The Industrial Revolution began in Europe in the late 18th century and transformed society. It brought new technologies that increased production through factories powered by steam engines. This led to rapid urbanization as many moved to cities for work. While working conditions were difficult, it provided opportunities for social mobility. The Revolution also influenced politics through liberalism and nationalism, and increased global trade through improved transportation like canals. It ultimately changed Europe's social and economic systems in ways that still impact modern society.
MULTIDISCIPLINRY NATURE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES.pptx
Industrial Revolution In Europe Essay
1. Essay on The First Industrial Revolution
Imagine living in a world without electricity, transportation, lights, or modern technology.
Envisioning life without the gadgets and gizmos we enjoy today may seem bizarre, but our society
remains dependent on the inventions of the turn of the 18th century to feed, clothe and sustain itself.
The First Industrial Revolution occurred during the beginning of the 18th century and would merge
with the Second Industrial Revolution in 1850. It was a time of great change in America and the
world. The previously miniscule GDP, the Gross Domestic Product (Webster, 1), began to shoot
skyward with implementation of an array of new inventions, the use of steam power, and the cotton
gin, which vastly increased the ability of farmers and manufacturers...show more content...
Yet the population had no room left in the frame of the prevailing system of production to grow
or live. Work in the factories was salvation to the people who thronged into plants for no reason
other than to improve their standard of living" (Mises , 1). Though living conditions may seem bad
during the early Industrial Revolution when compared to now, American society had reached a
critical point. The only future for many people, particularly the Irish and German immigrants, was
in the budding factories or on the virgin prairie. It would be unfair to not point out that the
revolution offered a new life to many people. Working provided failed farmers, immigrants, and
women work they could never gotten before. People had an opportunity to work for a better life,
creating a chance for social mobility, which existed nowhere else in the world than the Americas.
The First Industrial Revolution was a time of innovation which led to the mass manufacturing of
many of the things we now take for granted like tractors, plows, machinery, textiles, and
interchangeable parts, without which American society as we know it would have become
stagnated by the sod of the prairie. The growing population would have simply been doomed to
starvation and peasantry as it had been in medieval Europe.
The changes taking place in the American way of life were closely related to the
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2. Industrial Revolution Essay
The most far–reaching, influential transformation of human culture since the advent of agriculture
eight or ten thousand years ago, was the industrial revolution of eighteenth century Europe. The
consequences of this revolution would change irrevocably human labor, consumption, family
structure, social structure, and even the very soul and thoughts of the individual. This revolution
involved more than technology; to be sure, there had been industrial "revolutions"
throughout European history and non–European history. In Europe, for instance, the twelfth and
thirteenth centuries saw an explosion of technological knowledge and a consequent change in
production and labor. However, the industrial revolution was more than...show more content...
Another reason given for the Industrial Revolution is the substantial increase in the population of
Europe; this is such an old chestnut of historians that we don't question it. Population growth,
however, is a mysterious affair to explain; it most often occurs when standards of production rise. So
whether the Industrial Revolution was started off by a rise in population, or whether the Industrial
Revolution started a rise in population is hard to guess. It's clear, though, that the transition to an
industrial, manufacturing economy required more people to labor at this manufacture. While the
logic of a national economy founded centrally on the family economy and family production is more
or less a subsistence economy–most production is oriented around keeping the family alive, the
logic of a manufacturing economy is a surplus economy. In a manufacturing economy, a person's
productive labor needs to produce more than they need to keep life going. This surplus production is
what produces profits for the owners of the manufacture. This surplus economy not only makes
population growth possible, it makes it desirable.
England While it's hard to pinpoint a beginning to the Industrial Revolution, historians generally
agree that it basically originated in England, both in a series of technological and social innovations.
Historians propose a number of reasons. Among the most compelling is the exponential increase in
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3. The Industrial Revolution in Europe
In 1750 political liberalism, the enlightened age, Infrastructure, and the economic climate allowed
Great Britain to seek new job opportunities and exploit new business ideas. In addition, literacy,
public education and the middle class was rising immensely. Concepts like partnerships and selling
shares were introduced during this time period. The process of the Industrial Revolution was rapid in
Western Europe however, by the 1900 all of Europe was involved. Over all, the effects of the
revolution changed the way materials are transported, how products are made, on a global basis.The
Industrial Revolution was a critical turning point in European history because the changes made are
integral in the modern age. The inventions made expanded...show more content...
