroid insecticides provide a short control, but combined with
REIs (restricted–entry interval), PHIs (Preharvest Interval) and MRLs (Maximum Residue Limits)
when selecting products to use. (Iglesias et al., 2014). The most effective program is successful
integrated pest management (IPM) program for monitoring invasive pest because it aims to detect
pest populations before economic damage are reached and effective control actions can be

Genetic Study Of The Inheritance Patterns Essay
A Genetic Study of the Inheritance Patterns in Drosophila Melanogaster
Joseph Franchi
University of Illinois at Chicago
A Genetic Study of the Inheritance Patterns in Drosophila Melanogaster
Introduction
This experiment demonstrates Gregor Mendel's laws of independent assortment and the inheritance
patterns in Drosophila Melanogaster. Most commonly known as the fruit fly, D. Melanogaster or
Drosophila is considered a model organism that is well suited for experimental genetic crosses. For
example, Drosophila are very small, they can produce a large number of offspring, and they can
pass through complete metamorphosis in about 10 to 14 days (Flagg 8). In addition to this,
Drosophila have an abundance of genetic variations that have all be genetically sequenced and
mapped (Lindsley 1).
The short life cycle of the Drosophila Melanogaster consists of four stages. Drosophila start off as
an egg and quickly hatch into a larva (Flagg 8). During the larval stage, the immature fruit fly is
constantly eating in order to consume enough nutrients to undergo its metamorphosis from pupa to
adult. As the larva gets ready to pupate, its outer covering becomes hardened and darker in color. In
this pupal case, its wormlike body will undergo metamorphosis. After about two days, the new adult
emerges and looks for a mate to start the cycle again. Males can be distinguished from females from
simple observations of the abdomen. Male Drosophila are generally smaller than the

Drosphila Experiment Lab Report
Introduction: The Drosophila experiment was to demonstrate independent assortment through
mendelian genetics. Gregor Mendel's second law of independent assortment states, when two or
more characteristics are inherited, individual hereditary factors assort independently during gamete
production, giving different traits an equal opportunity of occurring together (Dictionary.com).
Drosphilia is a great way to test inheritance because life cycle is very short, approximately 10–14
days and it produces a large amount of offspring. The phenotypes that are being examined are eye
color and wing shape/size. The wild type flies were red eyes and long wings. If mutations occurred,
the flies would be sepia (brown eyes) and apterous (no wings). ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
For the monohybrid cross, wild type and apterous were expected to give a 3:1 ratio. This is clearly
presented in table 1 and 2. For the dihybrid cross, wild type wing and eyes and sepia and apterpous
(mutants) were expected a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio. The chi square value for the monohybrid was
3.843. We had a degree of freedom of 1. The nearest estimated value to our calculated value fell
under the fifth percentile which is 3.84. Since these values are equal, we accept the null hypothesis
and confirm the 3:1 ratio for the monohybrid cross. In the dihybrid cross, the calculated chi square
value was 1.343. The degree of freedom happened to be 3. The nearest value fell under the 50th
percentile, which equals 2.366. Since 1.343 is less than 2.366 we accept the null hypothesis and
ensure the 9:3:31 ratio for the dihybird

How Effective Is Ayurvedic Medicine
HOW EFFECTIVE IS AYURVEDIC MEDICINE IN THE TREATMENT OF PARKINSON'S
DISEASE?
NAME : NORASIKIN BINTI BERAHIM
REGISTERATION NO. : 201616788
DATE : 26/10/2016
SECTION WORD COUNT
INTRODUCTION 438
DISCUSSION 1221
CONCLUSION 220
TOTAL
"This report is entirely my own work. Any information taken from others have been declared and
referenced in the text."
Signature : ____________________
Date : ____________________
ABSTRACT
Ayurveda, an ancient system originated from India use several combination of herbs and minerals in
the treatment of most common neurodegenerative disorder, Parkinson's disease (PD). The herbs that
are classically used for PD are Mucuna pruriens, Withania somnifera, Bacopa monnieri, Centella
asiatica and Sida cordifolia (Prioreschi, 1996; Chopra, 2003: Mishra, 2003). In this report,
efficiency, side effects and evidences of Ayurveda ability to cure and decreasing the symptoms of
this illness will be covered. By reviewing from various aspects and research studies, how effective is
Ayurvedic medicine to treat Parkinson's disease is going to be discuss. (96 WORDS)
INTRODUCTION
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder which worsen over time. PD is
due to loss and degeneration of dopamine neurone in the brain. This neurone is important to make
signalling chemical called dopamine which allow us to make normal movement. Cause for this
disease is unknown, or basically acknowledged as idiopathic. However, there are

Assignment 1: Eyeless In Drosophila (2 Points)
PCB 3063–799 FALL 2015
HOMEWORK # 2
Please enter your answers in the space provided. You have to show your work for full credit.
Question 1: Eyeless in Drosophila (2 points)
The chromosome constitution and phenotypic ratios in the offspring is ....
Phenotypic Ratios
5/12 normal, trisomic
4/12 normal, disomic
2/12 eyeless, disomic
1/12 eyeless, trisomic
Explanation: ey– recessive ey+ – dominant
trisomic can be ey+ey1 or ey+ey2
A cross produces 2/12 ey+ ey ey, 2/12 ey+ ey+ ey, 2/12 ey ey, 2/12 ey+ ey, 1/12 ey ey ey, 1/12 ey ey
ey+, 1/12 ey ey+, 1/12 ey+ ey+ .
9 with normal eyes
3 eyeless
Question 2: DNA fragment (2 points)
Note: Indicate polarity by inserting a 5′ or 3′ at the appropriate ends of the molecules.
DNA:
3' ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Those laws state that the offspring gets one allele for each trait from each parent.
Maternal effect is a condition in which the phenotype of the offspring is solely determined by the
genotype of the mother. The offspring is not affected by the paternal genes or the environment. This
is how the maternal effect differs from Mendelian inheritance because in Mendelian inheritance, the

offspring gets alleles from both parents and it can be affected by the environment.
Maternal inheritance is also a non–Mendelian style of inheritance because maternal inheritance is
the inheritance of mitochondrial genes from the mother of the offspring and not the father. This is a
form of extranuclear inheritance and the offspring does not receive genes from both parents so it is
not Mendelian inheritance.
Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic condition where the expression depends on their inheritance
origin, so if it comes from the mother or the father. This is similar in Mendelian inheritance in the
sense that the offspring receives an allele from both parents; however, genomic imprinting silences
one of the alleles (the inherited one) before gamete formation and then the other one is the
expressed gene. This differs from Mendelian inheritance because the offspring is only affected by
one parent's genes since the other parent's genes are

