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1. The motion of an aircraft through the air can be explained and described by physical
principals discovered over 300 years ago by Sir Isaac Newton. Newton worked in many areas
of mathematics and physics. He developed the theories of gravitation in 1666, when he was
only 23 years old. Some twenty years later, in 1686, he presented his three laws of motion in
the "Principia Mathematica Philosophiae Naturalis." The laws are shown above, and the
application of these laws to aerodynamics are given on separate slides.
Newton's first law states that every object will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight
line unless compelled to change its state by the action of an external force. This is normally
taken as the definition of inertia. The key point here is that if there is no net force acting on an
object (if all the external forces cancel each other out) then the object will maintain a constant
velocity. If that velocity is zero, then the object remains at rest. If an external force is applied,
the velocity will change because of the force.
The second law explains how the velocity of an object changes when it is subjected to an
external force. The law defines a force to be equal to change in momentum (mass times
velocity) per change in time. Newton also developed the calculus of mathematics, and the
"changes" expressed in the second law are most accurately defined in differential forms.
(Calculus can also be used to determine the velocity and location variations experienced by an

2. object subjected to an external force.) For an object with a constant mass m, the second law
states that the force F is the product of an object's mass and its acceleration a:
F = m * a
For an external applied force, the change in velocity depends on the mass of the object. A
force will cause a change in velocity; and likewise, a change in velocity will generate a force.
The equation works both ways.
The third law states that for every action (force) in nature there is an equal and opposite
reaction. In other words, if object A exerts a force on object B, then object B also exerts an
equal force on object A. Notice that the forces are exerted on different objects. The third law
can be used to explain the generation of lift by a wing and the production of thrust by a jet
engine.
You can view a short movie of "Orville and Wilbur Wright" explaining how Newton's Laws of
Motion described the flight of their aircraft. The movie file can be saved to your computer and
viewed as a Podcast on your podcast player.

3. Sir Isaac Newton first presented his three laws of motion in the "Principia Mathematica
Philosophiae Naturalis" in 1686. His first law states that every object will remain at rest or in
uniform motion in a straight line unless compelled to change its state by the action of an
external force. This is normally taken as the definition of inertia. The key point here is that if
there is no net force resulting from unbalanced forces acting on an object (if all the external
forces cancel each other out), then the object will maintain a constant velocity. If that velocity
is zero, then the object remains at rest. And if an additional external force is applied, the
velocity will change because of the force. The amount of the change in velocity is determined
by Newton's second law of motion.
There are many excellent examples of Newton's first law involving aerodynamics. The motion
of an airplane when the pilot changes the throttle setting of the engine is described by the first
law. The motion of a ball falling down through the atmosphere, or a model rocket being
launched up into the atmosphere are both examples of Newton's first law. The motion of a kite
when the wind changes can also be described by the first law. We have created separate
pages which describe each of these examples in more detail to help you understand this
important physical principle.

4. Sir Isaac Newton first presented his three laws of motion in the "Principia Mathematica
Philosophiae Naturalis" in 1686. His second law defines a force to be equal to the change in
momentum with a change in time. Momentum is defined to be the mass m of an object times
its velocity V.
Let us assume that we have an airplane at a point "0" defined by its location X0 and time t0.
The airplane has a mass m0 and travels at velocity V0. The airplane is subjected to an
external force F and moves to a point "1", which is described by a new location X1 and time t1.
The mass and velocity of the airplane change during the flight to values m1 and V1. Newton's
second law can help us determine the new values of V1 and m1, if we know how big the force
F is. Let us just take the difference between the conditions at point "1" and the conditions at
point "0".
F = (m1 * V1 - m0 * V0) / (t1 - t0)

5. Newton's second law talks about changes in momentum (m * V) so, at this point, we can't
separate out how much the mass changed and how much the velocity changed. We only know
how much product (m * V) changed.
Let us assume that the mass stays a constant value equal to m. This assumption is pretty
good for an airplane, the only change in mass would be for the fuel burned between point "1"
and point "0". The weight of the fuel is probably small relative to the weight of the rest of the
airplane, especially if we only look at small changes in time.. If we were discussing the flight of
a baseball, then certainly the mass remains a constant. But if we were discussing the flight of a
bottle rocket, then the mass does not remain a constant and we can only look at changes in
momentum. For a constant mass m, Newton's second law looks like:
F = m * (V1 - V0) / (t1 - t0)
The change in velocity divided by the change in time is the definition of the acceleration a. The
second law then reduces to the more familiar product of a mass and an acceleration:
F = m * a
Remember that this relation is only good for objects that have a constant mass. This equation
tells us that an object subjected to an external force will accelerate and that the amount of the
acceleration is proportional to the size of the force. The amount of acceleration is also
inversely proportional to the mass of the object; for equal forces, a heavier object will
experience less acceleration than a lighter object. Considering the momentum equation, a
force causes a change in velocity; and likewise, a change in velocity generates a force. The
equation works both ways.
The velocity, force, acceleration, and momentum have both a magnitude and a direction
associated with them. Scientists and mathematicians call this a vector quantity. The equations
shown here are actually vector equations and can be applied in each of the component
directions. We have only looked at one direction, and, in general, an object moves in all three
directions (up-down, left-right, forward-back).
The motion of an aircraft resulting from aerodynamic forces, aircraft weight, and thrust can be
computed by using the second law of motion.