In addition, bank loans played a large role in the Industrial Revolution. Which provided financial
support which allowed our market to grow and expand into what we have today. The infrastructure
of the Industrial Revolution we would not have the assembly line and mass production we have
today. It all started in Britain with the canals, they realized that canals were the more effective
choice due to the fact the roads were mud trails. Furthermore, it was more cost affective than
packhorses. Canals speed up the process of transportation and led to the realization that "Time is
Money". These canals expanded the market to an internal network. According to Canada
Transportation, Canada's total trade in 2011 with the world was $342 billion without the Industrial
Revolution this would not be possible. Rail and water are two of the main transportation industries,
Two thirds of the goods carried by rail across Canadian soil or ocean borders. This is evidence that
infrastructure developed in the Industrial Revolution are a huge factor in the success of todays
economies. In the Industrial Revolution this allowed cotton bales from America and wool from
Australia to be brought to the middle of Britain. In addition, this allowed free movement of coal, the
fuel that powers the empire. They turned the materials into finished goods then they re–export to
make a profit. This process
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4. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries the Industrial Revolution in Europe had a
significant influence on society. There were many changes in social classes and equality. The rise
of the middle class had a momentous effect on the population of Europe and was a catalyst for
many changes in the social makeup of the region. The influence of technology and electricity
changed many aspects of social interaction and created a new class system. The migration of
workers and the separation of the classes had political and social repercussions throughout Europe.
Labor unions and political parties provided protection and a voice to many of the working class, and
urbanization provided the stage for reformers to push for modernized...show more content...
Another by–product of the migration and urbanization was the changing role of women. As the
women left the rural areas where they had been the maternal leader of their families, they sought
employment in the new factories. Despite the new working women they remained "second–class
citizens" throughout Europe. Regardless of their social class or setting, women remained
marginalized in society. In the nineteenth century, women "faced social and legal disabilities in three
areas: property rights, family law, and education" (727). As workers and unions sought a voice for
the masses, women, too, were seeking equality.
As women sought equality, the nations of Europe gradually turned to democracy and an electoral
system. With the democratic philosophy, political parties were being introduced for the first time.
Political parties were organized to help educate the new voters because many of the working class
were not educated on the process. As the political parties grew, the working class became the
largest sect of voters. The political parties also provided a spring–board for the socialist party. The
ideas of socialism were rooted in the vision of equality for the working class. The utopian view of
all classes sharing across the European continent by the socialists was not shared by many of the
nationalist. European socialists "badly underestimated the emotional drawing power of nationalism"
(738). The
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5. The table given clearly shows the spread of industrialization in Europe during the 1800's, and the
connection between industrialization and the balance of power in Europe by 1913. First,
industrialization began small during the late 1700's in the UK and France, after the agricultural
revolution. Overtime, their rate of industrialization and technology that improved textiles and
transportation increased. By 1845 Germany started to industrialize. By 1865 all five of the selected
countries, Russia, Germany, Italy, France and the UK were going through industrialization. At the
end of the table, in the year 1913 the most powerful countries had the higher percentage of industrial
production (the UK, 14%, and Germany, 17.7%). The weaker
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6. Prior to industrialization, the population of Europe saw a dramatic growth – from 110,000,000 to
190,000,000. What triggered this growth? Likely the end of feudalism. The end of feudal contracts
gave people a little more say in their day–to–day working activities, resulting in more time spent at
home, which ultimately resulted in childbearing. This would leave citizens scrambling both to
provide needs for the population as a whole, and to improve the individuals overall quality of life.
This resulted in economists, like Adam Smith in The Wealth of Nations (1776), examining the most
cost–effective method of producing the goods and services citizens demanded (such as clothing and
food). It also left others, such as Thomas Malthus in his...show more content...
This was essential because the population boom that occurred from 1650–1800, where population
climbed from 110,000,000 to 119,000,000, created the need for materials food and clothing to be
produced faster to sustain growth. Machines such as the scribbling mill, and spinning jenny did
the work of a hundred hands, for every single human hand. Initially these machines were met by
workers with despair, as one machine in twelve hours could do the work of ten men by hand .
