A&Amp;P Lab

A&P Lab
Evaluate how the name of a muscle can distinguish its location, action, shape, and function. Select five different muscles to make this distinction.
Descriptive terms are used to name skeletal muscles. Some names give the location in the body. The temporalis muscle is attached to the temporal bone
in the skull. The brachialis muscle is attached to the humerus bone, but brachial refers to the main artery in the arm. Some muscles are named for their
origins and insertions, like the genioglossus muscle, for example, originates at the chin (geneion) and inserts in the tongue (glossus). Some muscles are
named for the arrangement of the fascicle groups. For example the rectus abdominus is the straight muscle that is in the adbominus.... Show more
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scapula Mandible and skin of the cheek Depresses mandible; tenses skin of neck Facial nerve Sternocleido–mastoid clavicular head attaches to sternal
end of clavicle; sternal head attaches to manubrium clavicular head attaches to sternal end of clavicle; sternal head attaches to manubrium Together,
they flex the neck; alone, one side bends head toward shoulder and turns face to opposite side Accessory nerve (N XI) and cervical spinal nerves
(C2–C3) of cervical plexus Splenius Spinous processes and ligaments connecting inferior cervical and superior thoracic vertebrae Mastoid process,
occipital bone of skull, and superior cervical vertebrae Together, the two sides extend neck; alone, each rotates and laterally flexes neck to that side
Cervical spinal nerves Scalenes Transverse and costal processes of cervical vertebrae Superior surfaces of first two ribs Elevate ribs or flex neck
Cervical spinal nerves External Coastals Inferior border of each rib Superior border of more inferior rib Elevate ribs Intercostal nerves (branches of
thoracic spinal nerves) External Oblique External and inferior borders of ribs 5–12 Linea alba and iliac crest Compresses abdomen, depresses ribs,
flexes or bends spine Intercostal, iliohypogastric, and ilioinguinal nerves Diaphragm Xiphoid process, cartilages of ribs 4–10, and anterior surfaces of
lumbar vertebrae Central tendinous sheet Contraction expands thoracic cavity, compresses abdominopelvic cavity Phrenic
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Midterm Review Anatomy 1 Lab
Review: Anatomy I Lab Chapter 1: Language of Anatomy What is anatomic position?– Human body is erect, with the feet only slightly apart, head and
toes pointed forward, and arms hanging at the sides with palms facing forward. –two major divisions of human body surface are Axial, and
Appendicular 2. Body orientation and direction. ~Superior– above ex. the nose is superior to the mouth ~Inferior– below ex. the abdomen is inferior to
the chest ~Anterior– front ex. the face and the arms are in the anterior body surface. ~Posterior– back ex. the spine is posterior to the heart ~Medial–
toward the midline ex. the heart is medial to the lungs. ex. the sternum is medial to the ribs... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
–Coccyx–formed from the fusion of 3 to 5 small irregularly shaped vertebrae. It is literally a human tailbone, a vestige of the tail that other vertebrates
have; is attached to the sacrum by ligaments. 7. Sternum (bones of sternum and identify them in figure) 8. True ribs and false ribs *12 pairs of ribs
–True Ribs– first seven pairs; are directly connected to the sternum. –False Ribs– next five fairs; are not directly connected to the Sternum. Chapter 5:
Appendicular Skeleton How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton –composed of 126 bones of appendages and pectoral and pelvic girdles which
attach the limbs to the axial skeleton. 2. The bones of the Clavicle and Scapulae –Clavicle (collarbone) – sternal (medial) end– attaches to sternal
manubrium –acromial (lateral) end– articulates w/ the scapulae to form part of the shoulder joint. –Scapulae (shoulder blades) –known as "wings of
humans" –connects humerus (upper arm bone) w/ clavicle (collar bone) – two processes: –acromion: connects clavicle –coracoid process: attachment
point for upper limb muscles –has three angles: superior, inferior, lateral 3. The Arm–consists of single bone called humerus –head fits into glenoid
cavity &

Assignment: Functional Anatomy
Name: Yong Jia Wei
Date: 6/10/14 Assignment title: Functional Anatomy Individual Assignment
2 exercise movement with diagrams and full anatomy
Introduction
The shoulder joint is also know as the glenohumeral joint is a "ball and socket" between the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula
bone(shoulder blade). The six main movements of the shoulders are: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal rotation and external rotation.
Flexion is when the upper arm is elevated forward toward the face. Extension is when the arm moves backward behind the plane of the body.
Abduction is when the arm moves up and out to the side away from the body. Adduction is when the arm is pulled in towards the side of... Show more
Common dumbbell lateral raise mistakes to avoid
Mistake: swing torso back
Solution: avoid the temptation of swinging to gain momentum. Stay focused during the set by remaining slightly bent over. Do not extend your back
or thrust your hips forward, this could be effective in some scenarios
Mistake: Wrists higher than elbow
Solution: ensure your elbows are always higher than your wrists at every point during the exercise. Do not rotate externally rotate your shoulders, as
this causes the elbows to point downwards towards the ground and the wrist will naturally to rise above the elbow level. This result in the front
deltoids contributing to the exercise and the side deltoids will not have any contraction.
Mistake: too much internal shoulder rotation
Solution: as you reach the top of the movement, there should be a slight internal rotation to bring the elbows barely above the wrists. Further rotation
causes the elbows to pint toward the top. This shifts attention away from the lateral deltoids and causes strains to the shoulder joint so always keep
elbows pointed to the rear.
Dumbbell lateral raise

Deltoid Acquisition
I have selected to write my analysis on the sport skill on sculling (rowing.) There are four phases that have to be achieved to complete a full row.
They are the catch, drive that the primary focus is the lower body; therefore I will not discuss much about this phase, the finish and recovery. The
muscles that I will discuss deltoids, trapezius, triceps brachii, teres major, biceps brachii, and pectoralis major. All movement and phases will occur in
the sagittal plane. The initial movement in the catch phase the shoulders are abducted, the deltoid origin is inferolateral clavicle and spine of the
scapula and the antagonist is adducted. The elbows are extended; insertion for the triceps brachii is the olecranon process of the ulna. Triceps brachii...
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The trapezius has elevated the scapula; the origin is the external occipital protuberance, medial portion of the super nuchae and spinous process C–7
through T–12 and the insertion is a lateral one third of the clavicle, acromion and spine of the scapula. The final phase is the recovery, this is very
similar to the initial phase, which was the catch phase there are some differences. In the recovery phase, the shoulders and elbows are again abducted
and extended, and the scapulars are abducted. The shoulder girdle responsible for , adduction/abduction, downward /upward rotation, elevation
/depression, the muscles involved: tramezius, pectoralis, The shoulder joint is responsible for flexion and extension muscles involved: latissimus dorsi,
teres major/minor, deltoid, and infraspinatus. The elbow joint is responsible for flexion and extension muscles involved: Biceps brachii
brachialis,brachioradialis. The shoulder girdle, elbow joint, and shoulder joint involved all eccentric