Fruit Fly Lab Report
Name: Jenny Le PS ID #: 1260214 BIOL 3311 Spring 2016
Lab Section: 14488 Date: 23 February 2016 TA Instructor Name: Igor Bado
Writing Assignment 3:
A review of stubble in Drosophila melanogaster and its molecular and phenotypic effects
Introduction
The Drosophila melanogaster is an ideal organism most often used to study genes and mutations.
The genome of the D. melanogaster, is similar to that of humans, making it the very beneficial to
study. Through the studies done on the fruit fly, we are able to get a better understanding as to the
processes of modern issues such as Alzheimer's and cancer, in order to study and develop cures. Not
only is the D. melanogaster an ideal organism based on its genetic similarities to human genetics, ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bayer, C.A., Halsell, S.R., Fristrom, J.W., Kiehart, D.P., von Kalm, L. (2003). Genetic interactions
between the RhoA and Stubble–stubbloid loci suggest a role for a type II transmembrane serine
protease in intracellular signaling during Drosophila imaginal disc morphogenesis. Genetics 165(3):
1417––1432.
4. Dobzhansky, T. (1930). The manifold effects of the genes stubble and stubbloid in Drosophila
melanogaster. Z. indukt. Abstamm.– u. VererbLehre 54: 427–457.
5. Greenspan, R. J. (2003). The varieties of selectional experience in behavioral genetics. Journal Of
Neurogenetics, 17(4), 241–270.
6. Hammonds, A.S., Fristrom, J.W. (2006). Mutational analysis of Stubble–stubbloid gene structure
and function in Drosophila leg and bristle morphogenesis.
7. Roberts, D. B. (2006). Drosophila melanogaster The model organism. Entomol Exper Applic
Entomologia Experimentalis Et Applicata, 121(2), 93–103.
8. Rubin, G. M.. (1988). Drosophila melanogaster as an Experimental Organism. Science,
240(4858), 1453–1459.
9. Tickoo, S. (2002). Drosophila melanogaster as a model system for drug discovery and pathway
screening. Current Opinion in Pharmacology, 2(5),

The Common Fruit Fly Drosophila Melanogaster
Name: Hussain Naeem PS ID #: 1401609 BIOL 3311 Fall 2014
Lab Section: 15833 Date: 9/28/15 TA Instructor Name: Esra Unsal
Writing Assignment 3: "Eyes in flies: An overview of the cinnabar gene and its relation to
Huntington 's disease"
Introduction
The common fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is often regarded as the model organism for genetic
testing due to many factors such as its short reproductive cycle, its similarities to humans, or the
ease of tracking mutations in Drosophila melanogaster. The Drosophila melanogaster is used to
model diseases such as Cancer, Diabetes, and Huntington's Disease. By studying the changes in how
the proteins interact, the origin of such disease can be found providing a deeper understanding of
how to cure these fatal ailments.
Since Drosophila melanogaster is 70% similar to the human genome mutation in humans can easily
be replicated in the flies. Due to their short lifespan, the Drosophila melanogaster allow for the
progression of the mutations to occur rapidly and allow tracing of the mutation into subsequent
generations. Drosophila melanogaster generally has a phenotypic change associated with mutated
genes that control the coding of certain proteins.
A mutation in the cinnabar gene, which causes the ocelli to become colorless and the eyes to
become a bright red color, was originally discovered by Roy Clausen, a professor at the University
of California in 1918. The cinnabar gene is a protein coder gene which controls how the

P Generation Hypothesis
The first hypothesis stated that the parents in the P generation should exhibit a single mutant gene to
yield progenies in the F1 generation manifest the Bar eye mutation. Therefore, female in the P
generation had a single Bar eye mutation crossed with vestigial male according to the first
hypothesis as shown in figure 1. The second hypothesis was the reciprocal cross of the first
hypothesis in which male in the P generation had a single Bar eye mutation crossed with vestigial
female according to figure 2. In the first hypothesis, when Bar eye female crossed with vestigial
male in the P generation, they yielded Bar eye male and Bar eye female in the F1 generation as
shown in figure 1. Then, when the F1 generation crossed, they yielded F2 ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
First step, one of the major issues was that all members in the group did not pay attention to the
gender of flies in each vial of the unknown P cross of the F1 generation. The number of male and
female might not equal to ratio 1:1 in each vial which led to have an error because Bar eye mutation
is a dominant X– linked gene that does not assort independently while vestigial wing mutation is
autosomal mutation located on chromosome number 2. As a result, vestigial gene assorts
independently and does not play significant role with gender in the next generation: however,
gender played significant role when determining mutation specifically for Bar eye mutation.
Second, there was no differences in the traits as flies observed in first count on April 10 and second
count on April 17. Third, there was a difficulty while transferring flies from the vails to the nap
chamber. Flies in some vials remained sticking in the food gel due to knocking issue. Some vials
accidently knocking aggressively made the flies stick in the food gel. Also, some fruit flies flied and
some of them killed accidently while putting the stopper because transferring the flies were quickly
from the vials to the nap chamber. Growth condition were not good for some vials that made the
group to discard some vials and used the backup vials due to contamination and bacterial infection
that killed the flies in some vials. Finally, according to table 4, the individual Chi square for vial A,
C, and D was lower than the critical value and support the hypothesis; however, Vial E showed Chi
square value greater than the critical value which rejected the hypothesis. Vial E during the second
count was not knocked to get the flies away from the stopper which made some of them to fly while
transferring them to the nap

Essay on A Study Of Inheritable Traits In Fruit Flies
A Study Of Inheritable Traits in Fruit Flies
INTRODUCTION
The Drosophila melanogaster, more commonly known as the fruit fly, is a popular species used in
genetic experiments. In fact, Thomas Hunt Morgan began using Drosophila in the early 1900's to
study genes and their relation to certain chromosomes(Biology 263). Scientists have located over
500 genes on the four chromosomes in the fly. There are many advantages in using Drosophila for
these types of studies. Drosophila melanogaster can lay hundreds of eggs after just one mating, and
have a generation time of two weeks at 21°C(Genetics:
Drosophila Crosses 9). Another reason for using fruit flies is that they mature rather quickly and
don't require very much space. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Next, we removed the F1 generation flies to prevent breeding between the two generations. Acting
as Dr. Kevorkian, we gave the F1 generation a lethal dose of the seemingly harmless anesthesia,
fly–nap. A trumpet solo of "Taps" played in our minds as we said goodbye and placed them in the
fly morgue. We allowed the F2 larval generation to incubate for two weeks. The experiment called
for one week of incubation, but Easter fell during that week which interfered with our lab time.
After the two weeks, the F2 flies were also terminally anaesthetized. Only, before saying goodbye,
we separated the flies according to sex and eye color(wild–type,red or mutant, sepia), recording the
results in Table 1. The same method was used it the dihybrid cross, except, instead of one trait, two
traits were observed. The traits were eye–color(wild–type, red or mutant, sepia) and wing
formation(wild–type, full or mutant, vestigial). The F1 generation for the dihybrid cross came from
a cross between a male homozygous wild–type for eyes and wings, and a female homozygous for
sepia eyes and vestigial wings. The results of this cross were recorded and appear in Table 2.
RESULTS
The monohybrid cross of Drosophila melanogaster produced 25,893 flies for all of the sections
combined. Of those flies, 75.9% had wild–type(red) eyes, and 24.1% had mutant(sepia eyes).
Overall, more females were produced than males.
TABLE 1: F1 Generation Monohybrid Cross of Drosophila