These machines also reduced labour by a third, which resulted in an increase in wage for workers
and it also worked to increase trade since nations were about to compete with one another for
cheaper resources . From an economic standpoint this shift in labour was beneficial to the masses
because instead of people exerting themselves to compete with other nations, machinery could just
take on the majority of the work, assisting in this movement. This benefitted business owners
because they did not need as many labourers, and they could also afford to lower taxes. Smith
declares the 'invisible hand' as a necessity for society because capitalism drives people to seek
cheaper sources, and in return if you provide that you will ultimately gain wealth.
Adam Smith wrote in The Wealth of Nations that division of labour was the greatest improvement
resulting from the industrial revolution. Division of labour was beneficial to both the employee and
the employer. The
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7. Essay on Industrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution
Europe during the eighteenth century was at the height of the industrial revolution, none of which
reached America. In New England the population was largely English, but America as a whole had
more than 20 ethnic strains present, nowhere in Europe could such a heterogeneous mixture be
found. America was unique in its political structure. Americans vested authority in personalities,
rather than, as in England, in institutions of tradition. As a people they had been striped of traditions.
America lacked the centuries of tradition that other societies had. American cities not only solved
thier problems, but they sought to solve them. European cities were encrusted with centuries of
tradition and moved only by...show more content...
As Lucas points out that even with slavery and indian exploitation there was a development of a
wealthy and powerful elite, based on ability rather than caste. Like European counterparts Americans
believed that only those with land would have nay interest in the affairs government. Law was first
administered in the colonies without benefit of lawyers. The clergy of New England pressed hard
for rule by Biblical law. The average settlement wanted the kind of laws and procedures which was
known in Europe. In working out thier legal systems developed systems which freed them from the
rigid technicalities of medieval jurisprudence so prevalent in Europe. The Great Awaking that swept
through Britain also came to America. The great Awaking and American enlightenment promoted
higher eduction in the colonies and also joined to promote separation of church and state. By the
middle of the eighteenth century there was less church going people in America than any other
country in the western world. America used the ideals of Enlightenment to promote modification and
reforms in society, not revolution. There are several features that sets the southern colonies apart
from thier northern neighbors. The most striking of which is slavery. The spread of slavery made a
society whose continuance depended on a rigid discipline. This prominent feature gives southern life
a distinctive and separate sense, creating in the course of time a nation with
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8. The Industrial Revolution in Europe
The Industrial Revolution in Europe changed Europe to this day. This began in the United
Kingdom in the 1700s and expanded to Western Europe in the 1800s. During the Industrial
Revolution, this provided new technology, a surplus of food, trading and different ways of
producing goods for countries. The women and children in Europe had to work hard and work in
the mills. They did this to give enough money for their family to live on. Politics also changed
during the Industrial Revolution. Thus, the Industrial Revolution affected many people and to
discover new technology and ways of thriving life. Before the Industrial Revolution, there were many
hard times for families. All of this changed when the Industrial Revolution happened. Women...show
more content...
This canal went from Francis' Worsley coal mines to the city of Manchester. After in 1800 about
3,000 miles of canals had been built in Britain (167). Up until the 1800s the easiest way to travel a
large load was by a ferry. This made it easier for materials to reach factories that were heavy like
heavy loads of coal and iron. They also dug canals to supplement their river systems. Although
England was not the only one that dug canals during around this time period, Germany and
France were also digging canals and waterways (Corrick 38). In the 1700s food production was
very important for Europe. During this time English farmers raised potatoes, cheap and
nourishing, and other crops used as animal feed. The result of this was that the animals gave
better meat and milk (16). Viscount Charles found a new type of crop, the turnip. Viscount found
it in the first half of the eighteenth century. He also found out that it could be saved all winter and
farm animals grew well with them. Later, Viscount Charles also discovered the clover. The clover
replaced nitrogen in soil and it also replenished the soil. This crop eliminated the need for farmers
to leave fields untilled and the clover was excellent food for cattle (17). An English Farmer named
Jethro Tull discovered a new way of planting seeds. Before farmers just
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9. European Industrial Revolution
Olivia Settle
Western Civilization
Exam Two
12 April 2017
Exam Two
The European industrial revolution occurred slowly from the 1700's threw to the end of the 1800's.