Humeral Shaft Fractures
Humeral shaft fractures account for 3 to 5% of all fractures in adults and for 20% of all humeral fractures. Fractures of the humerus can occur
proximally, mid–shaft, or distally. Humeral shaft fractures occur most commonly in the elderly and are significantly associated with impairment of
independence and quality of life. Majority of the fractures are non–displaced and can be treated non–operatively, which is still the standard treatment of
isolated humeral shaft fractures. Although non–surgical management of humeral shaft fracture can be associated unsatisfactory results. Surgical
treatment is reserved for specific conditions and offers better outcomes. Humeral shaft fractures those managed with internal fixation supports relative
stabilization... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It provides strength and resistance to both torsional and bending forces. The proximal humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to
form the shoulder joint. The muscles and tendons of the rotator cuff, the acromion, and ligamentous attachments between the coracoid process of the
scapula and the acromion serve to both stabilize the gleno–humeral joint and provide a wide range of motion of the shoulder joint. The distal humerus
articulates with the radius and ulna at the elbow. The greater tuberosity is located on the superior aspect of the humerus just lateral to the humeral head
and it provides attachment for three of the rotator cuff muscles supraspinatus, infraspinatus and teres minor. The lesser tuberosity of the humerus is
located on the anterior surface of the humerus and provides attachment for the subscapularis muscle. To classify the fractures, the lesser tuberosity
marks the boundary between the proximal humerus and the mid–shaft. Humeral shaft is enveloped in the muscles and soft tissue which provide
favorable non–operative healing mechanism in uncomplicated fractures. Muscles originating on the humeral shaft include the brachialis,
brachioradialis, and the medial and lateral heads of the triceps brachii. The deltoid, pectoralis major, teres major, latissimus dorsi, and coracobrachialis
all insert on the humeral shaft. Different location of the fracture along the humeral shaft will have specific deforming forces acting on the fracture
fragments. Fractures near the midpoint of the shaft can have proximal fragment pulled laterally by the deltoid, while the distal fragment pulled
medially by the triceps and biceps. Fractures near mid–shaft of the humerus are more likely to shorten than proximal or distal fractures due to the
strong pull of the biceps and triceps muscles. The blood supply to the humeral shaft

The Pathophysiology Of Deltoid Muscles
Lowering Phase Once the push–up is completed, the person must precisely lower themselves back down to a prone position. In this phase, the same
muscles are used as discussed in the pushing up phase, except in the opposite direction. Stabilizers The muscles being discussed are needed to help
stabilize the body and keep it straight while doing a push–up. The primary muscles being examined are the abdominal muscles. These muscles are
called the rectus abdominis. They are located in the anterior trunk of the midline. This muscle is divided into two sides and is separated by the linea
alba. They start at the crest of the pubis and insert in the costal cartilages of the fifth, sixth, and seventh ribs. There are six smaller sections that... Show
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This muscle is the only muscle that is on the posterior side of the arm. It is the agonist to the deltoids during some movements. According to
Lippert, "the triceps has three heads: long, lateral and medial." That is why it is commonly called the triceps muscle, tri meaning three. The long
head starts at the inferior rim of the glenoid fossa of the scapula and goes between the teres minor and major. The lateral head attaches to the lateral
side on the posterior surface of the humerus, just below the greater tubercle. The medial head of the triceps lies deep to the long and lateral heads.
It is attached on the posterior surface below the lateral head. The body of the triceps are formed when all three heads come together (Lippert, 2011).
The action of the triceps brachii is to extend the elbow and the shoulder, and create shoulder adduction. The origin of this muscle is in three different
places, due to the three heads. The long head origin is the infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula. The lateral head origin is the posterior surface of the
proximal half of the humerus. Lastly, the medial head origin is in the posterior surface of distal half of the humerus. The insertion is at the olecranon
process of the ulna (Andrew Biel,

Zimmer Biomet Shoulder Lawsuit Case Study
Zimmer Biomet Shoulder Lawsuit
Zimmer Biomet is a product is a reverse shoulder implant designed to help patients restore arm movement. However, increased instances of failure
have led to massive recall of this medical device along with lawsuits. Overall, there are three types of claims associated by recalled products,
defective manufacture claim, failure to warn claim and defective design claim. The failure to warn claim occurs in cases where the manufacturer of a
product fails to notify or educate users on the defect and risk associated with using the recalled product. Under the defective design claim, the product
manufacturer is held responsible for failure to provide adequate information regarding product development and failing to test and foresee defects that
may be caused by product failure.
On the other hand, under the defective manufacture claim, the product manufacturer is held liable for product defects arising from poor manufacture
and lack of proper inspection. Zimmer Biomet, Inc is a leading manufacturer of orthopedic products. The Zimmer Biomet Shoulder device is one of ...
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Zimmer Biomet followed this development by issuing recall notices of over 3,600 Comprehensive Reverse Shoulder Humeral implants on December
2016. It further called on healthcare providers to return all the unused implants. The company had initially marketed the device as a solution for patients
suffering from cuff tear arthropathy, a severe form of arthritis that afflicts the shoulder. The device was also advanced as alternative treatment for
patients who have undergone unsuccessful traditional shoulder replacement surgery. It is important to note that a reverse total shoulder replacement is
said to work better than the conventional implant for patients suffering from conditions such as cuff tear arthropathy since it uses multiple muscles to
enhance the arms

The Trapezius Muscle Essay
The trapezius muscle:
–Origin: it has an extensive origin from the base of the skull to the upper lumbar vertebrae.
–Insertion: it inserts on the lateral aspect of the clavicle, acromion, and scapular spine.
–Nerve supply: It is innervated by the spinal accessory nerve.
–Action: It functions mainly as a scapular retractor and elevator of the lateral angle of the scapula[19].
The rhomboids muscles:
The rhomboids, consisting of the major and minor muscles.
–Origin: the major and minor muscles originate from the spinous processes of C7 and T1 and T2 to T5, respectively.
–Insertion: They insert on the medial aspect of the scapula.
–Nerve supply: The dorsal scapular nerve innervates the rhomboids.
–Action: and retract and elevate the scapula. [19]
The levator scapulae muscle:
–Origin: originates on the transverse processes of the cervical spine.
–Insertion: inserts on the superior angle of the scapula.
–Nerve supply: Innervation is from the third and fourth cervical spinal nerves.
–Action: The levator scapule elevates the superior angle, resulting in upward and medial rotation of the scapular body[19].
The serratus anterior muscle:
–Origin: it takes origin from the bodies of the first nine ribs and the anterolateral aspect of the thorax
–Insertion: it inserts through three portions from the superior to the inferior angle of the scapula.
–Nerve supply: Innervation is by the long thoracic nerve, and nerve injuries here often manifest as a winged scapula.
–

Rotator Cuff Research Paper
Rotator cuff surgery affects the function of the shoulder. It is very painful injury and there is loss in strength. If the rotator cuff tendon becomes
inflamed or is partially torn, it can be painful and will most limit shoulder movement. This injury occurs from a sudden impact, like falling on your arm
which might accrue in motocross, snowboarding, playing football, and similar collision sport. Activities that might cause overload to the tendon have a
possibility to tear the tendon. Other ways a rotator cuff can tears is from old age and over use over the years.
Treatment depends on the damage done to the tendon. By having an accurate diagnosis, a careful physical examination of the shoulder and x–ray
examination of the shoulder can help

lab report on physical activity
Cardiovascular Endurance
I did the 1 mile walk and my time was 17 minutes and 26 seconds. My heart rate at the end of my walk was 100 bpm. My VO2 max was a 48.72 and
for my people are around my age that just ranked in the category of just good.
I was not able to perform the 3 minute step test because of medical reasons.
The benefits of the step test would be that there is not a lot of energy being exerted by the participants. Unlike running, stepping comes natural making
this test less challenging people. The people who would benefit most from the step test would be the people who aren't too physically active in their
daily lives and people coming back from a lower extremity injury.
The benefit of the run or walk test is that you ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Seated Leg Curl
Muscle group used: gluteus, hamstrings
Adjust back pad
Adjust ankle pad
Adjust weight
Put legs on ankle pad then adjust thigh pad
Slowly curl down
Weight used: 30
16. MTS Kneeling Leg Curl
Muscle group used: hamstrings
Adjust ankle pad
Adjust weight
Slowly curl leg up
Weight used: 30
17. MTS Triceps Extension
Muscle group: triceps
Adjust seat
Adjust weight
Adjust arm pad