Abstract Drosophila melanogaster have been tested on by scientists for over a hundred years.
Research on these flies have come to be the foundation of genetic studies everywhere ("Drosophila
melanogaster"). In this experiment two environments were created where wild type and vestigial
Drosophila melanogaster reproduced over multiple generations. One environment has a simulated
predator and the other does not. The flies were fed and counted over a period of six weeks. The
results accepted the hypothesis that in the cage with no predator, evolution would occur and the wild
type (p) allele frequency would greatly increase after multiple generations have passed. This was
due to the wild type flies having a higher relative fitness and sexual selection. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
To make this prediction a Populous model which gave a relative fitness value of 1.0 to the WAA and
WAa or wild type genotypes and a 0.4 relative fitness value to the Waa or vestigial genotype was
run. In the environment with a simulated predator, it was hypothesized that evolution will occur
over multiple generations and the wild type will have a much higher allele frequency than the
vestigial flies due to their advantage in sexual selection and relative fitness. To make this prediction
a Populous model which gave a relative fitness value of 1.0 to the WAA and WAa or wild type
genotypes and a 0.8 to the Waa or vestigial genotype was run. It was expected that while evolution
will occur in both cages, it will occur on a slightly smaller scale in the predator cage because wild
type flies are more likely to be caught by the predator than vestigial flies. This experiment is
important because Drosophila are very similar to humans in their DNA, and through testing can be
used to help solve genetic and health problems in humans ("Drosophila

Drosophila Melanogaster Essay
The studies in Drosophila melanogaster have helped scientists to have better understand about
genetic and scientifically discover the variety of human diseases from mutations. After observing
under 50X magnification, the differences between the female and male unknown mutants 651 are
that the shape of male's pseudopupils are larger than female's and the volume of bristles and hairs on
male's notum are greater than female. In addition, the larva of wild type is a little larger in length
and width than the larva of unknown mutant while the color of mutant's larva is a bit whiter than
wild type's. Most of the distinguish differences of phenotype between wild type and unknown
mutant are found on the thoracic notum, which includes the arrangement, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
On the mutants' prescutal suture and scutoscutellar suture, the volume of the microchaetae and
trichomes is less than the amount that the wild type has. Moreover, the length of the lower humeral
bristles, anterior notopleural bristles, and the posterior notopleural bristles are shorter and the shape
of all the bristles is also curlier than wild type. Therefore, the nickname of the unknown mutant is
"bare" due to the lack of bristles on the notum compared to the wild type. Basing on the
arrangement and shape of bristles, the first possible mutant that could give the similar phenotype to
the unknown mutant is Stubble [Sb] (3–58.2). The length of the bristles on the Sb gene mutants is
one–half shorter and appears stouter than wild types. The second possible mutant that has similar
phenotype to unknown mutant could be forked [f] (1–56.7). The thoracic bristles of f gene mutant
are shortened, flattened,

Heterogeneity in phenotypic characters is a widely...
Heterogeneity in phenotypic characters is a widely observed phenomenon by breeder's in all plant
species were bud grafting technique is adopted as the popular propagation technique. Though these
variations are attributed to several internal and external factors, genetic heterogeneity of the root
stocks is considered as one of the major contributor. It is presumed that a series of responses called
stock scion interactions are triggered as a result of the grafting procedure where a genetically
diverse stock and scion are joined together to form a single plant. The impact of these interactions
on several aspects of plant growth and development is an area under extensive investigation for the
past many years (Rogers and Beakbane 1957; ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this respect, earlier studies shows that, culture condition, callus phase, duration of the non
morphogeneic stage and the growth regulators are some of the important factors influencing the
induction of somaclonal variations in in vitro generated plants (Shepard et al. 1980; Hartman et al.
1984; Evans et al. 1987). As conventional micro propagation techniques using somatic explants
requires the artificial induction of embryogenic competence in cells which are not naturally
embryogenic, the influence of the above factors will be more in somatic embryogenesis process
thereby increasing the possibility of generating more somaclonal variants (Dodeman et al. 1997). An
alternative method is the zygotic embryogenesis technique where, the above effects will be
negligible because the explant zygote is intrinsically embryogenic. In short, the zygote shows some
structural and functional characteristics which are intimately linked with the formation of the first
embryonic developmental stage with many of the genes required for the induction process already
expressed. Due to this embryonic potentiality of the cells, their fate is already committed and does
not need to be redirected towards a new developmental path. Considering the above facts, it is
assumed that the chance induction of somaclonal

A Study On Protein Deficiencies
Protein deficiencies are commonly observed in older adults, leading to decreased levels of physical
activity. Nutritional interventions with whey protein could improve these muscle parameters. Both
young and older D. melanogaster were fed a whey protein diet. Compared to the younger D.
melanogaster, the older population showed improved muscle power, grip strength and less muscle
fatigue. The climbing assay results were statistically significant, whereas the flying assay results
were not significant, but borderline. As such, the possibility of detecting a statistically significant
difference for the flying assay results cannot be dismissed, if a greater number of repetitions were
conducted. The younger D. melanogaster population did not ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Whey protein is digested quickly because it is a leucine–rich protein, and has a track record in being
more successful in synthesizing muscle protein in older populations than casein protein which is
digested more slowly (van Dijk et. al. 2016). Whey protein is given to D. melanogaster flies rather
than hemp or soy protein, because soy protein and hemp proteins are plant based proteins while
whey protein is from cows. Animal based proteins are easier to digest compared to plant based
proteins.
The study investigated the impacts of whey protein on two population groups that consisted of
young and old population of D. melanogaster because muscle damage could be simulated by age. As
people grow older, more damage in muscles occurs, and whey protein is expected to have a greater
effect. This effect is investigated in this experiment with D. melanogaster, where whey protein
improves muscle activity in older D. melanogaster.
D. melanogaster is a model organism in this experiment. A model organism is an organism which is
easy to study because it is cheap, reproduces easily and quickly, and the workings of it can lead us
to understand how other organisms work. By giving whey protein supplements to D. melanogaster
and observing the effects, it can provide understanding as to how a similar amount of whey protein
can affect humans. Of

Taking a Look at Cassava
Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is a tuberous root crop that serves as a source of carbohydrate for more
than 800 million people worldwide and its cultivation is estimated to cover more than 18.9 million
hectors (FAO, 2011). It is a vital source of food and income to resource poor farmers (especially
women) in the tropics and staple food crop for nearly 200 million people in the sub–Saharan Africa
(Liu et al., 2011; Nyaboga et al., 2013). In Tanzania, cassava ranks only second to maize and third to
rice, with its calories contribution per day being 15 % (FAO 2009).
Cassava production in Africa is constrained with various pests and viral diseases especially cassava
brown streak and cassava mosaic diseases. Research efforts to genetically improve resistance
against viral diseases, drought, postharvest deterioration and nutrients fortification of this crop are
underway (Zang et al., 2005; Vanderschuren et al., 2009; Nyaboga et al., 2013). All these efforts are
through genetic transformation method which relies on the ability of cassava to regenerate from
somatic embryos to full plant. Due to heterozygozity nature of cassava, it is difficult to use its
zygotic embryos as starting materials for genetic transformation protocols (Raemakers et al., 1997;
Sarria et al., 2000; Taylor et al., 2001; Siritunga and Sayre 2003). Instead, organised structures from
somatic embryo cotyledons and friable embryogenic calli (FECs) have been developed (Schöpke et
al., 1996; Taylor et al., 2004). FECs