With this brought many changes to not only everyday folk, but also within the governments. With
that said as well how the governments and the citizens interacted with each other. I believe there was
two main factors in which the government and the population interacted with each other: Liberalism
and Nationalism. The liberals' main intention was to acquire an equal economic and political
freedom for all people. Before this form of governance came to play in the system of governance of
the European colonies, many issues had to be straightened. Some of the predecessors like the...show
more content...
Although liberalism ties into nationalism I do believe that they stand alone to one another.
Work cited
Kagan, Donald, et al. The western heritage: Since 1300. Prentice Hall, 1998.
De Ruggiero, Guido, and Robin George Collingwood. "The history of European liberalism." (1928).
Burger, Michael. The Shaping of Western Civilization: From Antiquity to the Enlightenment.
University of Toronto Press,
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10. How Did The Industrial Revolution Affect Europe
The changing political and social landscape of Europe was most profoundly impacted by the
Industrial Revolution. Most importantly, this revolution allowed for greatly increased production
and trade in much of Europe. The growth in trade is caused by improved methods of transportation,
and technological advancement was the source of the boosts in production. This is also where the
first factories begin to appear and this increased incentive to live in cities. However, with this
increased urbanization we see the darker sides of the revolution. For example, the high population
density in cities made them very unsanitary and many people died of disease. Rampant child labor in
factories is another unfortunate facet which was accompanied by an increased
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11. Industrial Revolution Changed European Culture
The second Industrial Revolution changed European culture on the grounds that it had an immense
effect on purchaser society when all is said in done, and by numerous terms, it was viewed as a
gigantic step towards the present day shopper society. As Western culture between the 1900s to the
current age, the individual developed in worth. Also, in this manner individuals started to purchase
items that they needed as opposed to required. This was because of a deluge in accessible
occupations and more cash circling on the European market. While coal and steam were made more
viable, autos were likewise in developing interest and prevalence, particularly moving towards the
1930s. The material business developed as the purchaser amicable style industry
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12. The industrial revolution was when changes in agriculture, manufacturing, work ethics,
transportation and technology became more advanced. The revolution made social economics and
culture prosper. This spread during the 18th and 19th century in Europe. Europe was the first place
to start this revolution because it had the resources to advance technology and it was politically
stable. Most people made a living in small towns and were farmers. A large amount of people at the
time were poor, and malnourished, disease was also a common issue to encounter. The European
industrial revolution changed this and nearly every aspect of daily life was impacted in some way.
The revolution was so successful that it influenced another one.
"For the first time in history, the living standards of the masses of ordinary people have begun to
undergo sustained growth. ... Nothing remotely like this economic behavior has happened before."
This means that the european industrial revolution brought on this change of population in many
areas. Most places grew and expanded with the amount of people that prospered in it. The part about
"Nothing remotely like this economic behavior has happened before", means that the european
industrial revolution was the start and the cause of waves of migration.
Population grew because death rates decreased and birth rates increased. Town's rural industries
grew along with trade. The economy called for more people to fill in jobs such as harvesters.
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13. I. General causes
A. Commercial gain
1. Industrial Revolution – the need for
a. raw materials– european countries relied heavily of these materials from asia, americas and africa.
Raw materials were crucial for industrialization to grow. As industrialization grew, resource
competition rose resulting in some european industrialists to push colonization of africa in order to
secure resource availability
b. markets– with the surplus of goods from european manufacturers, the european people could not
keep up with consumption. So, these industrialists were forced to expand their product range with
the use of markets. Like raw materials at one point, competition arose with markets and once again
industrialists pushed colonization of africa to secure...show more content...
Specific causes
A. Britain– Wanted to make sure France and Germany did not get their hands on the recently
discovered gold, diamonds, and other resources. So they secured as much of East Africa as quickly
as they could. They seeked great commercial gain from Africa by building a telegraph line and
railway system from Cairo to the Cape (north to south) (this would ultimately reinforce Britain's
commercial gain)
B. France– More active in the west and north–west whereas the British were centralized in the East.
After establishing coastal region control in Senegal and Algeria, they sought raw materials like palm
oil and timber, and markets new to them. They believed that developing an overseas empire was
critical in enhancing their wealth as a county.