Put arms on arm pad
Extend arms out
Weight used: 30
18. Biceps Curl
Muscle group: biceps
Adjust seat
Grab handles
Curl up
Weight used:65
19. Pulldown
Muscle group used: biceps, latissimus dorsi
Adjust seat height to secure legs
Stand up and grip handles in desired position and the sit down
Pull handles down
Weight used: 110
20. Lateral Raise
Muscle used: deltoids
Adjust seat height to align shoulders
Sit facing machine position forearms on pads
Raise elbows until even with shoulders
Weight used: 30
21. Fly
Muscle groups: pectoralis major, anterior deltoid
Adjust seat so that elbows are slightly below shoulders
Adjust start position with range of motion
Sit with chest up
Slowly push hands together while keeping shoulders placed against back pad and return
Weight used: 90
22. Back Extension
Muscles used: erector spines, gluteus
Place feet on foot support
Adjust the foot support
Adjust

Essay on Comprehensive assignment
1. (5 pts) Describe the metabolic process providing your energy while you were walking (at an easy pace) before the bee stung you. Include which
molecules are being consumed.
The metabolic process providing my energy while I was walking at an easy pace is aerobic metabolism. During aerobic metabolism, mitochondria
absorb from the surrounding cytoplasm these molecules: ADP, phosphate ions, O2, and organic substances like pyruvate. These molecules go
through the citric acid cycle. The electron transport chain is also involved to create ATP. For each molecule of pyruvate that goes into the citric acid
cycle, the cell gains 17 ATP molecules. Glycogen reserves can also be used and converted to glucose. Glycolysis breaks down glucose... Show more
339–341)
4. (6 pts) Move your eyes and look at the bee. (Create a table that describes which nerves control which muscles to cause the needed eye movements).
Action:Muscle:Origin:Insertion:Nerve:
Eye looks downInferior RectusSphenoid around optic canalInferior, medial surface of eyeballOculomotor Nerve III
Eye looks laterallyLateral RectusSphenoid around optic canalLateral surface of eyeballAbducens Nerve VI
Eye rolls, looks down and laterallySuperior ObliqueSphenoid around optic canalSuperior, lateral surface of eyeballTrochlear Nerve IV
("The Muscular System" P. 335)
5. (8 pts) Trace the image of the bee to perception. (Include all focusing, transduction, transmission and perception processes and structures).
After a retinal molecule absorbs light, the normally 11–cis form of the bound retinal molecule straightens to become the 11–trans from. This change
activated the opsin molecule. Opsin activates transducin which is a G protein. This G protein then activates phosphodiesterase. Phosphodiesterase is an
enzyme that breaks down cyclic–GMP. The break–down of cyclic–GMP removes them from the gated sodium channels and makes the gated sodium
channels inactive. Because of this, sodium ion entry into the cytoplasm decreases.

Posterior Shoulder Tightness: A Case Study
The patents were place in a sitting position with their arm laid on the thigh. Five different structure were treated 1.) supraspinatus musculo–tendinious
junction at the humeral head, 2.) supraspinatus anterior, 3.) posterior teno–ossoeous junction of the greater tuberosity, 4.) supraspinatus teno–osseous
junction in the muscle belly at the supraspinatus fossa, 5.) and the deltoid teno–osseous insertion at the deltoid tuberosity (Saylor–Pavkovich, E.
(2016)). There findings showed that each participant had improved sleep patterns, normal range of motion went back to a scale of 5/5. A research
paper, Acute Effects of Dry Needling on PosteriorShoulder Tightness. A Case Report written by Samuele Passigli, PT; Giuseppe Plebani, PT; and
Antonio ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Finding someone who has the credentials to insert the filiform needles into the right place to get the maximal effects. The possibility of needing
imaging could affect the cost that the project could coast and if the use of ultrasound or stimulation could also add extra cost. But if none of those
things were to be used the only cost would be obtaining the filiform needles. Like with all research projects there is always the possibility that there
will be no change in the

Self Reflection On Pain Management
A critical self–reflection on your current practice based upon current evidence to identify specific areas for practice change.
My current practice on upper limb shoulder pain management in people with hemiplegia are positioning, Sling application, over–head pulley exercises,
Bobath therapy, cryotherapy and ultrasound therapy
Evidences for change
Electrical stimulation
Klotz et al. (2016) concluded from their literature review on treatments of shoulder pain in people with hemiplegia that electrical stimulation is mostly
used method, FES is best and effective therapy and other methods such as bandaging, positioning, handling, heat therapy, cold therapy and ultrasound
are supportive methods.
David et al. (2004) did a study using "intramuscular neuromuscular electric stimulation (NMES)" for supraspinatus, posterior deltoid, middle deltoid,
and trapezius for 6 hours/day for 6 weeks and using a cuff–type sling in the control group for 6 weeks. They found pain reduction in the higher
proportion of the participants in NMES group at the end of the treatment (65.6%:24.1%) and it persisted up to 6months.
There is a pilot study found that Percutaneous(P) NMES decreases chronic hemiplegic shoulder pain and maintains up to 6 months. P–NMES dose
used 20MA, 12 Hz, and 10s ON/10s OFF for 6 hours for 6 weeks (Renzenbrink & Ijzerman, 2004).
Ricardo Viana et al. (2006) concluded according to his evidence based review that intramuscular NMES is an effective (level 1a evidence) treatment for

Brachii Research Paper
The biceps brachii arises from the scapula by two heads. The long (lateral head) arising from the supraglenoid tubercle, descends within the capsule
of the shoulder joint and lies in the intertubercular groove. The short (medial head) arises from the coracoid process in common with the
coracobrachialis. The insertion is into the tuberosity of the radius (posterior part) and the fascia of the forearm (and ultimately the ulna) by means
of the bicipital aponeurosis. The biceps and brachialis are the chief flexors of the forearm. The origin of the brachialis embraces the insertion of the
deltoid. The coracobrachialis is generally pierced by the musculocutaneous nerve. The triceps brachii forms the bulk of the posterior arm. Its three
heads are arranged in two planes: the long and lateral heads occupy a superficial plane, whereas the medial head is deeper. The radial nerve passes
between the long and medial heads and then lies on the humerus under cover of the lateral head. The long head separates the triangular from the
quadrangular space and the teres major from the teres minor. The triceps is the extensor of the forearm.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The radial nerve divides into superficial and deep branches.The superficial branch is the direct continuation of the radial nerve into the forearm. The
deep branch winds laterally around the radius between the layers of the supinator and continues as the posterior interosseous nerve to the muscles of
the posterior forearm. The median nerve, enters the forearm between the heads of the pronator teres. The ulnar nerve, enters the forearm between the
heads of the flexor carpi ulnaris and under a tendonous arch formed between these