Breeding a population of Drosophila melanogaster and using the knowledge of Mendelian Genetics
to get the offspring's phenotypic ratio to a 9:3:3:1 ratio Ashish Cavale The scientific name for fruit
flies is Drosophila melanogaster. Fruit flies are used in scientific research to observe how mutations
are being passed down in each generation. Fruit flies are commonly used for this experiment
because their mutations are easy to identify. This is because they only have four chromosomes and
less traits, which makes it easier to focus on specific traits. The fruit fly life cycle begins with the
egg. The egg turns into a larva, which has several molting stages. The first two instars last around
one day. The last instar lasts two days. Once the larva is done molting, it becomes a pupa, with a
hard dark surface. The pupa will become a fly later on. This cycle takes about two weeks to finish. A
male and female fruit fly have some differences. A male fly has bristles on its forelegs called sex
combs. The abdomen of a male fly is also blunted and darker at the end. Male flies are also smaller
than female flies. Female flies do not have sex combs. Their abdomens are longer with stipes and
are pointed. The alleles for the sepia eye color are on chromosome number three and the allele for
apterous is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The phenotype of the males would be sepia eyes and apterous wings and the phenotype of the
females would be red eyes and normal wings. The other hypothesis said that knowing that the F1
genotype was SsAa, the F2 generation genotypes ratio could be predicted as 1 SSAA: 2 SSAa: 2
SsAA: 4 SsAa: 1 SSaa: 2 Ssaa: 1 ssAA: 2 ssAa: 1 ssaa. The phenotype ratio would be 9 red eyes
and regular wings: 3 red eyes and apterous wings: 3 sepia eyes and regular wings: 1 sepia eyes and
apterous

Theory Of Natural Selection And Genetic Drift
Evolution is the process in which various living organisms developed and diversified over time. The
study of evolution is important because it helps understand how species adapt to changing
environments. Evolution has been studied over time by observing populations when they undergo
evolutionary mechanisms such as natural selection or genetic drift. Charles Darwin came up with
the theory of natural selection. Darwin believed that living organisms tended to survive and produce
more offspring when they were better adapted to their environment. Apart from natural selection,
genetic drift was also an important mechanism. Genetic drift occurs when the gene variant changes
due to the random testing of organisms. Populations of organisms change over time because of
natural selection and genetic drift. The Hardy–Weinberg equation is used to observe whether a
specific trait within a population is changing or not. A null– hypothesis is provided by the Hardy–
Weinberg equation that can be compared to a straightforward observation of a population. The
Hardy–Weinberg equation only remains true under the circumstances that the allele and genotype
frequencies remain the same as generations continue to come about. When no evolutionary change
has occurred, the population is said to be in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. Populations are rarely in
Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. Drosophila melanogaster is a fruit fly that is commonly used in
genetic studies. Drosophila only live around two weeks.

The Genetic Control Of Early Embryonic Development
In 1995, Wieschaus, Nusslein–Vollard and Lewis were awarded the Nobel Prize in medicine for
their work in the field of developmental genetics. What did they do, and why were they awarded the
Nobel Prize?
Introduction
In 1995, the Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine was shared between three scientists –
Christiane Nüsslein–Volhard, Eric Wieschaus and Edward B. Lewis, for their work which focused
on "the genetic control of early embryonic development" (1).
This essay will discuss the discoveries of each of these three scientists, and the wider implications
of their work – implications that made them worthy of the Nobel Prize.
The Research of Christiane Nüsslein–Volhard and Eric Wieschaus
In the late seventies, Christiane Nüsslein–Volhard ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2014)) (5). Drosophila is a commonly used 'model organism' in animal biology and genetics,
partially because they have a short life cycle (6) and a newly fertilised egg can develop in around
ten days (Figure 1).
In their study, published in Nature in 1980, Nüsslein–Volhard and Wieschaus describe mutations
found in the offspring of females treated with mutagens (7). They describe mutations found on the
first, second and third chromosomes – 15 loci in total (4). These mutations were put into three
groups, depending on their effects on Drosophila development (4). These categories were:
Segment polarity genes – control the development of individual segments.
Pair–rule genes – control the development of repeating segments – i.e. every other segment.
Gap genes – control development along the antero–posterior axis (4).
Each one of these categories represent a different stage of development – from gap genes in early
development to segment polarity genes in later embryonic development (7).
The Research of Edward B. Lewis
Edward B. Lewis began his research into Drosophila genetics in the thirties, when he was still in
high school. Along with his friend Edward Novitski, he had studied Drosophila after school had
finished for the day. During his undergraduate education studying biostatistics at the University of
Minnesota (8), Lewis studied the Drosophila mutant 'rough–eye' and 'Star' (S) (8).
Following

Drosophila Melanogaster Lab Report
Abstract Genetic variation in Drosophila melanogaster and many other species is dependent upon
recombination events during Meiosis I. In previous experiments, age of females, behavioral stress,
and fluctuations in temperature has had an effect on the frequency of recombination. The purpose of
this experiment was to observe the effects of changing incubation temperature on recombination
frequency by conducting crosses in different thermal conditions of 25°C, the control, and 30°C, the
experimental. Three distinct genes on the second chromosome were observed: black body, brown
eyes, and vestigial wings. The hypothesis of this experiment was that the rate of crossing over
would be increased with elevated temperature. Additionally, gene pairings located near the
centromere of chromosome would be most vulnerable to temperature change, specifically b–vg.
Results from this experiment indicated that there was an overall increase in recombination
frequencies at 30°C. However, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
S., Boyd, J. B., Carpenter, A. T. C., Green, M. M., Nguyen, T. D., Ripoll, P., Smith, P. D. 1976.
Genetic controls of meiotic recombination and somatic metabolism in Drosophila melanogaster.
Proceeding National Academy of Science 73(11): 4140–4144.
Bownes, M., Roberts, S. 1981. Analysis of vestigialw (vgw): a mutation causing homoeosis of
haltere to wing and posterior wing duplications in Drosophila melanogaster. Journal of Embryology
and Experimental Morphology 65: 49–76.
Flagg, R. O. 2005. Carolina Drosophila Manual. Carolina Biological Supply Company, Burlington,
NC.
Grell, R. F. 1966. The meiotic origin of temperature–induced crossovers in Drosophila melanogaster
females. Genetics 54: 411–421.
Otto, S. P., Barton, N. H. 1997. The evolution of recombination: removing the limits to natural
selection. Genetics Society of America 147: 879–906.
Parsons, P. A. 1988. Evolutionary rates: effects of stress upon recombination. Biological Journal of
the Linnean Society 35:

Drosophila Lab Report
The F2 Drosophila produced from crossing the wild–type offspring of the parental cross wild–type
males and no–winged females. The F2 generation consisted of 38 wild–type females and 35 wild–
type males, totaling 73 Drosophila. There were also 16 no–winged females and 11 no–winged
males, totaling 27 Drosophila. Therefore, the total number of Drosophila counted was 100. The
phenotypic ratio was 3:1, wild–type: mutant. If the mutation were autosomal recessive the F2
generation's hypothesized phenotypic ratio would be 3:1, wild–type: mutant. If the mutation were
autosomal dominant the F2 generation's hypothesized phenotypic ratio would be 1:3, wild–type:
mutant. The expected ratio for the F2 generation was 3:1, wild–type: mutant. When chi–square ...
Both of these outcomes made sense because they indicated an autosomal recessive mode of
inheritance due to the wild–type phenotype being present in abundance. This was due to the wild–
type allele being the dominant allele and therefore masking the recessive no–wings allele when
present together. However, if the mutation had been autosomal dominant a phenotypic ratio of 1:3,
wild–type: mutant, would have been observed. If the mutation had been X–linked dominant a
phenotypic ratio of 1:3, wild–type: mutant, would have been observed. If the wild–type had been X–
linked dominant a phenotypic ratio of 2:2, wild–type: mutant, would have been

Natural and Sexual Selection of Vestigial and Wild Type...
Natural and Sexual Selection of Vestigial and Wild Type Drosophila melanogaster
Abstract
In this experiment, vestigial flies as well as wild type flies were used to create some diversity as
well as test one of our hypotheses. Our hypotheses are as follows; 1) The wild type flies will have a
greater relative fitness compared to the vestigial flies based on only sexual selection. The wild type
has a relative fitness of 1 since it has fully functional wings. Vestigial Winged flies are not as
sexually appealing since their wings are not functional and the wing movement is a vital part of
their mating ritual. 2) The vestigial fly will have a greater relative fitness when considering both
sexual and natural selection. With the presence of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With the presence of natural selection (fly paper hanging from top of cage) posing a larger threat to
the wild flies b/c they can fly better, this will allow vestigial flies to prosper better.
Materials and Methods
To set up this experiment, two twenty–five gallon aquariums, 3 petri–dishes, 200 flies, rotten
bananas, and yeast were used. The bananas chosen to be an accelerant for the growth of the yeast
and were frozen so they would be easier to cut. The yeast was used because the drosophila
melanogaster prefer this as a food source. The vestigial and wild type flies were sexed (to determine
their sex), sorted, and counted. An initial population size of 100 total flies was decided so that it
would be easier to determine the phenotypic percentage of the total population. Fly paper was
placed in one of the sets of cages to impose a method of natural selection as well as the sexual
selection which is being solely tested by the other set of cages.
It was decided that there would be 80 vestigial flies and 20 wild type flies to total to an initial
population of 100 drosophila. Next, the flies were anesthetized flies using Fly Nap. The flies were
counted out to reach desired ratio, sexing the flies making sure there are equal amounts of males and
females to be sure there is ample individuals to allow successful mating. The fly's food was
prepared by taking a frozen rotten banana, cutting it in half, mashing up the banana meat, and
mixing yeast into it. The

Brown Pigments Chromatography Lab Report
The predictions that were made prior to the experiment being ran about the concentration of
pigments in Drosophila were similar to the observed concentration of pigments. Once four fly heads
of each pigment were crushed onto filter paper, chromatography was ran. After six hours of the
chromatography being run, they were removed from the solvent and dried. Once the filter paper was
dry, it was placed under a UV light for a better observation of the pigments present in the eyes of the
fly. What was found in the white was much less than in the wild type due to the fact that in the white
eyed fly, both enzymes that start the pigment production (the pteridine pathway and the
ommochrome pathway) are blocked or changed so no pigments can be produced. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The scarlet pigment is made when the enzyme kynurenine hydroxylase that produces a brown
pigment is blocked and the brown color isn't prominent causing the eye to appear as a scarlet color.
In the sepia eyed fly it was found that the pigments isosepiapterin and isoxanthopterin were the
same as in the wild type; the pigments biopterin, 2–amino–4–hydroxypteridine, sepiapterin,
xanthopterin, and xanthommatin were much more than in the wild type; and the pigment
drosopterins was much less than in the wild type. The sepia pigment is made when the enzyme PDA
synthase that produces a red–orange pigment is blocked so more can go towards the other pigments
causing the eye to appear as a sepia pigment. This data supports the original hypothesis that there
would be a difference in the pigments present based on which enzymes are changed. The white eyed
fly, the brown eyed fly, the rosy eyed fly, the scarlet eyed fly, and the sepia eyed fly all differed from
the wild type fly in some way due to the fact of certain enzymes being blocked or changed

Drosophila Melanogaster Lab Report
Scientist use Drosophila melanogaster because they reproduce very rapidly and have shorter
generations. These characteristic of being able to go through many generations in a short amount of
time combined with its resemblance in behavior and development to a human made it a good
candidateto use this organism to study genetics.
The white (w) mutation was discovered by T.H. Morgan in his lab when he noticed a white eyed
male among his long running stock of bright red D. melanogaster. Morgan was first able to isolate
w1 allele randomly because it was a spontaneous mutation.
Phenotypic Characteristic of mutation in the gene
The white mutation causes a change in the pigmentation of the ommatida, the repeating units that
make up the compound eye ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
white also affects the transmembrane spanning helix 5 of the white protein. When the pigment
levels were measured it was determined that flies had 29% red pigments and 64% brown pigments.
The result of the difference between red and brown pigments meant that wcf decreases the amount
of protein the guanine transporter can take, but has less of an affect in tryptophan transported. On
the other hand wcrr affect amino acids that are normally very conserved within the ABC transporter
superfamily. Its eye color is due to having pigment levels of 11% of red pigments and 19% of brown
pigments. It affects motifs inside the nucleotide binding domain and based on the difference in red
and brown pigments, reduce the function of both guanine and tryptophan transporters. So for these
two alleles, even though their function is disturbed it's known that the white/brown and white/scarlet
complexes are both made in the membrane because the eyes still show some

Mendelian Ratio Of Wings Essay
Hypothesis: The hypothesis is that Normal wings (NN) are the dominant trait and Butterfly wings
(bb) are the recessive trait. The original parents are purebred (homozygous dominant (NN) and
homozygous recessive (bb). The F1 generation is predicted to displays 100% Normal wings
population of heterozygous (Nb). The F–2 generation is predicted to display a 3:1 Mendelian ratio
of Normal wings to Butterfly wings.
Introduction:
The goal of this experiment is to discern the inheritance patterns of traits in dragons, specifically
wing type. The specific traits being studied are Butterfly wings and Normal wings. Scientist have
concluded that by investigating the results of crosses of two parent organisms, the inheritance
pattern can be discovered ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The results of the F–1 generation are 310 females with Butterfly wings, 314 males with Butterfly
wings, 305 females with Normal wings, and 317 males with Normal wings. Then, a female
Butterfly wing and a male Butterfly wing mate, producing 403 females with Butterfly wings, 410
males with Butterfly wings, 206 females with Normal wings, and 205 males with Normal wings. A
female Normal wing and a male Normal wing procreate 598 females with Normal wings and 622
males with Normal wings.
Reciprocal
F–1 Parents (F Butterfly wing x M Normal wing)
F–1: F 310 Butterfly wings M 314 Butterfly wings F 305 Normal wings M 317 Normal wings
F–2 Parents: (F Butterfly wing x M Butterfly wing)
F–2: F 403 Butterfly wings M 410 Butterfly wings F 206 Normal wings M 205 Normal