C. Belgium– King Leopold II wanted to have his country have its own spot on the map. He was
going to do this by taking the Congo Basin as his own. He was going to make a colony that was
quite larger than Belgium and fund all of this himself.
D. Portugal– Stretched its claims forward to Angola and Mozambique in efforts not to fall and be
left behind in the territorial expansion
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14. The Industrial Revolution Of Europe
"The most important of the changes that brought about the Industrial Revolution were (1) the
invention of machines to do the work of hand tools; (2) the use of steam, and later of other kinds of
power, in place of the muscles of human beings and of animals; and (3) the adoption of the factory
system" (Industrial Revolution). The Industrial Revolution was a big event that happened in Europe.
Those three main changes impacted everything in a huge way. The Industrial Revolution in Europe
was a positive occurrence that changed how products were made and how people lived their
everyday lives.
The first good thing that happened in the Industrial Revolution was organization. The organization
helped make work faster, produce more goods, and specialized jobs. "Instead, the Industrial
Revolution grew more powerful each year as new inventions and manufacturing processes added
to the efficiency of machines and increased productivity" (Industrial Revolution). When the people
got more organized they started to be able to work together and get stuff done. Since they worked
faster they could produce more goods. This also ties into specialized labor. "Second, an industrial
revolution involves new ways of organizing the workforce. Such reorganization is necessary
because powered machinery allows each laborer to do more work than was previously possible"
(Corrick 13). When they reorganized, the workforce needed to be changed. After they changed the
workforce they got much better results in
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15. The Industrial Revolution Of Europe
When taking a look at workplace ethics in the modern world, one tends to its set up for granted. In
a society which grants employees workmen's compensation, unemployment pay, and child labor
regulations, it is hard to imagine a world in which these things did not exist. A society in which the
rights of workers were ignored and brushed off as unimportant is hard to grasp, but this type of
society was in fact a reality during the first Industrial Revolution of Europe. Through development of
new perspectives on politics and businesses, the importance of applications of ethics in both of these
things became the topic of conversations on reform all across Europe. The exacting treatment and
exploitation of workers throughout the Industrial...show more content...
The past ideals of who would be the breadwinner of the family was tossed away; everyone– men,
women, and children had to pitch in.
Although exploitation occurred across all genders and age groups during the Industrial Revolution,
women and children were most commonly taken advantage of by their employers. They would
work twelve to sixteen hours every day, which cut into the time children would have been using for
schooling, socializing, and living a healthy life style. Children who worked in factories had no
chance of getting any type of education, which wiped away any potential for bettering society in the
future. A perfect example of this is Elizabeth Bentley, a twenty–three year old woman interviewed by
the Parliamentary Commission. She had been working in a flax–mill since she was six years old.
Elizabeth described to them the cruel working conditions she endured as a child being exploited
by avaricious business owners. She worked for eleven hours every day, and was left with forty
minutes to eat lunch. Her work left her physically handicapped, and once she could not do the work
anymore, she was let go and left to live in the poorhouse until she died a few years after her
testimony was taken. When reading through her entire statement, there is no doubt that Elizabeth
was a smart, intellectual person. If she was given the proper education, she could have given many
important and beneficial
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16. Industrial Revolution Dbq
The industrial revolution in Europe didn't happen overnight but only spread over the continent very
gradually. One of the triggers was the unusually high growth in the population which set in around
the middle of the 18th century and produced a gigantic reservoir of workers. At the same time new,
more efficient methods of production became necessary in order to supply the basic needs of so
many people. In this situation Great Britain enjoyed two important advantages: an extremely
productive and wealthy agricultural system, and an astonishing number of creative inventors. This
was why the United Kingdom dictated the rhythm of progress to the rest of Europe from 1750
onwards for the next century or so.
The first spinning frames were created on the British Isles. These were followed by mechanical
weaving looms, and it was not long before textile factories were shooting out of the ground. At the
same time a boom in the iron industry broke out. As soon as people discovered how to turn coal
into coke iron manufacturers had excellent, almost unlimited reserves of fuel at their disposal with
which to process iron ore. Once steam engines were introduced to heat the furnace ovens more
quickly and effectively, the skylines in the coal regions were quickly covered in colliery towers and
the chimney stacks of iron works.