Linear Avulsion Procedure
DOI: 3/5/2015. Patient is a 53–year old male coordinator who sustained injury to his right shoulder and right arm, when he slipped and fell while
walking into work. Per OMNI, he was initially diagnosed with fracture of the right humerus and contusion of the right elbow. This claim is established
only for the right shoulder and elbow.
Per the PT daily note dated 09/02/15, the patient has attended 36 sessions for his shoulder and upper arm.
Based on the latest medical report dated 11/05/15, the patient had a minimally displaced "GT" avulsion fracture, nondisplaced incomplete fracture at the
surgical neck and nondisplaced anterosuperior glenoid fracture. He had a rotator cuff tendonitis without full thickness tearing. There is some ... Show
Olecranon bursa swelling and thickness is noted without pain or effusion. There is tenderness over the ulnar aspect of the wrist. Strength is 4+/5 to the
supraspinatus, internal/external rotators and deltoid. Elbow strength testing is positive for pain with resisted wrist extension and pain with resisted
long finger extension. Wrist strength flexion/extension is weakness is noted at 4+/5.
Current medications include Medrol Dose pack, lipitor, Tylenol–codeine, multivitamin, Percocet and baby Aspirin.
Diagnoses are cervical radiculopathy, right shoulder pain, nondisplaced fracture of the greater tuberosity of the right humerus and right shoulder
bursitis. He has reached maximal recovery for his right shoulder. MD is concerned that the elbow and hand pain are related more to his neck as he
has a history of cervical radiculopathy and his symptoms are more of tightness than pain that can be localized. He has had epidural injections in the
past for left sided radiculopathy. An updated MRI is requested. If there are right–sided findings, he will be sent for possible injection for the upper
extremity pain. Otherwise, he will be sent for a second opinion for his continued

Muscle Analysis: The Deltoid Muscles
The Deltoid Muscle
The deltoid muscle is in the shoulder area, towards the proximal end of the arm. The muscle itself is rounded and triangular in shape, and consists of
three main "heads" or muscles fibre strands; the lateral, anterior, and posterior deltoids. It is used for arm extension in all angles and rotation, mainly
up and down straight out to the side.
The deltoid has three main functions that involve the three individual muscle "strands". The the anterior deltoid rotates the humerus anteriorly, such as
when you reach forward or throw a ball underarm. The lateral deltoid rotates the arm directly out sideways using abduction. The posterior deltoid
extends the arm backwards and laterally rotates the arm by pulling the humerus toward ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lift up to your chin keeping the barbell close to your body and keeping your back straight. Then lower the bar back down slowly to the starting position.
The Agonist in this exercise is the Medial or Lateral Deltoid while lifting the bar up and the antagonist is the Latissimus Dorsi and the Pectoralis Major.
While lowering the bar the agonists and antagonist swap around. The synergists are the Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres major and minor,
Subscapularis. The deltoid muscle contraction is Concentric upwards and eccentric downwards and the types of movements are Shoulder Abduction and
Adduction.
Shoulder Presses– Anterior Deltoid Exercise: Hold a dumbbell in each hand, sitting on a chair on bench with back support. Lift the dumbbells to about
shoulder height before propelling the dumbbells upwards until reaching full contraction. Hold there briefly before slowly lowering them back to
shoulder

Body Movement Analysis
I am going to analyze the complex movement of throwing a football I am going to be focused on the upper body movement of throwing a football. I
am going to be talking about all the muscles involved in the movement. I am also going to be talking about the muscles origin and insertion, there
primary action, and which muscles are the agonists, antagonists, stabilizers, synergists and neutralizers. I will also be talking about what plane the
movement takes place in and what type of lever system the prime movers are. I am first going to talk about the movement of throwing a football I will
then talk about the primary action of each muscle involved and then the origin, insertion and which muscles are the agonists, antagonists, stabilizers,
synergists... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The anterior deltoid is an agonist in the acceleration part of the throw its origin is the anterior border and upper surface of the lateral third of the
clavicle its insertion is the deltoid tuberosity of humerus. The pectoralis major is also an agonist in the acceleration part of the throw its origin is
the clavicle, the sternumand upper ribs, and the tendon of the external oblique muscle the insertion is the lateral lip of the bicipital groove of the
humerus. The triceps brachii is an agonist in the acceleration part of the throw and an antagonist when the ball is being drawn back. Its long head
origin is the infraglenoid tubercle of scapula, its lateral heads origin is above the radial sulcus, and its medial head is below the radial sulcus and
its insertion is the olecranon process of ulna. The Infraspinatus is a synergist for the rotator cuff during the acceleration phase. Its origin is the
infraspinous fossa of the scapula and its insertion is the middle facet of greater tubercle of the humerus. The biceps brachii is an agonist when the
ball is being drawn back and an antagonist when the ball is accelerated forward. The origin of its short head is the coracoid process of the scapula and
the origin of its long head is the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula and its insertion is the tuberosity of the

Scapular Muscle Rehabilitation
Introduction In regards to mobility, the glenohumeral (GH) joint is one of the best the human body has to offer. It allows for the range of motion
needed for the activities of daily living that we have all grown accustomed to. In order to execute these motions, however, the shoulder joint needs a
stable base of support. This is one of the primary roles of the scapula and its surrounding musculature. When the GH joint is injured, however, scapular
muscle–activation, and therefore stability and function, is theoretically altered. Many shoulder rehabilitation programs focus on restoring proper
coordination of these muscles, especially those involved with scapular upward–rotation. Until recently, however, there has not been much research
supporting the relationship between muscle–activation ratios and shoulder injuries, nor the ability to preferentially activate scapular muscles using
rehabilitation exercises. Furthermore, the purpose of this study was to determine if there are differences in muscle–activation ratios between healthy
individuals and those with GH injuries, as well as evaluate muscle–activation during particular rehabilitation exercises (Moeller, Huxel Bliven, &
Snyder Valier, 2014).
Methods ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They defined one independent variable as group, referring to either healthy control or GH injury. The other independent variable was defined as
functional exercise, which consisted of bow and arrow (BA), external rotation with scapular squeeze (ERSS), lawnmower, and robbery. The dependent
variables were identified as normalized muscle–activation from the serratus anterior (SA), upper trapezius (UT), middle trapezius (MT), and lower
trapezius (LT). These values were used to calculate ratios of muscle–activation (Moeller, Huxel Bliven, & Snyder Valier,

Teres Minor-Axillary Essay
Teres major:–Axillary border of scapula near inferior angle–Crest below lesser tubercle nest to latismus dorsi attachmentShoulder extention , abduction
and medial rotation
Teres minor–Axillary border of scapula – Greater tuberosity of humerus– shoulder lateral roattion , horizontal abduction
InfraspinatusInfraspianous fossa of scapula– Greater tuberosity of humerusShoulder lateral rotation, horizontal abduction
SupraspinatusSupraspinous fossa of scapulaGreater tubercle of humerus
Upper trapeziusOccipital bone, nuchal ligament on cervical spinous processesOuter 3rd of clavicle, acromion processScapular elevation and upward
rotation
Middle trapeziusSpinous processes of C7 through T3Scapular spineScapular retraction
Lower trapeziusSpinous processes of middle and lower thoracic vertebraeBase ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Anterior deltoid Lateral 3rd of clavicleDeltoid tuberosityShoulder abduction, flexion, medial rotation, and horizontal adduction
Middle deltoidAcromion processDeltpid tuberosity Shoulder abduction
Posterior deltoid Spie of scapulaDeltoid tuberosityShoulder abduction, extension, hyperextension, lateral rotation, horizontal
Pectoralis minorAnterior surface, 3rd through 5th ribsCoracoid process of scapulaScapular depression, protraction, downward rotation, and tilt
Pectoralis major–clavicular regionMedial 3rd of clavicleLateral lip of bicipital groove of humerusShoulder flexion – first 60 degrees
Pectoralis major– sternal regionSternum, costal cartilages of first 6 ribsLateral lip of bicipital groove of humerus Shoulder extension – first 60 degrees
(from 180–120 degrees
Pectoralis main action: Shoulder adduction, medial rotation, horizontal adduction
Rhomboids Spinous processes of C7 through T5Vertebral border of scapula between the spine and inferior angleScapular retraction, elevation and
downward rotation
Serratus anterior Lateral surface of upper 8 ribsVertebral border of the scapula, anterior surfaceScapular protraction, upward