The Fruit Fly : Drosophila Melanogaster Essay
Introduction:
The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has key characteristics that include a short life cycle of about
30 days at 29 °C, the production of large numbers of offspring, and minimal lab maintenance that
make it an excellent model organism to conduct biological experiments [1]. D. melanogaster is a
complex multi–cellular organism that shares closely related behavioral and developmental features,
along with a highly conserved genome, with humans which allows researchers to study parallel
developmental biology patterns while also bypassing the ethical limitations of experimenting on
human patients [2]. One fruit fly behavior of particular interest is taste detection because these
organism's saccharide receptor binding mechanisms exemplify highly similar molecular features to
those of humans, despite thousands of years of convergent evolution [3]. Observing fruit fly
preference for different sugar substances via a behavioral food choice test can provide information
regarding how highly evolved D. melanogaster sugar receptors have become by their extent to
which they can distinguish the biochemical variations of different sugars, but more importantly
reveal vital information regarding how their more complex human homologs operate.
A past behavioral experiment by Dr. Greg Suh of the New York University School of Medicine
revealed that D. melanogaster can actively select for calorie–rich sugars following prolonged
periods of starvation due to the possession of

Introduction Drosphila melanogaster, commonly known as the fruit fly, is an excellent organism for
genetics studies because it has simple food requirements, occupies little space, is robust, completes
its life cycle in about 12 days at room temperature, produces large numbers of offspring, can be
immobilized readily for examination and sorting, and has many types of hereditary variations that
can be observed with low–power magnification. The fruit fly has a small number of chromosomes
(4 pairs), which are easily located in the large salivary gland cells. As mentioned before, the fruit fly
life cycle is complete in about 12 days. First, a fertilized adult female must lay the egg, which leads
to the first stage of the fruit fly life cycle, the egg stage. This first stage consists of a small, oval–
shaped zygote with two filaments at one end. They are typically laid on surfaces of the vial and last
for only about a day in optimal conditions. The egg, after a day, will then hatch into a larva, which
marks the start of the larva stage. Lasting for about 3 days, the larva stage is broken up into three
different segments: the first instar larva, second instar larva, and third instar larva. Throughout these
stages, the wormlike larva eats continuously. A cream colored or white, wormlike organism with no
legs or eyes except for hook–like mouthpiece for feeding. The larva feeds in the food medium for
about 3–6 days then it leaves the food source in search of dry place to pupate. The first instar larva
lasts for about a day or two, during which it mostly feeds the entire time, then the larva sheds its
outer skin (cuticle) and enters the second instar stage, where it is bigger and more defined. From
there, it repeats the same process as the first instar. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The two most easily seen differences between male and female fruit flies are abdomen shape/size
and sex

A Family Of Transcription Factors
Introduction
1. The Grainyhead (Grh) gene family
Grainyhead (Grh) genes are conserved in metazoans. They encode a family of transcription factors
with a unique, unusually large, DNA–binding and dimerization domain, and an isoleucine–rich
activation domain(Attardi and Tjian, 1993; Gustavsson et al., 2008; Moussian and Uv, 2005; Ting et
al., 2003b; Uv et al., 1994; Venkatesan et al., 2003; Wilanowski et al., 2002). Grh factors were first
identified in Drosophila (Bray et al., 1989; Bray and Kafatos, 1991; Dynlacht et al., 1989; Johnson
et al., 1989) and since then, they were also found in animals as diverse as nematodes and humans.
Grh proteins have not yet been detected in unicellular organisms. Phylogenetic analysis subdivides
this gene family into two main classes, the Grh–like sub–family and the CP2 sub–family, depending
whether the family members are more related to the Drosophila grh, or to another Drosophila gene,
CP2 (Ting et al., 2003b; Venkatesan et al., 2003; Wilanowski et al., 2002). The fly and worm
genomes each contain a single grh gene. Mammals, both mice and humans, have evolved three Grh
homologues: Grh–like–1 (Grhl–1, or Mammalian Grainyhead (MGR)/TFCP2L2), Grhl–2 (Brother–
of–MGR (BOM)/TFCP2L3) and Grhl–3 (Sister–of–MGR (SOM)/ TFCP2L4). This group of genes
encodes proteins with highly homologous DNA–binding and dimerization domains. They all show
restricted expression pattern during embryogenesis and play important roles in organogenesis and
epidermal

Monarch Butterfly Research Paper
The life cycle of a monarch battleflies is divided in four stages. This stages are egg, caterpillar, pupa
and adult. In stage one female monarch lay their egg in the bottom of the leaf near the top of the
plan. Eggs hatch about four days after they are lay. Each egg is surrounded by a hard outer shell,
called a chorion to protect the developing larva. In stage two the egg hatches into a Caterpillar. They
start their life by eating their eggshells, then move into their host plant. During this stage the
caterpillar eat a lot when it became too big for it skin, it molts oxin in the milkweed that they eat.
After the caterpillar has eaten enough monarch larvae spin a silk mat from which they hang upside
down. The entire larval stage in monarchs ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nowadays human cut trees and plants to build house,road and commercial buildings. People cut
down milkweed to construct this but when it time for monarch to lay their egg they don't have a
place to do it. According to National Geography the number of Monarch butterflies have declined in
a large number."In 2004, an estimated 550 million completed the winter migration, while in 2013
only 33 million arrived. Further, between 2012 and 2013, there was a 43.7 percent decrease in the
area occupied by the butterflies in their winter sanctuaries". Milkweed is the only plant on which
monarch butterflies will lay their eggs, and it is the primary food source for monarch

The purpose of this lab is to determine the genotypes of the flies and the random chance involved in
inheritance along with the effect of genetic recombination on inheritance. Drosophila melanogaster,
the common fruit fly, is commonly used for genetic studies because of its minimal inherited traits,
quick life cycle, and fast reproductive rate. Punnett squares were used to predict the allele
composition of the offspring resulting from P and F1 crosses. The two genes observed in the lab
were eye color and body color. The parental cross was between a female with a yellow body and
white eyes crossed with a male with a grey body and red eyes. Eye and body color are both located
on the sex chromosome, meaning that they are likely to be inherited ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
A female fly has to X chromosomes while a male has one X and one Y chromosome. The number of
X chromosomes determines the sex as two X's result in a female and an X and Y result in a male.
Genes on these sex chromosomes show sex linkage. In this lab, the difference between the wild type
eyes and white eyes is determined by two alleles of that gene on different regions of the X
chromosome. In the white eye female fruit flies, there are two X chromosomes, each one having a
gene for white–eye color. Thus, the female transmits one gene for white eyes to each offspring.
However, body color and eye color are not always linked genetically. This is due to crossing over of
homologous chromosomes during prophase I in meiosis. During crossing over the DNA of two non–
sister chromatids are broken off and joined to the other chromatid. When crossing over occurs the
resulting chromosomes are recombinant, meaning that they are different from their parents (Urry
235). The farther genes are apart on the chromosome, the more likely they are to crossover. When
the genes are close together or to the centromere the chance of crossing over decreases. Based on
the amount of recombinant offspring, gene linkage maps can be created and the map units between
genes can be created as one map unit is equal to 1% recombination frequency. Crossing over, along
with random fertilization and independent assortment during Meiosis I and II allows