Workers poured into the new industrial centers and in a few years villages exploded into major
cities: here the masses were forced to live under appalling conditions
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17. Industrial Revolution And European Imperialism
During the industrial revolution was also a time when imperialism was at its height. Because of all
the inventions that were created during the industrial revolution, countries all over the world decided
that they not only just needed money to keep their empire at large, they decided that they need more
land. And so the countries and empires in Europe set out to conquer the country that was nearest to
them, Africa. Not only did Africa had a large amount of people to sell for slaves, it had most of the
materials and ingredients Europe needed to invent more inventions. And for this reason Europe was
at competition with each other to gain more land and materials for their empire.
Europe is a land of take, meaning what they wanted, they get. For
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18. Industrial Revolution in Europe
Before the industrial revolution, Europe was mostly dominated by farmers but as the industrial
revolution progressed this changed dramatically. Industrial revolution had a significant impact in the
process by making new demands that shaped the way of life through increased competition and
technological innovation. Generally, it was a historical period that sparked in a stroke a number
numerous changes in the economic, social and political dimensions. It is considered as a period that
made the biggest impact on 19th century Europe considering that it was the period that the countries
realized significant progress that shaped their economies in great details with nationalism and
imperialism as well being direct impacts of the revolution.
Not many could have anticipated the rapid rise of the European industry that was realized from
industrial revolution. As a note, dominance in wage labor, rapid growth of cities and evolution of
industries mostly from steel and iron factories were perhaps the greatest changes that were
experienced. In economic changes, manifestations were evident through the increased rates of
immigration to better places, rapid growth of cities as centers of trade and changes in the type of
work and working structures. Socially, reorganization of family was experienced as well as
changes in ownership of jobs, rural to urban migration as well as where and when to work (Lynn et
al. 413–414). Politics also played a great role in
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19. The Spread Of Industrialization In Europe
Industrialization lead to a great deal of wealth for many people. People now earn higher wages in
factories than on farms. Which means better clothing, healthier diets, better shelter,longer life
expectancy, and an improved standard of living. Also inspiring technological inventions such as the
"spinning jenny", "steam engine", and "water frame."
For centuries, the majority of Europeans lived in rustic areas. But after 1800, most people moved to
cities. Most of Europe's urban areas at least doubled, some even quadrupled in population in the
period of urbanization.
The creation of factories and power machines provided many new job opportunities for the people
of Europe. The new machinery increased production and gave people the ability
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20. The Industrial Revolution hit Europe and along with it came a great deal of change. Not only did
this industrial revolution affect standards of living in cities, it also affected greatly the nature and
quality of labor. The Industrial Revolution had an impact of the greatest magnitude on Europe and
has shaped the work style and nature of labor that Europeans know today. Although it may seem
like a revolution of this sort would have great benefits for those who lived through it, evidence
seems to show otherwise. For many it was difficult to adapt to this new world of industrial labor
and for others it was a bit easier to adjust.
Preindustrial labor, or "old" labor, was not easy. Days were long and pay was never sufficient enough
for...show more content...
Preindustrial labor often gave a strong sense of individualism, independence, and satisfaction. To
many the old system of labor seemed luxurious compared to the new type of work the Industrial
Revolution brought.
One would think industrialization would bring better paying jobs and more employment
opportunities, but the stories of the people who lived through the Industrial Revolution say
otherwise. Workers faced long days, if not even longer days than those who worked in
preindustrial times. Even though work hours were somewhat the same as preindustrial labor, the
way those hours were carried out differed greatly. Laborers no longer had the comfort of working
alongside and socializing with their families nor the power to control their pace of work. Workers
would now be punished and penalized for doing such things. Companies would enforce
punctuality and pace usually by correlating it with a worker's pay. The less punctual and lazier you
were, the more fines and the more pay decreases you would suffer. The nature of this new labor
emphasized more on the importance of the company rather than the individual. Companies often
had little concern when their workers suffered. If someone was incapable of performing their
duties, there was always somebody else to take their place. It was unfortunate because many of
these workers who were unable to perform well at their job often suffered from
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