Exercise Analysis Bird Dog
Bird Dog Exercise Analysis
The female exerciser begins executing the bird dog while positioned on her hands and knees. She raises her left arm while simultaneously extending
her right hip and knee. The muscle fibers of her anterior deltoid engage and act as the agonist for shoulder flexion while the gluteus maximus engages
as the agonist for hip extension. The quadriceps femoris group act as the agonist for knee extension. The antagonists for shoulder flexion are the
posterior deltoid, latissimus dorsi, teres major, pectoralis major, and the triceps brachii. The antagonist for her hip extension is the iliopsoas while the
hamstring group is the antagonist for knee extension. The upper fibers of her pectoralis major, along with the biceps brachii

Essay On Kidney Replacement
Background: Proximal end of the humerus is a common site for both primary and metastatic bone tumors. Limbe salvage with endoprosthetic
replacement is the most common means of reconstruction but it is proved to be just a spacer with inferior shoulder function. So it can be replaced by
cheaper spacers specially in poor societies.
Patients and methods: This study included 20 patients,fourteen were females. With mean age of 40.4 years (range 12 to 60 ). Diagnosed as 6
osteosarcomas , two , chondrosarcomas, two myeloma, two lymphoma, four metastatic carcinoma from the breast , two giant cell tumor and two
recurrent chondroplastoma. Limb salvage was successfully done to all of them with Tikhof–linberg type I intwelve cases and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The most commonly used reconstructive techniques after proximal humeral resection include osteoarticular allografts , allograft– or
autograft–prosthesis composites.(7)
Risks vary dependent on the choice of reconstruction. Biological reconstruction can be complicated by fracture, infection, and subchondral collapse,
leading to implant revision or removal. Difficulties with endoprosthetic reconstruction involve consequences of surgical resection of deltoid and rotator
cuff. These include proximal subluxation, instability, and a reduction in functional range of motion .(2,3,8,9)
Aim of the work: The aim of this work was to evaluate the result of (endoprosthetic versus cement spacer replacements) reconstructions of the proximal
humerus after tumor resection.
Patients and methods: This work included 20 patients presented with proximal humeral lesions with a mean age of 40.4 years (range; 12 to 60
years).fourteen (70%) females and six (30%) males. The lesions were in the form of; six (30%) osteosarcomas, two (10%) chondrosarcomas, two
(10%) lymphomas, two (10%) myeloma, two (10%) giant cell tumor, two (10 %) recurrent chondroblastoma and 4 (20%) metastatic breast carcinoma.
In cases of primary bone sarcoma ( cases of osteosarcoma and the cases of chondrosarcoma , myeloma, and lymphoma ) a wide resection of the tumor
was done through an

3 Muscle Types
The three types of muscle: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.
Tendons have fibers that may intertwine with the periosteum of the boe to attach the muscle to the bone. Aponeuroses have broad fibrous sheets that
may attach to the bone.
Epimysium is a layer of connective tissue that closely surrounds the skeletal muscle. Other layers are called perimysium and separate the muscle tissue
into small compartments. This arrangement allows muscles to move somewhat independently.
A muscle fiber is a thin, elongated cylinder with rounded ends. Beneath its cell membrane, they cytoplasm contains many small, oval nuclei and
mitochondria. This contains threadlike myofibrils, which are parallel to each other.
The neuromuscular junction refers to the connection ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Each of the cells making up the fiber have sarcoplasmic reticulums and many mitochondria. However, the cisternae of cardiac muscle fibers store far
less calcium, while the transverse tubules are larger and release many calcium ions in response to muscle impulses.
The immovable end of a muscle is called its origin, and its movable end is its insertion.
The prime mover is the muscle that does majority of the actual moving, also known as the agonist. Synergists are nearby assisting muscles that contract.
Antagonists resist the prime mover's action and cause movement in the opposite

Muscle Functions Of Muscle Function
MuscleFunction
Masseterhelps chew food by raising the mandible up and down
Latissimus dorsiextension of the arm, the adduction of the arm, and the rotation of the arm towards the center of the body
Triceps brachiiextension of the arm and forearm
Deltoidsrotation of the arm towards and away from the body, and the extension, flexion, and abduction of the arm
Trapeziusextension of the cranium, adduction and elevation, and depression of the scapula
Extensor carpi radialisabduction and extension of the hand
Extensor carpi ulnarisextension and adduction of the hand
Serratus ventralisabduction of the scapula and rotation in an upward direction
Rectus abdominusenables the vertebral column to be flexed and the compression of the abdomen
Pectoralis minorenables the 3rd, 4th, and 5th ribs to be raised for inhalation of air and allows the abduction of the scapula and its inferior movement
Pectoralis majorarm to rotate towards the body and the flexion and extension of the arm
Sternohyoidpushes the hyoid bone down
Biceps femorisflexion of the leg and extension of the thigh
Gluteus maximusextension of the thigh and the rotation of the thigh away from the body
Gluteus mediusenables the thigh to be abducted and to be rotated towards the center of the body
External obliqueflexion of the vertebral column with a forward movement of the abdomen and chest, and allows for the lateral flexion of the vertebral
column and trunk rotation
Senitendinousenables leg to be flexed and

Unit 2 W4 Muscle Summary
Q2 W4 Muscle Summary
Biceps Brachii – It's attachments are the coracoid process, supraglenoid tuberosity, and radial tuberosity. When it contracts it causes flexion and
supination. It's located close to the endangerment site the antecubital. This area is known for housing chronic pain.
Brachialis – It's attachments are the deltoid tuberosity and coronoid process of unla. When it contracts it causes flexion. It's located close to the
endangerment site the antecubital.
Triceps Brachii – It's attachments are the Olecranon process, posterior humerus shaft, and infraglenoid tuberical. When it contracts it causes extention.
Anconeus – It's attachments are the lateral epicondyle of humerus, olecranon process of ulna, and ulna blade. When it contracts ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
It's function is to hold the tendons in position. It's dysfunction can cause is tenosynovitis and carpal tunnel syndrome.
Palmaris Longus – It's attachments are medial epicondyle and skin and palm. When it contracts it causes flexion in the palm, but is not found in
everyone. It's located close to the endangerment site.
Flexor Digitorum Profundus – It's attachments are the medial epicondyle. When it contracts it causes flexion in fingers 2–5.
Flexor Digitorum Superficialis – It's attachments are the medial epicondyle. When it contracts it causes flexion in fingers