The Effect Of Temperature On The Surface Of A Glass Jar
Da Ye Kang
Population Design Lab
Ms. Chow
6th May 2014
Research Question/ Aim
To investigate how the change of the temperature on the surface of a glass jar, in conditions of
18°C(±0.5),20°C, 22°C, 24°C, 26°C, 28°C , 30°C respectively, affects the population growth of
Drosophila melanogaster for 17 days.
Independent Variable
Seven different temperature conditions of 1L glass jar: 18°C(±0.5), 20°C, 22°C, 24°C, 26°C, 28°C,
30°C.
Dependent Variable
The number of adult Drosophila melanogaster (±1 fly) in 1000mL(±0.5) jar after 17 days, yet not
including unhatched larvae and pupa.
Background Investigation
Drosophila Melanogaster are ectothermic animals, in which belongs to large family of Drosophilae,
which is found commonly near human habitation. Adult are about 1mm in length with slightly larger
female. Adult D. Melanogaster has large red compound eyes with short antennae, and mouth for
sopping up liquids. Their main source of food is herbivore, and they often lay egg on fruits. For
these reasons, their population tend to peak during fall, and are considered as major pests.
The average life span of D. Melanogaster is found be 26 days for female and 33 days for a male.
Drosophila has evolutionary features of having a temperature sensor within its body. Its ability to
sense and regulate the body temperature has been a great field of interest among researchers, in
order to reveal how such traits evolved. Drosophila is an easy model for investigation in many
occasions,

Fly Anesthetic Lab Report
Method
To start, a fly anesthetic was used named "FlyNap" to anesthetize the drosophila melanogaster. A fur
wire was then dipped into the FlyNap and then placed into the vial with the vial on its side being
careful not to uncork the foam plug. After about a minute the drosophila melanogaster become
unconscious. The unconscious drosophila melanogaster are then swept onto a plate with a small
paintbrush. Once they are on a plate they are then to be scored with a compound microscope. For
the experiment five females and five males were required to be placed in vial with at the bottom of
this vial were some parts dry fly food, mixed water, and granules of yeast. While keeping the vial
sideways sliding a small portion of plastic netting and then

Personal Essay On Fly Genetics
I assist a graduate student in a biology lab working to find genes and mechanisms involved in sperm
competition between different strains of Drosophila. I have worked ten hours a week this summer
and will continue with those hours during this coming school year. My tasks include identifying and
separating individuals by sex, setting up crosses and dissecting males to determine their fertility.
Much of what I do requires fine motor skills, attention to detail and a great deal of patience because
there are countless tiny flies and larvae to handle. The experiment has proven very educational, and
I have learned much about fly genetics and evolutionary processes. At the campus gym, I hand out
equipment to students and check members into the facility. This summer, my bosses selected me to
train new employees due to my work ethic and knowledge of policies and procedures. I work
between fifteen and thirty hours over the summer, and aim for about ten hours during the semester.
Rather boring at times, this job has taught me the importance of positivity. Being friendly, smiling
and greeting participants as they enter or when helping them with their questions helps my shifts go
by faster. Creating a positive mindset for everything I do makes any dull and monotonous task more
enjoyable. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We would read the police report, hear the point of view of the person being charged and any
witnesses, then decide if the person was responsible for the action. I learned to objectively analyze a
situation, deeply considering the consequences that our decision would have on the person in
question. We did not take our position lightly, and we spent several hours debating in order to ensure
the correct conclusion. While deliberating, it was central to respect the opinions of others, yet never
be afraid to speak my mind and bring some new idea to the

Drosophila Melanogaster Cross Lab Report
The Drosophila melanogaster Cross
David Tyer
I. INTRODUCTION
The Drosophila melanogaster is one of genetics most studied organisms. This is due to the
Drosophila melanogaster being an excellent model organism. The Drosophila melanogaster has a
short lifespan and is genetically similar to humans (Adams 2000). This experiment had three major
goals. The first goal of this experiment was to determine which eye colors, body colors and wing
type are dominant or recessive. The second goal was to determine if the gene for eye colors, body
colors and wing type are on an autosomal or a sex chromosome. The third goal was to determine if
eye colors, body colors and wing type are physically linked or independently assorting (Morris and
Cahoon). First ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this particular case are degree of freedom was 4 making for a P value of 0.05 and a critical value
of 7.815. For F1 X F1 (1) the males (O–E)2 /E value was 647.7 and the females (O–E)2 /E value
was 6510.4 when compared to the critical value of 7.815 both male and female must be rejected as
possible 9:3:3:1 independent assortment. As for F1 X F1 (2) the males (O–E)2 /E value was 104.9 in
the female (O–E)2 /E value was 95.1 both male and female must be rejected as possible 9:3:3:1
independent assortment. This experiment was plagued by low survival rates. Meaning data could
very easily be skewed from this factor. In fact the F1 X F1 (2) Cross values are relatively close to
the critical value in that with better data it is possible the F1 X F1 (2) Cross is indeed 9:3:3:1
independent

Objectives
Examine fruit flies as a model genetic system.
Learn the basics of fly life cycles
First hand observation of genetic techniques.
Apply genetics to solve
Apply statistics to observations to make correct inferences.
Generation of correct, concise experimental records
Introduction
This laboratory experiment is aiming at using Drosophila as the most suitable model organism to
gain an understanding on genetic concepts and principles that Gregory Mendel proposed and also to
pride us with the knowledge of hypothesis testing in genetics.
Materials and apparatus
In order to conduct this experiment we used several materials which were provided by the lab, the
materials included vial tubes, sponge covers, filter papers, labels, male and female drosophila ...
We started the experiment by separating the male and female Drosophila Melanogaster into separate
vials for easy identification. After this we moved the female with the wild–type phenotype and the
white–eyed male fly and put them into one vial, the vial contained the cornmeal–based medium.
After waiting for 6–7 hours we removed the parents from the set up to prevent them from breeding
with their offspring. After separating the parents from the offspring we waited for the offspring to
mature, then we applied fly nap which so that we could be able to separate the offspring on the basis
of their phenotype and gender and recorded the data. We then repeated this process using the F1
generation to obtain the f2 generation. We later conducted a Chi–square. Using the method above to
obtain F1 and F2 generation we performed a di–hybrid cross and reciprocal cross. The di–hybrid
cross involved the male and female sepia and the dumpy drosophila. The reciprocal cross involved
white–eyed fly(male) and wild–type phenotype fly (female). We finally used the data that we
obtained to conduct a Chi–square