7. Sir Isaac Newton first presented his three laws of motion in the "Principia Mathematica
Philosophiae Naturalis" in 1686. His third law states that for every action (force) in nature there
is an equal and opposite reaction. In other words, if object A exerts a force on object B, then
object B also exerts an equal and opposite force on object A. Notice that the forces are exerted
on different objects.
For aircraft, the principal of action and reaction is very important. It helps to explain the
generation of lift from an airfoil. In this problem, the air is deflected downward by the action of
the airfoil, and in reaction the wing is pushed upward. Similarly, for a spinning ball, the air is
deflected to one side, and the ball reacts by moving in the opposite direction. A jet engine also
produces thrust through action and reaction. The engine produces hot exhaust gases which
flow out the back of the engine. In reaction, a thrusting force is produced in the opposite
direction.

8. Match Stick Rocket
SUBJECT: Rocketry
TOPIC: Propulsion
DESCRIPTION: A small solid propellant rocket is made from a match and a piece of aluminum
foil.
CONTRIBUTED BY: Steve Culivan, KSC
EDITED BY: Roger Storm, NASA Glenn Research Center
MATERIALS:
 2 match book matches or wooden stick matches
 Small square of aluminum foil
 Paper clip
 Safety pin
PROCEDURE:
1. Take one match and wrap a small piece of aluminum foil around the
match-head. Wrap the foil tightly.
2.
3. Make a small opening in the foil wrapped around the match head by inserting
the point of a safety pin and bending upward slightly.
4.

9. 5. Bend the paper clip to form a launch pad as shown in the diagrams. Erect the
match stick rocket on the pad. Make sure the pad is set up on a surface that
will not be damaged by the rocket's exhaust such as a lab table. Several
layers of foil on the lab table work well.
6.
7. Ignite the match by holding a second lighted match under the foil until its
combustion temperature is reached.
8.
Caution: Be sure the match rocket is pointed away from people or burnable materials. it is
recommended to have water or some other fire extinguishant available. The foil head of the
rocket will be very hot!
DISCUSSION: The match stick rocket demonstrates Isaac Newton's Laws of Motion as they
relate to rocketry. Newton's third law states that for every action, there is an opposite and
equal reaction. The exhaust of the fire products from the burning match (smoke and gas) is the
"action" and the movement of the rocket in the other direction is the 'reaction.' The action thrust
is produced when the match burns in an enclosed environment. The aluminum foil acts as a
rocket combustion chamber. Because the opening in the foil is small, pressure builds up in the
chamber that eventually escapes as a rapid stream of smoke and gas.
In an interesting variation of the experiment, try making holes of different diameters to let the
combustion products out at different rates. A larger opening permits the smoke and gas to
escape before it has time to build up much pressure. The escape of the products will be slower
than produced by a match stick rocket with a smaller opening. Isaac Newton's second law
states that the force or thrust of a rocket is equal to the mass of the smoke and gas escaping
the rocket times how fast it escapes. In this experiment, the mass of the smoke and gas is the
same for both cases. The difference is in how fast it escapes. Compare the distance traveled
with the two match stick rockets.
Newton’s Laws of Motion explained in Golf

10. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p85koCpXg1o
Newton’s Laws of Motion :
Links
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-forces-newtons-laws/newtons-first-law-mas
s-and-inertia-ap/v/newton-s-1st-law-of-motion
Application of Newton’s FirstLaw of Motion
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-forces-newtons-laws/newtons-first-law-mas
s-and-inertia-ap/v/newton-s-first-law-of-motion-concepts
Application of Newton’s Third Law of Motion
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P7TQdS6BL0E
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y61_VPKH2B4 professordaveexplains@gmail.com
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N_V_848AxZM Home Made Science Experiments
https://byjus.com/physics/laws-of-motion/ Video on all laws of motion

11. Wrappingup all aspects of Mechanics Lecture
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ns6GB4Dph9U
Yale University : Professor Ramamurthy Shankar