The Three Trunks Of The Plexus
Rick Winstead
Steve Hammons
PTA 150
2/13/15
Brachial Plexus At first glance, the brachial plexus may be a bit intimidating. The nerves arising from it and the muscles of the trunk and upper
extremity of which it innervates may seem overwhelming, but as one begins the process of adding all of the components together in an orderly
fashion, it begins to be seen in a much more easily understood manner. The first step in this process is to gain a grasp on the basic main structure of
the plexus, and then gradually build on that foundation. The basic organization is split into five areas. These are the roots, trunks, divisions, cords,
and terminal branches. The five roots originate from spinal nerves C5, C6, C7, C8, and T1. It is important to remember that these five areas contain
both motor and sensory components. Next are the three trunks of the plexus. The roots of C5 and C6 combine to form the upper trunk, C7 continues
on its own to form the middle trunk, and the lower trunk is formed by C8 and T1. Each trunk then divides into an anterior and posterior division. The
divisions then combine to form cords. The anterior divisions of the upper and middle trunk combine to form the lateral cord, the anterior division of
the lower trunk forms the medial cord, and all three posterior divisions combine to make the posterior cord. Finally, the cords give way to the terminal
branches of the brachial plexus. The lateral cord splits and becomes the musculocutaneous nerve, and a

The 2000 Meter Row Case Study
The 2000–Meter Row: A Case in Homeostasis
Adapted from the National Center for Case Study Teaching in Science* by Nathan Strong
At the start 1. Recall that Jim's heart and respiratory rate are increased, he was sweating and that his mouth was dry before the raise began. Explain
what is happening to his autonomic nervous system (including which division is the most active) and specify exactly how those ANS responses are
creating the symptoms noted. What changes do you think are occurring in the digestive and urinary systems at this time? (8 points)
In his autonomic nervous system, the sympathetic division was the most active before and during the race because it is what prepares your body for
extra somatic activity. It activated ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Now, pick one of those muscles and trace their control from the appropriate brain structure all the way to the NMJ. Be sure to include all intermediate
structures, synapses, plexuses and nerves.
(8 points)
Movement of the deltoid begins in the cerebrum of the brain, but more specifically: in the frontal lobe, the premotor cortex is relaying instructions to
the primary motor cortex. The primary motor cortex contains the upper motor neurons whose axons will travel down the pyramids of the medulla
oblongata and synapse on lower motor neurons in the anterior gray horns of spinal cord segments C5–C6. From there, the ventral rami of spinal nerves
C5–C6 form the superior trunk of the brachial plexus, which splits into two divisions. We will follow the posterior division that supplies to extensor
muscles. This posterior division then runs into the posterior cord from which the axillary nerve is derived. The axillary nerve's motor end innervates
the deltoid through its neuromuscular junction.
4. Rowing full speed is putting maximum demands on Jim's muscles. What metabolic process is providing most of the energy for Jim's muscles at this
point and why do Jim's muscles feel like they are burning? (5 points)
As Jim's muscles are at maximum demand, his mitochondria are unable to produce the needed ATP through aerobic respiration because oxygen is
unable to diffuse fast enough into his muscle fibers. At this time anaerobic

Shooting A Bow Lab Report
Shooting a bow largely involves the use of the upper extremity. Between the needs of stabilization and torque, many muscles in the upper extremity are
utilized to perform an effective shot. However, the lower extremity is also involved in bow shooting mechanics. Muscles in the lower extremity
perform both concentric and eccentric contractions to stabilize the body during all phases of shooting a bow. Therefore, shooting a bow involves
complex contractions of muscles throughout the body. In the next few pages the joints and the muscular involvement of the shoulder, elbow, and wrist
during bow shooting will be discussed in depth.
As mentioned in the previous paragraph, the involvement of the upper extremity will be discussed in detail as it relates to its function in the action of
shooting a bow. The shoulder plays a huge role in drawing the bow and keeping the string pulled back. The joints of the shoulder are vital when
performing these actions. The joints involved include: the sternoclavicular joint, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The prime movers in the left shoulder that move it back to its neutral position are the anterior deltoid and the bicep brachii. Concentric contractions
followed by eccentric contractions of both of these muscles move the shoulder from extension and abduction to it neutral state by flexing and adducting
the shoulder. The prime movers in the right shoulder are again the anterior and middle deltoid along with the supraspinatus that contract isometrically
to keep the shoulder in horizontal abduction. When the right shoulder is let down after follow through, the prime movers are the triceps and the
posterior deltoids which eccentrically contract to extend the shoulder to its neutral position. Therefore the muscles of the shoulder are exceedingly
imperative to the action of shoot a

Mental Heath Unit Reflective Report
Throughout the first few weeks of working on the Mental Heath Unit at Victoria Hospital, I was exposed to many new and different situations in
regards to patient care. One situation in particular that stuck out to me occurred during my first week when I was working with a patient who had
schizophrenia and paranoia. During this time, I was required to give this gentleman his intramuscular (IM) depot injection of Invega Sustenna, which
assists in managing the symptoms of schizophrenia. For confidentiality reasons, this patient will be referred to as Roger for the remainder of the
reflection. I met Roger when my co–caring nurse was completing her morning assessments. During this time, I noticed that he was quite friendly and
talkative. These qualities continued to be apparent throughout the morning, even when he appeared to be getting a little restless in anticipation of his
Invega injection. I began to interpret the reason why this could be the case and initially, I thought about how it was odd that he was looking forward to
this injection as many people dislike needles. I then further ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition to using other resources, I must look over my second year notes that depict how to administer this type of injection into the deltoid, vastus
lateralis, and ventrogluteal sites. I must also take any chances I get to perform an IM injection because according to Reynolds and Saxton (2015), not
only will I be able to practice this skill, but I will also develop my confidence and familiarity related to it, thereby further advancing my practice–based
competence. Therefore, by taking these thoughts and applying them to practice, I believe that I will be able to refine my practice related to performing
IM

Case Study: Identifying The Major Muscles In The Body
Question 1
I chose to identify the major muscles located in the body, list the insertions and origins of these muscles, and explain exercises or movements along
with these muscles. Along with these descriptions I will talk about my own personal findings with the exercises.
I will start with the pectoral muscles. The insertion is the groove in the humerous and the origin is the surface of the clavicle. Workouts for thismuscle
group would consist of barbell chest press, also incline and decline chest press. I found this wourkout to be highly effective with the barbell. I found it
to be more productive for me with bar than the dumbbell because ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A couple of muscle groups associated with the gluteus are the gluteus maximus, and the gluteus minimus. Exercises for the gluteus maximus
would be squats while exercises that would isolate the minimus would be leg lifts with resistance bands. My experience with both of these were
great. While and after doing squats you could really feel the the muscles being workedout from it while doing the leg lifts had a drifferent
sensation. The leg lifts with the resistance band felt like I was hitting a whole new muscle because while preforming this exercise the resistance
band really helped isolate the gluteus minimus. The next set of muscles are the abdominals. The origin is the superior surface of the pubis around
the symphysis and the insertion is the inferior surfaces of the costal cartilages. The workout chosen for this muscle group was the sit up. While
preforming the exercise at a slow speed (4 sec from point to point) you can really feel the resistance placed upon your abdominals in a wide range this
workout was excellent for this muscle group and I highly recommend it for most clients as long as it is within their parameters. The next