Fruit Fly experiment was conducted by using different techniques. One of the main things was to
examine the fruit flies and identify the difference between females and males, identify their
mutation if they were wild type, white eye, vestigial or white and vestigial combined together. These
Fruit flies were kept in the incubator at 25°C for about 6 days. The main goal for this experiment
was to observe the principles of Mendelian genetics.
The first thing that was done in the Fruit Flies experiment was to prepare the food of the obtained
fly food vials that were given by instructor Dr.Kang. The preparation to make the fruit flies vial with
the food was to obtain a disposable plastic vial in which the fruit flies were maintained. As well as
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The fruit flies were provided on March 27,2018. The fruit flies were incubated at 25°C for a couple
of days. On April 3,2018 the F1 generation was examined which allowed to figure out the P
generation by setting up crosses and collecting data. On April 10,2018 the identification, separation
and counting of phenotypes in F2 generation was completed. On April 10, 2018 the fruit flies had to
be counted correctly according to their phenotypes. Counting the sex of the fruit flies and analyzing
for any specific mutation. On April 17,2018, F2 generation was counted and by that information that
was obtained, a Chi–square test was made in order to prove or disapprove the hypothesis. Lastly,
fruit flies were then removed from the cultured vials with larva and eggs and were placed in a
sleeping chamber in order for the F1 generation to be counted and observed under the microscope.
The reason why they had to be counted was to identify the sex and the phenotype from each
individual fly. Then, the data was analyzed after the flies were counted, and a chi–square test was
conducted. Since six vials were obtained from the instructor, two of the group members had to count
2 vials of F1 as well as F2 the other two members only had to count the fruit flies of one

Mate Choice And Species Recognition Amongst D. Simulans
Mate Choice and Species Recognition amongst D. simulans and D. mauritiana
Brittany Wordekemper
February 23, 2016
Ecology and Evolution Lab
Emily Hudson
Abstract
Sexual selection is a kind of natural selection that happened to come about through a specific
preference by one sex for definite characteristics in individuals of the opposite sex. When it comes
to choosing a mate, mate choice is very important for individuals to avoid mating with the wrong
species but it also operates within a species as well. The species used for this experiment were D.
simulans and D. mauritiana, two species which are very closely related to D. melanogaster. D.
simulans and D. mauritiana are also closely related and tend ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, mate choice is extremely important for individuals to avoid mating with the wrong
species but it also operates within a species as well. This tendency to avoid heterospecific mates is
called behavioral isolation. Mate choice can be important in the evolutionary process, speciation, in
which populations of conspecific diverge into separate species (Ecology and Evolution Behavior
Lab Packet). It is extremely beneficial, mostly to females, to be choosy. Being choosy is a major
element of sexual selection because by choosing the male with the most desirable traits, the
offspring of the female end up benefiting due to receiving the best genes possible. Species that are
very closely related are more likely to evolve resilient species discrimination due to the emphasis of
preferences amongst mates. The cost of fitness of heterospecific matings have been thought to be
higher in the females than in the males. The reason being that the females are investing more
resources into the offspring where as the males are not, so if the females happen to mate with the
wrong species and all of the offspring die or become sterile, this ends up being a huge waste of
resources for females as opposed to males who would not being losing out on much at all. A
consequence of the higher cost of fitness for heterospecific matings would be that females are more
likely to show stronger species

Purpose The purpose of this experiment is to determine whether the fruit flies were
dominant/recessive or linked/non–linked. The traits I chose for this activity was the fruit fly with
vestigial wings and purple eyes, the other fruit fly I chose was a normal fly, also called wild type.
While writing out my plan for this activity I thought it would be interesting to test a female mutant
and the wild type male, the ratios I came up for this experiment was 2:2 and the mutant allele being
recessive to the wild type. In this case, the words recessive and dominant means, if the child born
from the parents inherits more of the genes and traits from let us say the father then the alleles of the
father is dominant over the mother's genes. In writing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Data Phenotypic ratio: 2:2 Genotypic ratio: 2:1:1:2 Cross 1: Wild type male (P generation) vs
Vestigial wings and purple eyes female (P generation) F1 Generation: Female: wild type– 606 Male:
wild type– 616 Cross 2: Wild type male (F1 generation) vs Vestigial wings and purple eyes female
(P generation) F2 Generation: Female: Purple eyes; Vestigial wings– 311 Female: Wild type– 317
Male: Wild type– 307 Male: Purple eyes; Vestigial wings– 303 Ignoring sex: Purple eyes; Vestigial
wings– 618 Wild type– 620 Chi–Square

Fly Genetics Personal Statement
I assist a graduate student in a biology lab working to find genes and mechanisms involved in sperm
competition between different strains of Drosophila. I have worked ten hours a week this summer
and will continue with those hours during the coming school year. My tasks include identifying and
separating individuals by sex, setting up crosses and dissecting males to determine their fertility.
Much of what I do requires fine motor skills, attention to detail and a good deal of patience because
there are so many tiny flies and larvae to count and handle. The experiment has proven very
educational, and I have learned much about fly genetics and evolutionary processes.
At the campus gym, I hand out equipment to students and check members into ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was stark contrast to the patients I saw in the ER at Riley Hospital or in my hometown with so
many cases of bedbugs, drug overdoses or drug seeking behavior. The divide of socioeconomic
status was clear in the types of patients that presented, but I was inspired by how many of the
doctors and nurses provided quality and equal treatment to everyone. Of course there were instances
for a particularly uncooperative patient made the treatment process difficult, but overall the
reception of the staff was always inviting with nothing but the best of care

Introduction
Gregory Mendel is the father of genetics, he was able to recognize to principles of inheritance: the
law of segregation and the law of independent assortment. Fruit fly is a small type of fly; it is in
most cases found near rotten or unripe fruits, this fly as been used extensively in genetics. Genetic
recombination and sex linkage led to the use of drosophila in genetics also its relatively small size,
sort generation time and easiness in culturing it.
Life cycle
It shows complete metamorphism. The larval stage is comprised of three instars.
Life cycle ; first day –female lay eggs, second day the eggs hatch, on third day the first instar,fourth
day–the second instars, fifth day–third and final instar, seventh day larvae begin roaming ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For a female to acquire the trait, both parents must both parents must have the disorder, however,
they can be carriers. White eye for drosophila is located in the X chromosome.
Conclusion
In conclusion, in regard to the data from this experiment the white eye mutation is sex–linked
because it is only located on the X chromosome.
Di–hybrid crosses
Material and methods
Two sepia virgin drosophila females and five, dumpy drosophila are put in a vial containing agar.
Nap was used to anesthetize the flies. After a week f1 had laid eggs and f1 pupas were visible.
Parents were removed from vial. A week later the drosophila f1 had developed and were analyzed
and counted.
We set up a vial agar; it had two drosophila f1female and five drosophila f1 males. After one week
pupas were visible and the parental were removed. A week after this the developed f2 drosophilas
were counted after being analyzed.
We set up a second vial with agar that had two drosophila dumpy sepia females and five drosophila
wild type.
Result
F2 cross punnet

A Study On Drosophila Melanogaster

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

More from Susan Migliaccio

More from Susan Migliaccio (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

A Study On Drosophila Melanogaster