Pros And Cons Of Rotator Cuff Surgery
Rotator Cuff Surgery
Your rotator cuff consists of four muscles in your shoulder that allows you to move your arm away from your body. These muscles have tendons,
which connect them to the head of your upper arm bone or humerus. When a tear occurs in these muscles, you will experience extreme pain on motion.
A rotator cuff tear is also extremely painful at night. If left untreated, it may result in arm weakness.
Rotator cuff surgery may be required to repair re–attach torn tendons to the shoulder. This may be followed by rotator cuff exercises after surgery to
promote further healing and return of function.
Part 1: When Is Rotator Cuff Surgery Necessary?
A partial rotator cuff tear may not need surgery. Conservative treatment consists of rest and exercise, which help to heal your shoulder. This is... Show
Surgery may also be recommended for a tendon that is torn due to recent injury or when the tear is not a result of long–standing rotator cuff problems.
Part 2: How to Prepare for the Rotator Cuff Surgery
To prepare for rotator cuff surgery, inform your doctor about the current treatments you are taking. Two weeks before the surgery, you may have to
stop taking some medicines that can interfere with blood clotting such as aspirin, naproxen or ibuprofen. You will also have to see a doctor to
evaluate your medical condition if you have any health problems such as diabetes or heart disease. Other factors that may affect your surgery are
your smoking habits and alcohol intake, which you must avoid before surgery. Tell your doctor if you have any acute illness such as flu or fever
before surgery.
On the day of surgery, avoid eating or drinking anything six to 12 hours before the operation. Just take a small sip of water to ingest any medication
you are asked to take. Go to the hospital early so you will arrive on time for your surgery. Part 3: How Is Rotator Cuff Surgery

Surface Muscle Case Study
Identify the major surface muscles located in the body. Where are the orgins and insertions of these muscles? List the intended actions as well as an
exercise or movement for each. A minimum of fifteen muscles is required.
The major muscle groups consist of the upper body, Rotator cuffmuscle, Upper arm, Quadriceps, Hamstring group, Lower leg and Midsection. The
Upper Body consists of the Trapezious muscle which Orgin is located near the base of skull, occipital protuberance and posterior ligaments of neck.
The middle spinous process of 7c and T1 – T3. The lower spinous process of T4–T12. The insertion of the upper Trapezius is located in the posterial
aspect of the lateral clavicle. The middle Trapezius is located in the medial border... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The intended action for the upper part of this muscle is to elecate the scapula and extend the head at neck. The intended action for the Middle part of
this muscle is to create elevation upward rotation and adduction of the scapula. The intended action for the lowerpart of this muscle is to create
depression adduction, upward rotation of the scapula. Workouts that target these areas would be Barbell Shrugs, Cable shrugs and Dumbbell Shrug.
The Rhomboid Orgin is located near the spinous process of C7 and T1–T5 and the insertion is located near the medial boarder of scapula below the
spine. This action intended for this muscle is to draw the scapula toward spinal column creating a downward rotation and a elevation of the mthe
anterior deltoiuts that target this muscle Rhomboid row and the isometric contraction. The third muscle is called the pectoralis minor. The orgin of this
muscle is located near the Anterior surfaces 3rd to 5th ribs. The Insertion is located near the Coracoid process of the scapula. The action of this muscle
is to draw the scapula forwad in a downward rotation and depress the muscle. Workouts that target the pectorials minor are the dumbbell

Neuromuscular Dysphagia Treatment
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is a type of therapy used as a form of treatment for swallowing disorders (dysphagia). This method
involves placing electrodes on one or several external sites on the anterior neck to which an electrical current is applied to peripheral tissue targets
(Clark, Lazarus, Arvedson, Schooling, & Frymark, 2009, p 362). "it is hypothesized that such stimulation aims to improve function by strengthening
the swallowing musculature or by stimulating the sensory pathways relevant to swallowing or both. To facilitate strengthening, muscle contractions
elicited via NMES generally recruit larger and more motor units than voluntary contractions, causing metabolic responses within the muscle tissue that
ultimately... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The primary diagnosis associated with these participants dysphagia is stroke in three out of the six participants , and all participants were under the
age of 90 (Carnaby–Mann and Crary, 2008). The investigation was about whether NMES was effective treatment for swallowing disorders. The
participants had to obtain a score of 23 or greater on the mini mental state examination (MMSE) and a score of 5 or less on the Functional Oral Intake
Scale (FOIS), and lastly the participants could not have received swallowing therapy within the last three months (Carnaby–Mann and Crary 2008).
Before therapy began baseline scores were collected including clinical and instrumental swallowing evaluation, documentation of weight and the
participants of self perception of swallowing ability. The Mann Assessment of swallowing ability (MASA) was used to assess swallowing ability. A
videofluoroscopic swallowing evaluation was conducted to confirm the presence of pharyngeal dysphagia (Carnaby–Mann and Crary 2008). Materials
used in this examination were thin liquid, nectar thick liquid, and pudding in both 5ml–10ml amounts, and modified per participant. Effort was made
to present each material to each participant, but if participant aspirated in large quantities the

A Badminton Overhead Clear Shot
In this essay I will discuss, de–construct and analyze the techniques used by my partner, Luke Wynne when performing the badminton overhead clear
shot using anatomical and biomechanical analysis. Throughout the essay I will give critical feedback and feed forward on four different phases, the
preparation phase, execution phase, contact phase and the follow through phase. I will discuss the functional anatomy of how my partner can better
his whole performance to become closer to the optimum performance that elite athletes play at, also known as the autonomous stage of learning. I will
then finish my essay with a conclusion to sum up everything that I have discussed. PREPERATION The first stage when performing a badminton
overhead clear is the preparation stage; I will discuss the ideal performance, and then compare the ideal to my partner's performance. In the beginning
of the shot the player raises his arms above his head using the posterior deltoid. This movement involves the flexion of the elbow using the biceps. The
pectoral major and the biceps are the agonists in this movement with the antagonists being the triceps, latissimiss dorsi and the trapezius. This
movement involves the use of the third class lever, with the load being the racquet, and effort being the triceps and the fulcrum being the elbow, which
is a hinge joint. Also at this stage, the non–racquet arm is fully extended pointing at the shuttle using the trapezius and the interior deltoid to extend the

Hassan Story
A.1. Which clue would tell Stefan which scapular surface was anterior and which was posterior? When Stefan pulled out two bundles, each containing
a narrow S–shaped bone. Turning them over in his hands, he quickly decided which was right and which left, then placed each clavicle by its
neighboring scapula. In order to determine if a scapula is right or left, orient it so the glenoid fossa (articulating surface) faces laterally (outward) and
the spine is posterior (toward back) and superior (upper). The coracoid process should be superior and anterior. A.2 What is the name of the shallow,
oval socket of the scapula that Stefan placed next to the humerus? Glenoid cavity B. Which bone is Stefan referring to as the "collarbone"? The... Show
How would Stefan have distinguished between the right and the left hip bones? For long bones of arm and leg: Place bone with anterior side up
and distal end pointed towards you a. Femur: If the head points to the right it is a right side bone. b. Humerus: If the medial epicondyle points to
the right it is a right side bone c. Radius: If the radial turbosity points to the right it is a right side bone d. Ulna: If the styloid process is on the right
it is a right side bone e. Tibia: If the Malleolus points to the right it is a right side bone I. Would the bones of each hip bone be fused in the female
child's skeleton? No, it would not. Each side of the pelvis is formed as cartilage, which ossifies as three main bones which stay separate through
childhood: ilium, ischium, pubis. At birth the whole of the hip joint (the acetabulum area and the top of the femur) is still made of cartilage so it
would not be

Labrum Pathology: A Case Study
Evaluation
The clinical evaluation of labrum pathology can be difficult to diagnose due to each type of SLAP lesion having different mechanisms of injury, pain,
and area that is affected. Type 1 SLAP lesions can usually be associated with rotator cuff pathology with a partial thickness tear of the supraspinatus
ligament due to micro–tears. ^1,5 This is quite common in baseball players and other overhead athletes. Type II lesions can vary based on age; younger
patients have more instability than older patients who tend to have rotator cuff pathology. ^1,6 Type III and IV lesions are more commonly associated
with traumatic instability. ^1 As with all injuries, the evaluation should start with the history making sure to include the exact mechanism... Show more
^8,5 ASI occurs when the arm is in adduction with the shoulder internally rotated. The biceps complex pulley, also known as a capsuloligamentous
complex, adjoins the anterior glenoid causing injury when in extreme motions. With the PSI, the pulley is put into risk with abduction and external
rotation on the posterosuperior glenoid. ^8 PSI is also associated with partial–thickness tears on the deep side of the articular surface of the rotator cuff.
^5 This can be a common cause for a peel–back mechanism associated with a SLAP lesion. ^8 Peel–back mechanisms can be produced many different
ways, but are mostly seen with a SLAP lesion or internal impingement. These can occur when the shoulder is placed into abduction and extreme
external rotation with a torsional force added to the labro–bicipital complex that is at the base of the biceps on the posterior superior labrum. ^1,5 This
causes fatigue and failure of the humeral head that rotates medially over the upper rim of the glenoid fossa creating a shearing force. ^1,5 Increased
superior labral strain in overhead athletes occurs during the late–cocking phase of throwing when arm is externally rotated. ^1 Biceps tenodesis is
common after arthroscopic surgery of a SLAP lesion. This is when the reattachment of the labro–bicipital complex is rigid and disables at the glenoid.
Physiological medial rolling of the biceps tendon anchor during abduction and external rotation can cause the labro–bicipital complex to become rigid.
^5 This is due to a failure of a SLAP repair and traction to the labro–bicipital complex. Pain is felt in the shoulder due to the shoulder being innervated
by sensory sympathetic fibers which are irritated by the displacement of the glenoid.

Intramuscular Injection
Definition
An intramuscular injection is an injection given directly into the central area of a specific muscle. In this way, the blood vessels supplying that muscle
distribute the injected medication via thecardiovascular system.
Purpose
Intramuscular injection is used for the delivery of certain drugs not recommended for other routes of administration, for instance intravenous, oral, or
subcutaneous. The intramuscular route offers a faster rate of absorption than the subcutaneous route, and muscle tissue can often hold a larger volume
of fluid without discomfort. In contrast, medication injected into muscle tissues is absorbed less rapidly and takes effect more slowly that medication
that is injected intravenously. This is favorable ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are various methods for defining the boundaries of this muscle.
Vastus lateralis muscle
The vastus lateralis muscle forms part of the quadriceps muscle group of the upper leg and can be found on the anteriolateral aspect of the thigh.
This muscle is more commonly used as the site for IM injections as it is generally thick and well formed in individuals of all ages and is not located
close to any major arteries or nerves. It is also readily accessed. The middle third of the muscle is used to define the injection site. This third can be
determined by visually dividing the length of the muscle that originates on the greater trochanter of the femur and inserts on the upper border of the
patella and tibial tuberosity through the patella ligament into thirds. Palpation of the muscle is required to determine if sufficient body and mass is
present to undertake the procedure.
Gluteus medius muscle
The gluteus medius muscle, which is also known as the ventrogluteal site, is the third commonly used site for IM injections. The correct area for
injection can be determined in the following manner. Place the heel of the hand of the greater trochanter of the femur with fingers pointing towards the
patient's head. The left hand is used for the right hip and vice versa. While keeping the palm of the hand over the greater trochanter and placing the
index finger on the anterior superior iliac spine, stretch the middle

A Brief Note On The Mechanism Of Injury
Mechanism of injury:
Obstetric brachial plexus palsy is caused by traction to the brachial plexus during labour. In the majority of cases delivery of the upper shoulder is
blocked by the mother's pubic symphysis (shoulder dystocia). If additional traction is applied to the child's head, the angle between the neck and the
shoulder is forcefully widened, overstretching the ipsilateral brachial plexus. Recently, the exact origin of OBPP was again a matter of debate. It was
suggested that intrauterine maladaptation, not nerve traction, causes the plexopathy. [43]
However OBPP at birth is one of the causes of permanent neurological disability. The delivery process is associated with several factors which,
together, may result in OBPP in the newborn but it is difficult to predict OBPP based on antenatally available information. Despite extensive research
one OBPP, there is no generally accepted strategy for prevention. [7]
Fortunately, Permanent damage to the upper roots is uncommon. Usual involvement is of the suprascapular, axillary and musculocutaneous nerves.
Muscles most often paralyzed are supraspinatus and infraspinatus supplied by the suprascapular nerve, which is fixed between two points and does
not accommodate stretching. In more severely affected patients, deltoid, biceps, brachialis and subscapularis are also involved. Patients with C5 and
C6 palsies usually have residual weakness of rhomboids and serratus anterior leading to mild winging of scapula, an acceptable

Commonness In Musculoskeletal Disorders
Purpose of Research and Subjects Musculoskeletal disorders are very common throughout the population. The research into the commonness in
musculoskeletal disorders in the shoulder isn't correct due to the lack of uniformity and gold standard measurement. This study focuses on the
commonness of musculoskeletal disorders of the shoulder in women. They assess the differences in the commonness of injuries using three different
measuring tools.
The subjects for this study were working aged women, 20 to 55 years of age. These women were not exposed to heavy or repetitive work. They could
not be a part of the study if they had been diagnosed with major pathologies or trauma to the shoulder previously. The subjects were volunteers. The
volunteers were found at supermarkets located in the same area. 302 women were enrolled in this cross sectional study.
Methods ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first was a questionnaire for symptoms, disability, and the SF36 health survey. The second assessment was performed by a blinded orthopaedic
specialist and third an ultrasound and MRI of the shoulder. In the first stage the subjects took a Nordic– style questionnaire that focused on pain in the
upper limb. The second stage was performed by an experienced orthopaedic specialist. The specialist assessed both shoulders by determining the
range of motion and pull force at a 90 degrees of abduction in the scapular plane. A constant score was calculated for both shoulders. If the constant
score was below normal female values, their shoulder was considered abnormal. Third a blinded musculoskeletal radiologist performed an
ultrasonography of both shoulders in all subjects. If they had an inconclusive finding they completed the assessment with an MRI. The subjects were
not allowed to report any pain they were having during the

Major Joint Movements : Catching A Softball That Is Hit...
1. Movement Analysis:
Main Motor Patterns: Catching a softball that is hit and throwing a softball that has been caught. Jumping and sprinting during practice or a game to
catch a ball.
Major Joint Movement:
A.Jumping (bilateral):
Jumping (bilateral): Hip and knee is in extension, while ankle is in plantar flexion, and shoulder abduction and flexion while in the air.
Jumping (unilateral)– a jump that is used with only one leg while running.
B.Sprinting (unilateral):
Hip extension from the foot meanwhile the foot strikes.
Hip flexion while foot strikes when taking off sprinting.
Knee extension while leg is driving up and knee flexion when leg is powering down.
Plantar flexion while the ankle is on the ground phase.
C.Throwing:
Shoulder extension and abduction while throwing, hip and elbow extension when catching a ball.
Shoulder abduction, elbow extension, and trunk rotation.
Hip and knee extension when throwing the softball.
Muscular Actions:
A.Jumping:
The knee is flexed and the hamstrings flex the knee.
The quadriceps for knee extension. While the calf is used for plantar flexion.
In the shoulder abduction and flexion is used for pectoralis, supraspinatus, and deltoids.
B.Sprinting:
Hip extension is called by gluteus maximus and hamstring muscles.
Hip extension is cause by adductor magnus muscle which is the inside the thighs.
The quadriceps extend the knee. The rectus femoris helps flex the hip.
Hamstrings, gracilis,

A&Amp;P Lab

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